ALAMEDA-ALASKA. of coal was begun in this State about the yr. 1853, but the total output, which was produced mainly by small operators for local consumption, did not reach 100,000 tons until the yr. 1876. The production for the census yr. 1880 was 323,972 tons, valued at $476,911 at the mines. The growth of the industry thenceforward has been almost phenomenal, the product for the calendar yr. 1889 being 3,378,484 tons, valued at $8,707,426. The average number of persons employed during the yr., including superintendents, engineers, mechanics, and clerical force, was 6,762, and the amount of wages paid was $3,175,356. The figures above given apply exclusively to the mining of coal and preparing it for shipment, all expenditures for the manufacture and handling of coke being excluded. The average number of days when mines were shipping coal was 196 during the yr. 1889. The following table shows the number of mines and the total production of coal in A. by counties, together with the total value and average price per ton at the mines in 1889. PRODUCT AND VALUE OF COAL IN ALABAMA IN 1889. Value of the total product at mines. Walker 16,141 2,305,383 460,254 9,278 Cullman.. Average price received at mines per ton of 2,000 pounds. 1.21 604,230 113,422 3,378,484 $3,707,426 $1.10 Of the amount shown above as loaded at mines for shipment, 1,868,596 short tons were delivered for consumption within the State of A. 21 Al Esquimaux of the coast, who at other seasons live on seal, walrus, whales, polar bears, and a few other animals of that region. Approaching the Yukon the country in places becomes more hilly, and even mountainous, but it is rather the older geographical formations projecting in Alpine peaks and chains here and there, through the flat tundra land, which lies between as deposited by some ancient ocean, than continuous hilly or mountainous country. S. of the line of the Yukon the country becomes more and more broken as the Pacific Ocean is approached, and especially toward the western and central part, until this Alpine characteristic finally culminates in one of the grandest mountain chains of the known world, the St. Elias Alps, and its spurs. This range includes Mount St. Elias as its highest peak, which rough observations show to be about 19,500 ft. in altitude, the culminating point of the N. Amer. continent. From the Alpine Kenai Peninsula in both directions, toward the S.-E. and S.-W., the two horns of A. dip into the sea. Toward the S.-W. are the Aleutian Islands, a submerged mountain-chain, whose higher peaks project through the sea, as islands, and which form the boundary be. tween Behring Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Toward the S.-E. the outer half of the mountainous land has been partially submerged, the great ocean filling in the ancient valleys nearest the sea until the largest ocean steamers can readily navigate the deep, bold water between the innumerable islands in this part of A. From this reason these channels, with similar ones along the shores of British Columbia, have been called the "inland passage" to A., whence ocean steamers ply regularly from the north-western parts of the U. S. to Sitka and other ports in south-eastern A.' The climate of A. varies considerably throughout its vast extent. In general the northern part $19.796 $1.23 and its interior has an almost arctic severity over all of it, 2,485,744 1.08 474,956 1.03 while the narrow strip between the Pacific Coast ranges of mountains and that ocean and the Aleutian Islands have a 1.77 phenomenally mild climate for so high a latitude. This latter is caused by the warm equatorial current from the S.-W. called the Japanese Current, Kuro Siwo, “black current," and other names, impinging on the Pacific Coast and moderating it to such an unusual extent. It is said that the cold of zero has never been known upon the Aleutian Islands at the sea-level, while it is almost as moderate upon the eastern horn where it faces the sea, fresh cauliflower having been taken from a garden in Sitka for a Christmas dinner, while ice sufficiently thick to cut for winter storage there has seldom been known. though this is phenomenally mild temperature for winter so far northward, yet this winter weather is quite disagreeable, owing to the protracted rains of that season of the yr., which also extend far into the fall and spring, leaving only a short summer of about three months when there is pleasant weather along the Alaskan Pacific coast. This unusual rain-fall is no doubt due to the precipitation of the warm moisture rising from the surface of the warm Japanese current condensed by the cold sides of the high snow-covered mountains facing this coast. The climate of the Behring Sea coast and adjacent isl ands grades from that of the Arctic Ocean to the mild weather of the Pacific, St. Lawrence Island and Norton Sound being inaccessible in winter from ice, while on the Aleutian Islands cattle graze all winter. Population and Productions.-The population is sparse for so vast an area, although from its abundant staple productions of furs, fisheries, and mining it is capable of containing, and at no distant day probably will contaín, a very much denser population. The white people are nearly all in south-eastern A., or the right-hand horn, the large mining and fi-hing industries there and the seat of government attracting them thither. Juneau, a mining town in this section, