208 ELECTRIC PROBE--ELEVATORS. arriving at this desired result. In the ordinary are lamps period of gestation is also nearly two yrs., and a single young now in use the are varies in 1. from to in. The carbon one is produced at a birth. The skin of the E. is very thick, pencils are generally plated with copper deposited by electro- of a dark-brown color, and in the existing species has scarcely plating process, which reduces the resistance. The carbons any. covering of hair. The tail does not reach to the ground, are rapidly used up, and new ones have to be put in every and has a tuft of coarse bristles at the end. The feet have in day. This involves considerable expense, and is one of the the skeleton five distinct toes, but these are so surrounded with important items for the determination of the economy of the a firm horny skin that only the nails are visible externally, as system. The irregularity of the light produced is a great de- on the margin of a kind of hoof. The foot of the E. is admirfect. The illuminating power varies, and the arc shifts about ably adapted for steep and rough ground, the protective skin from side to side, causing a continuous flickering. The incan- which covers the toes allowing them considerable freedom of descent material is so small that the light is little more than motion. Only two existing species of E. are certainly known, a luminous point, and the shadows thrown are intensely dark the Indian (E. Indicus) and the African E. (E. Africanus.) with little penumbra. It is the most brilliant artificial light When the E. cats grass nothing can be more graceful than the known, but partly on account of that quality is not adopted ease with which, before conveying it to his mouth, he beats for in-door use. For street illumination it is beyond all com- the earth from its roots by striking it on his fore-leg. A cocoaparison the best light. In the open air its defects are lost nut is first rolled under foot to detach the outer bark, then sight of in the intensity of its rays. In electric lighting the total stripped of the fibrous husk, and finally crushed between the capital invested in the U. S. is given (1897) as over $500,000,000. grinders, when the fresh milk is swallowed with evident relish. The number of plants, public and private, is over 10,000. The The fruit of the palmyra palm is another favorite food of Es., number of motors in use is estimated at about 500,000, and their and they seem to have an instinctive knowledge of the time of value at about $100,000,000. its ripening. Sugar-canes are also a favorite food; indeed, Es. are very fond of sweet things. Those brought to Am. are generally fed on hay and carrots. The amount of daily food necessary for the E. in a state of domestication may be stated, on an average, at about 200 lbs. in weight. Es. delight in abundance of water and enter it very freely, often remaining in it for a considerable time and with great evident enjoyment. They sometimes swim with not only the body but the head under water, the only part elevated above it being the extremity of the trunk. Es. rarely breed in a state of domestication, although, a few yrs. ago, the birth of an E. took place in the Zoological Gardens of London, an occasion of much interest not only to the scientific, but to the general public. In 1880 an E. was born in Philadelphia, which became a prime favorite with the public and a great source of pecuniary profit to the circus to which it belonged. An E. was born at Bridgeport, Conn., in 1882. The E. first became known in Europe from its employment in the wars of the East; "in India, from the remotest antiquity, it formed one of the most picturesque, if not of the most effective, features in the armies of the native center and crowd so eagerly to the front of him that some of them must often be shot ere he can be reached. The E. is generally one of the most inoffensive of animals, although in a state of domestication it shows, as is well known, a power both of remembering and resenting an injury. The favorite haunts of wild Es. are in the depths of forests-particularly in mountainous regions. The female has only two teats, situated between the fore-legs. The young suck with the mouth and not with the trunk. They are suckled for about two yrs. The Elevated Railways. See RAILWAYS, ELEVATED. El'evators, called Lifts in England, are especially an Amer. invention. Every well-appointed public building, hotel, or apartment house is now fitted with one or more, the great height of modern structures rendering their use an absolute necessity. They are run by steam, electricity, or hydraulic power. Freight E. are similar in principle, but of stouter construction. Grain E. is the name given to erections for the transshipment of grain, and in which it is often stored for months, being weighed both when received and when sent out. There are E. capable of storing 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 bushels of wheat within their walls of wood. The largest are erected at Chicago and Buffalo. The grain on being received at the elevator is examined and graded, all of the same quality being kept together. The farmer or merchant who brings it receives an acknowledg ment for so much grain of such a quality; and the grain which is delivered from the elevator on his account is grain of that quality, and not the same as he brought. In New York float ing E. are frequently employed to transfer the grain from barges to sea-going vessels direct. Fixed E. are generally built so as to be approachable by vessels on one or two sides, and have tramways running in on the level of the street; the chain of buckets which raises the grain moves, as the case may be, in an inclined plane passing through the wall to a vessel outside, or in a vertical plane into pits into which the grain has been shot from railway-trucks. The chain receives its motion from an endless band passing over one or two horizontal shafts in the 209 manufactures, and contains the National Watch Works, em- in shapeless masses. There are two varieties: E. proper, of reddish-brown color, hyacinth-red on the edges, streak yellow or orange; and Pittinite, color black, streak olive-green. Both are closely akin to gremnite. upper part of the structure, the engine and boiler being located in a building outside the elevator itself. Elgin, a city of Kane Co., Ill., on both sides of the Fox River, at the junction of the Chicago and North-western and the Chicago and Pacific R.Rs.; 20 m. N of Aurora, 36 m. W.- Eli'as, Saint, a lofty mountain which occupies a conspicN.-W. of Chicago, 50 m. E.-S.-E. of Rockland. Excellent uous position on the N.-W. coast of Am. It rises about 18,000 water-power is supplied by the river, here spanned by a hand- ft., or over 3 m., above the sea, being visible to mariners at some iron bridge. There are 2 national banks, capital a distance of 50 leagues. Physically, it marks pretty nearly $200,000, 1 private bank, a city hall, 16 public schools, in- the point where the shore, after trending in a northwesterly cluding a high-school and 2 grammar schools, an academy, direction, turns due W., and politically it divides itself be18 churches, the Northern Insane Asylum, which cost $500,000, tween the U. S. Territory of Alaska and the Dominion of and 6 newspapers. E. is noted for extensive and varied Canada. 210 ELIE DE BEAUMONT-EMIN BEY. Élie de Beaumont, (JEAN BAPTISTE ARMAND LOUIS LE-stitution, and influential in organizing Congress and the judiONCE,) Fr. geologist, b. at Canon, France, 1798, d. 1874; was ciary. In 1796 he was appointed Chief Justice, and in 1799 educated in the Polytechnic School'; made a series of metallurgi- made member of a diplomatic commission to France, with Patrick cal explorations for the government 1821-24, and was appointed Henry and William R. Davie. On account of ill-health he sent a mining engineer on his return; became professor at the home his resignation as Chief Justice, but in 1807 was again apSchool of Mines 1829: Prof. of Geology in the Coll. of France pointed to that office, only a few months before his death. D. at 1833; chief engineer of mines, 1833; member of the Institute Windsor, Conn., 1807. 1835; and perpetual secretary of the Academy of Sciences, succeeding Arago, 1853. In his Treatise on the Mountain Systems (1852) he described 95 distinct systems. Eli, Eli, Lama Sabachthani? a phrase of the SyroChaldaic tongue; called also Hebrew-Syriac: "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?"-the exclamation of Jesus Christ on the cross in his extreme agony. Elizabetgrad, a town of South Russia, situated on the banks of the Ingul. In the immediate neighborhood of the town are 30 windmills. Pop. 51,774. Ellsworth, a city and port of entry of Me.; seat of justice of Hancock Co. It lies on both sides of the navigable river Union, 28 m. S.-E. of Bangor, about 4 m. W. of Frenchman's Bay. It is an attractive place, with active trade, exporting 50,000,000 ft. of timber annually, and carrying on cod and mackerel fisheries. Pop. 4,804. The Ellsworth, cap. of Ellsworth Co., Kan., on a R.R., 228 m. from Kansas City and 415 m. from Denver. It is one of the leading markets in the State for Texas cattle. Pop. 1,620. Elmi'ra, city and cap. of Chemung Co., N. Y., on both Elizabeth, a city, cap. of Union Co., N. J., on Staten sides of the Chemung River; on the Erie R.R. at the interIsland Sound, 14 m. W.-S.-W. of New York. It is on the section of the Northern Central, and at the terminus of the line of the Pennsylvania, New Jersey Central, Lehigh Val-Utica, Ithaca and Elmira R.RS.; 46 m. S.-W. of Ithaca, ley, New York and Long Branch, New York and Philadel- 247 m. W.-N.-W. of New York. It is the largest city in phia, and the Amboy branch of the Pennsylvania R.Rs., that part of the State, is beautifully laid out, has a fine water and is connected with important commercial points by lines supply, is lighted by gas and electricity, and besides its river of steam-boats and sailing vessels that navigate the great and R.R. facilities has a valuable commercial outlet in the channel of Staten Island Sound. It covers a wide expanse Chemung Canal, which connects it with Seneca Lake. of level land, is laid out with broad and handsome streets, chief industries are the large shops of the Erie and the Northern runuing at right angles, has numerous business blocks, is Central R.Rs., a rolling-mill and blast-furnace, boot and shoe sewered, lighted with gas and electricity, and noted for the large factories, iron foundries, the manufacturing and repairing shops number of handsome residences of New York business men. of the Pullman Car Company, a woolen mill, a steam fire-enThe chief articles manufactured are sewing-machines, oil-cloth, gine manufactory, several tanneries, a flour-mill, and a carriage hats, saws, mill-machinery, stoves, hardware, edge tools, har- factory. There is one national bank and two private banks. ness, cordage, and combs. A large business is done in the Next to the iron and coal interest the wholesale grocery trade shipment of anthracite coal. E. is divided into eight wards, is the most extensive, and after that the dry-goods trade. The has two national banks and two savings-banks, an admirable public buildings include a State reformatory, county court-house, public-school system, and 30 churches. Among the buildings city hall, jail, orphans' home, home for the aged, and an inof note are the county court-house, city hall, opera-house, two dustrial school; the educational, the Elmira Female Coll., high-schools, an orphan asylum, two public halls, and four (Presb.,) a library of more than 3,000 volumes, a R. C. academy, academies and institutes. Pop. 87,764. the Elmira Free Academy, a high-school, normal school, and Elk'hart, a city of Elkhart Co., Ind., at the confluence of six grammar and gruded schools; 24 churches. There are five the St. Joseph and Elkhart Rivers, 100 m. E. of Chicago. Its hotels and two daily and four weekly newspapers. The prox industries include paper, starch, carriages, printing-presses, imity of the iron and coal fields of Pa. to E., with its numerous musical instruments, etc. It is a R.R. centre, and a shipping-facilities for manufactures, gives the city a prominent position point for a large agricultural region. Extensive repair shops are among the industrial centers of the country. The large mines located here. Pop. (1897) estimated 14,600. of the McIntyre Company, which to a great extent furnish the El'kin, (W. L., Ph.D.,) a Ger. astronomer, pupil of Win-coal supply of the New York Central and Hudson River R.R., necke at Strasburg. After obtaining his degree there he went are but 20 m. S. of E., and the Blossburg soft-coal field about to the Cape of Good Hope on the invitation of Dr. Gill, her the same distance S.-W. There are several quarries of excelmajesty's astronomer there, and took part with him in ob-lent stone just beyond the city limits. Pop. 80,893. servations with the heliometer for the determination of stel- Elm/wood, a town in Peoria Co., Ill., on a R.R., 163 m. lar parallax, these determinations being the most accurate of S.-W. of Chicago- Pop. 1,547. the kind ever made up to that time. He became astronomer El Paso, a city, cap. of El Paso, Tex., on the Rio Grande, at the Yale Coll. Observatory, and is continuing, with the in the extreme Western angle of the State, between Mexico and heliometer of that institution, the same excellent work in New Mexico. The pass El Paso del Norte, the principal stellar parallax, far superior to any thing of the kind heretofore thoroughfare between Mexico and New Mexico through the accomplished in gauging the depths of stellar space. Elk Rap'ids, a town of Antrim Co., Mich., on Grand Traverse Bay, at the mouth of the Elk River; pop. about 620. Large lumbering operations are carried on near by. mountains, is near the city, which is a customs port. It is op posite Ciudad Juarez, the Northern terminus of the Mexican Central R.R. in Mexico, across the Rio Grande. El P. is the seat of a fine government building, and has smelting-works, refrigerators, ice-factories, and other industries. It is also the centre of a mining and agricultural region. Pop. (1897) estimated 19,100. Elks, Benevolent Order of, an association in the interest of the dramatic profession. In 1890 it had 24 lodges, one in each city as far as possible, and a large membership. Its grand lodge is in New York. The lodges meet on Sunday night. Its benefits are for the wives, widows, and orphans of yr. 1811, and educated at Naples for the ballet, with her elder its members, and have a limit of $10 weekly. Els'sler, (FANNY,) a celebrated dancer, b. at Vienna in the sister Theresa, who on the 25th of April, 1851. became the wife of Prince Adalbert of Prussia, and was ennobled. F. E. helped to raise money for the Bunker Hill Monument. D. 1884. Ellice Islands, a group in the Pacific, discovered in 1819, situated in lat. 8° 30′ S., and long. 179° 13′ E., form, with the Marshall and the Gilbert group, a continuation of the Em'erson, (Ralph Waldo,) an Amer. philosopher, poet, Carolines, and these three archipelagoes, in fact, have some- and essayist, b. in Boston, Mass., 1803, son of Rev. Wm. Emertimes been called the Eastern Carolines. Their discovery, son, and descended from a long ancestry of clergymen. He was their settlement, and their history, however, all show that they educated in the Boston public schools and in Harvard Coll., from should be considered distinct from the Carolines, the Gilberts, which college he graduated in 1821. He won prizes in college or the Pelews. In 1886 they were annexed by Great Britain, for essays in philosophy. After teaching school five years he though they are of no great strategic importance. was licensed to preach (1826), and ordained to the ministry of Ellicott, (CHARLES JOHN, D.D.,) since 1863 Bishop of the Second Unitarian Church, Boston, in 1829. He resigned in Gloucester and Bristol, was b. at Whitwell, near Stamford, Eng., April 25, 1819. In 1859 became Hulsean Lecturer, and In 1860 Hulsean Prof. of Divinity, at Cambridge. His commentaries on the Epistles of St. Paul, which began to appear in 1854, have put him in the front rank of biblical scholars. His Historical Lectures on the Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ were the Hulsean Lectures for 1859. Ellicott City, cap. of Howard Co., Md., on a R.R. and the Patapsco River, 10 m. from Baltimore and 31 m. from Washington. It has three colleges, one of which is for females. Pop. 1,488. Ellicottville, a town of Cattaraugus Co., N. Y.; about 748. 1832 because unwilling to administer the sacraments. Visiting Europe, he made Carlyle's acquaintance, and on his return began a correspondence with Carlyle that continued many years. In 1834 he met with success as a lecturer, and from that time was known as one of the acceptable lecturers of the country, making lecture tours for many years to all parts of the country. The publication of a little volume, Nature, in 1835, may be reckoned the starting-point of E.'s remarkable literary career. His essays and addresses, especially an Address before the Senior Class of Divinity College, Cambridge, stirred the philosophic thought of the times to its depths, and began the brilliant intellectual movepop.ment known as the New England Transcendentalism. Much of the virility of this movement was due to the fact that it was a reaction from the philosophic and literary side against the materialistic orthodoxy of that day. Emerson's literary and poetical fame have survived the movement, and he remains one of the leading lights of Amer. literature. He was twice married, and had three children. His published works comprise several vols. of essays, addresses, letters, and poems. Ellijay, a village and the cap. of Gilmer Co., Ga., is pleasantly situated, and has some flourishing industries. Pop. of township 1,515. Ellsworth, (OLIVER,) an Amer. jurist and statesman, b. at Windsor, Conn., Apr. 29, 1745; educated at Yale and Princeton, graduating from the latter in 1766, with high rank; admitted to the bar in 1771; sent as delegate from Conn. to the first Con- Em'in Bey, b. 1840, in Austria, was originally named tinental Congress; made judge of the Conn. Superior Court in SCHNITZLER; he took service in the army of the Sultan, and 1784. He was a member of the convention that framed the Con- lembraced the Musslman religion, dropping his patronymic. In EMMET ENAMEL. 1874 he left Constantinople for Cairo, got into the good graces of Gen. Gordon, whose fortunes he followed, and in 1878 was appointed by him Gov. of Equatorial Soudan, in which position he displayed remarkable ability for organization and gained a powerful ascendency over the natives. He won both fame and glory as an African explorer. His first excursion was with Gordon in 1876, when the latter visited Ukerewe and the banks of Somerset River. In 1877 he went from his station of Lado to Lake Mwutan, passing by Dufileh, and returning via Ungoroana Rubaga. Two yrs. later, having heard it rumored that the Beatrice Gulf was not a part of Lake Mwutan, but of another lake much further S., he settled it by another journey. In 1880 he explored the Makraka country, in 1881 the Lattuka territory, to the E. of the Nile, and in 1882 the Welle. He suppressed the slave-trade in the Soudan, and professed a nominal submission to the Mahdi, but the fall of Khartoum left him helpless in the heart of a hostile country. His friend and companion, Junker, left him in 1885 to seek assistance from the outside world. In 1887 Henry M. Stanley assumed charge of an expedition for the relief of the beleaguered explorer, and succored him with men and supplies in 1888-89, enabling him to reach the coast in safety. Subsequently E. returned to the interior in the service of the German East Africa Company. Em'met, (THOMAS ADDIS, M.D.,) celebrated gynecologist, grand-nephew of ROBERT E., b. at the University of Virginia 1828, where his father was then Prof. of Chemistry and Materia Medica; was graduated at Jefferson Medical Coll. 1850; author of a work on Diseases of Women. He was a prolific writer, a celebrated surgeon, and inventor of several special surgical instruments and operations. 211 Em'ory, (ROBERT, D.D.,) b, in Philadelphia 1814; studied law with Hon. Reverdy Johnson; professor in Dickinson Coll., Carlisle, Pa., 1834; entered the M. E. ministry, in the Balti--in the more expensive examples, of gold or silver-the demore Conference, 1839; acting Pres. of Dickinson Coll. 1842; Pres. of Dickinson Coll. 1845; d. 1848. Em'peror Moth, a moth of the same family (Bombycida) with the silk-worm moth. The E. M. is the largest British lepidopterous insect. Its expanse of wings is about 3 in. Each wing is ornamented with a large eye-like glassy and transparent spot. The peacock moth (S. pavonia major) is the largest European species, and attains an expanse of 5 in. across the wings. The cocoons of the E. M. are remarkable for being formed internally of stiff convergent elastic threads, which readily permit the escape of the insect, but prevent the entrance of intruders. The cocoons of certain species of this genus of moths are invested with silk, which in China and India is collected for use. Empo'ria, city and cap. of Lyon Co., Kan., on the Neosho River, 6 m. above its junction with the Cottonwood, on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas R.R. at its crossing of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé R.R., 28 m. W.-N.-W. of Burlington, 61 m. S.-E. of Junction City, 61 m. S.-S.-W. of Topeka. It has a court-house, State normal school, eight churches, two national banks, (capital $200,000,) and two private banks, three flour-mills, foundry, and furniture, woolen-goods, broom, soap, and carriage factories, and is surrounded by a rich agricultural region. Pop. 7,551. E'mu, a very large bird, native of Australia. Its color is a dull brown, mottled with dingy gray; the young are striped with black. When assailed it strikes backward and obliquely with its feet, and it is so powerful that a stroke of its foot is Baid to be sufficient to break a man's leg. Dogs employed in The Emu. hunting it are often injured by its kicks, but well-trained dogs run in before it and spring at its neck. It cannot fly, but runs very fleetly. It is timid and peaceful, and trusts altogether to its speed for safety, unless hard pressed. In a wild state it sometimes occurs in small flocks; but it has now become rare in and around all the settled parts of Australia. The eggs are six or seven in number, dark green; the male performs the principal part of the incubation. The eggs are highly esteemed as food. The skin of the E. contains much oil-six or seven quarts are obtained from a single bird-and on this account it has been much hunted in Australia. The food of the E. consists chiefly of roots, fruit, and herbage. Its only note is a drumming sound, which it frequently emits. Enam'el, the name given to vitrified substances of various composition applied to the surface of metals. Enameling is practiced, (1) for purposes of utility, as in making the dialplates of watches and clocks, coating the insides of culinary vessels, etc., when it may be considered as belonging to the useful arts; and also (2) for producing objects of ornament and beauty-artistic designs, figures, portraits, etc.-when it belongs to the fine arts. Both the composition of Es. and the process of applying them are intricate subjects, besides being kept a secret by the inventors. The basis of all Es. is an easily fusible colorless silicate or glass, to which the desired color and the desired degree of opaqueness are imparted by mixtures of metallic oxides. The molten mass, after cooling, is reduced to a fine powder, washed, and the moist paste is then usually spread with a spatula upon the surface of the metal; the whole is then exposed in a furnace (fired, as it is called) till the E. is melted, when it adheres firmly to the metal. The metal most commonly used as a ground for E. is copper; but for the finest kinds of E. work gold and silver are also used. Es. are of several sorts, according to the manner in which the material is deposited upon the metal that in most cases serves as a support. We speak of "cloisonné," " champlevé," and "translucent" Es. In a large definition, "nielli" and the painted Es. of Limoges, and of the miniaturists of the 17th and 18th c., may also be included, since, at the bottom, the technical process is the same in all. A brief definition of each may suffice. Cloisonné Es., once hardly known on this side the water, outside the collections of a few amateurs, are now, since the trade with Japan and China has made them common, within the reach of the humblest purse. Vases, bowls, cups, plates, and orna mental plaques of cloisonné E. are found in plenty in the shops, and though the colors of the general run mostly are dull, the design of little merit, and the execution coarse, yet the process is precisely the same in the costliest and the cheapest pieces. That process is as follows: Upon a plate of metal, usually of copper sign to be executed is carefully and firmly outlined. Upon this outline, closely following it in every part, a thin strip of metal is placed, and when this has been bent and turned to fit all the convolutions and divisions of the design it is soldered by its lower edge to the plate, and the cavities thus formed are ready for the next step in the process. If the reader will not despise a homely illustration we may say that the appearance of the plate at this stage, divided into inclosures separated from one another by a thin strip of metal set on edge, resembles one of the tin plates to which small cake-molds are fastened-"hearts and rounds," as the child's vocabulary has it-into which the dough is poured from the mixing-bowl. The "dough," in the case of our Es. is composed, as has been said above, of pulverized glass, of colors suitable to the design, and made into a paste with the addition of a little essence. The French name for the inclosures formed by the outline of the design is cloison, a word having the same root as our "inclosure," "closet," and "cloister," and cloisonné is the participial form of the noun. The E. is therefore said to be cloisonné, or inclosed. The cloisons once filled with this vitrifiable paste, the metal plate, vase, cup, or object is placed in an oven, where the heat applied is sufficient to fuse the paste, but not to affect the metal. It is not necessary here to go into the minutiae of the process-to explain that owing to the different degrees of expansion of the substances employed in the various pastes, and to their different degrees of fusibility, the cups are found, after the first baking, to be unequally filled, and that the proc ess has to repeated, perhaps many times, until all are ready for the final polishing which is to bring them to a uniform surface. The edges of the metal which divides the cloisons, and which are often no thicker than a hair, partake, of course, of the polish given to the whole, and serve to mark the design by distinct outline. It may be added that, although in the Byzantine practice of this art the E. is always based upon metal, the Japanese, however it may be with the Chinese, do not so restrict themselves, but attach their cloisons to any material that happens to strike their fancy or pique their skill. The writer of this article has a porcelain cup, the outside of which is covered with a design in cloisonné E. In one of the cases in the Metropolitan Museum there is a series of examples showing the whole process of making cloisonné Es., together with the simple tools, and the materials employed, specimens of the E. substances, both in a crude and prepared state, etc. plevé Es. derive their name from the fact that the cavities for holding the paste are hollowed out (Fr. lever, "to raise ") by means of a graver or other tool from the metal plate or field (Fr. champ, a field ") on which the design is to appear. The earliest Es. of Limoges were champlevé, and this process was largely employed for the decoration of the chasses or caskets in which the relics of saints brought home by the crusaders and presented to the churches were deposited. Later the art of translu cent enameling arose. This consisted in little more than painting with vitrifiable pastes upon a metal surface, afterward exposed to the action of heat. This firing fused the edges of the differ ent masses of color, blending the whole into a rich harmony, and the metal ground acted as a foil at once to bring out the colors and to brighten them. This translucent effect, it may be observed, was not aimed at in the cloisonné and champlevé Es.; in these the colors were opaque, the light being merely reflected from their surfaces. In making nielli the process is exactly the same as that used in champlevé, except that the substance used for filling the incised lines was always black, Cham Secretary for Scotland, and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. An Attorney-General and a Solicitor-General, legal advisers to the sovereign, both serve coterminously with the cabinet for local administration. E. is divided into 52 counties, including 62 boroughs, each county having a lord lieutenant, sheriff, and justice of the peace, appointed by the crown. Each county has its own elective officers, including mayors, aldermen, counselors, etc. Judges are for the most part appointed by the Lord Chancellor. There is a Supreme Court of Judicature of 29 judges, constituting courts of appeal, of chancery, probate, divorce, and admiralty. The religion of E. is represented in a State Church, whose ministers are officials of the realm, and by various dissenting Protestant bodies, besides the Rom. Catholics. En'gland and Wales. A census of Great Britain was taken in 1891, from which we compile the following table, showing the inhabited houses and pop. in the counties of England and Wales in 1881 and 1891: COUNTY. England. Buckinghamshire............ Devonshire............. Essex... Gloucestershire................. INHABITED HOUSES. POPULATION. 1881. 1891. 1881. 1891. that being the meaning of the word. Niello is a corruption The cabinet is composed of a First Lord of the Treasury, who is of the Latin nigellus, "black," and the substance used in usually the Prime Minister, The Lord High Chancellor, who making nielli is composed of silver, copper, lead, sulphur, presides over the House of Lords; Chancellor of the Exchequer; and borax; this being more fusible than silver-the metal Secretaries of State for the Home Department, and for Foreign always employed for engraving when small objects, such as Affairs, for the Colonies, for War, and for India; a First Lord jewel-boxes, knife-handles, dagger-sheaths, and chalices were of Admiralty; President of the Board of Trade; President of to be ornamented-heat could be employed for fusing without the Local Government Board; Postmaster General; First Com injury to the object itself. The effect aimed at in niello-work | missioner of Works; Vice-President of the Council on Educawas that of a pattern traced in black lines on a silver ground. tion; Chief Secretary of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland; An every-day illustration of it is seen in our door-plates, where the name of the occupant is seen inscribed in black on silver. An interest apart from their beauty attaches to the nielli from the fact that they were the precursors of engraved prints. The earliest known engravings, dating from the middle of the 15th c., are impressions taken on paper fom nielli, probably for the purpose of proving the design. These impressions of nielli are necessarily very rare and correspondingly costly. The earliest known print of this kind is preserved in the Imperial Library at Paris. It bears the date 1452. It is taken from a pyx-" a box" (Gr. pyxis)—used to hold the sacramental wafers made by Maso Finiguerra, a famous worker in nielli, for the Church of St. Giovanni, now the Baptistery, in Florence. In this church is an ancient altar decorated with plaques, in niello, made by this artist. It is only shown to the public on St. John's day. Artistic or Ornamental Enameling is of great antiquity; it is proved by the remains found in Egypt to have been practiced there; from the Egyptians it passed to the Greeks, and it was extensively employed in decoration by the Romans; in the reign of Augustus the Roman architects began to make use of colored glass in their mosaic decorations; various Roman antiquities, ornamented with E., have been dug up in Britain, and it was adopted there by the Saxons and Normans. A jewel found at Athelney, in Somersetshire, and now preserved in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, is proved by the inscription on it to have been made by order of Alfred; and there are various figures with draperies partly composed of colored E. on the sides of the gold cup given by King John to the corporation of Lynn, in Norfolk. Enameling has b en practiced from a remote period in the East, Persia, India, and China, under a separate and distinct development; but there is nothing from which it can be inferred that the various Cumberland...................... methods were in use earlier than in Europe. Enameled-ware. Derbyshire........... -The liability of iron to oxidation by heat or moisture, and to corrosion even by the weakest acids, has led to attempts to coat it with a protecting surface. Ordinary tin plate is the oldest and most familiar example of a partially successful method. En'field, town of Hartford Co., Conn., on the Connecticut River, and the New York, New Haven and Hartford R.R., 16 m. N. of Hartford. It contains the villages of Thompsonville, noted for its great carpet factory with over 300 looms and a manufacturing capacity of nearly 6,000,000 yds. annually; and Hazardville, where is one of the most extensive powder mills in the world, besides a community of thrifty Shakers. E. has several churches, high-school, savings-banks, and sewing-machine, plow, carriage, sash and blind, hat, brick, and harness factories. It was settled 1681, and belonged to Springfield, Mass., till 1752. Pop. 7,190. Eng'land, a country of Europe, the chief division of the United Kingdom of Gr. Britain and Ireland, situated in the island of Gr. Britain, of which it forms, with Wales on the W., the Southern portion. It lies between lat. 49° 57′ and 55° 47' N., and between 1° 46′ E. and 5° 41′ W. of Greenwich. It is bounded N. by Scotland, E. by the German Ocean, S. by the British Channel and Straits of Dover, and W. and S.-W. by the Atlantic, St. George's Channel and the Irish Sea; E. and Wales being considered together in the description. E. has an area of 50,823 sq. m., Wales of 7,363, the area of both, 58,186 sq. mn., being about that of Florida or Michigan. England and Wales are united since the 16th c. in one administrative division, and the whole territory is often called England. Having the sea on three sides, E. has a coast, including all principal bays, of nearly 2,000 m. The river estuaries and the bays afford commodious harbors, and her insular position has ever determined E. to the navigation and mastery of the ocean. The country originally was much of it composed of fens and marshes, a great part of which has been redeemed. The surface is undulating. There are no high mountains, the Cumbrian range reaching at the highest but 3,216 ft. The valleys are picturesque and fertile, and the country watered by numerous streams, including the Humber, Severn, Thames, Ouse, and Mersey. The country has an average Flintshire. mean temp. of 50° F.; extremes of heat and cold being unknown, Glamorganshire... owing to the moderating effects of the ocean, that bears the Gulf Merionethshire.... Stream near the W. coast. The chief industries of E. are Montgomeryshire..... manufactures, mines, and ocean commerce. In the latter she Pembrokeshire leads the world, partly by reason of her extensive colonial ter- Radnorshire ritory, whose trade she controls. Agriculture is pursued; wheat, oats, potatoes, and tree fruits being the staples. Live-stock raising is a considerable industry, much of the hill lands being England and Wales...... 4,831,519 5,460,976 25,974,439 | 29,001,018 adapted to grazing. The fishery industry employs above 40,000 persons, and represents about £5,000,000 in annual yield. E., in common with Gr. Britain and Ireland as a whole, is governed by a King or Queen, assisted by a cabinet of ministers. The royal line was fixed, by the Act of Settlement of 1701, upon the descendants of Sophia of Hanover. The reigning sovereign is Victoria, and the first heir to the throne is Albert, Prince of Wales. the title belonging to the first in succession to the throne. 126,258 81,529 84,778 149,567 160,729 43,489 48,466 218,363 238,446 37,528 40,091 176,155 185,190 40,316 42,000 185,700 188,862 145,478 644,040 780,052 ........ 69,790 70,656 330,686 322,589 49,050 52,395 250,647 266,550 ........... Kent................ Middl sex............. Monmouthshire. Northamptonshire.... Northumberland ..... Nottinghamshire Somers tshire....... ......... 66 .......... Wales. Anglesey.. ardiganshire.. Carmarthenshire Total, Wales..... 149,323 12,873 13,301 55,678 57,477 258,970 264,969 77,167 85,394 380,283 413,755 76,009 84,577 365,011 399,412 68.956 73,366 346,317 368,237 450,356 514,711 2,175,293 2,441,164 4,557,290 5,157,781 24,613,934 | 27,482,104 En'glewood, village of Bergen Co., N. J., on the Northern New Jersey R.K., 1 in. W. of the Palisades of the Hudson River, 14 m. N. of New York; set off from Hackensack 1871. It is beautifully located, a place of attractive homes, and has five churches, a classical institute, several hotels, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. 4,076. |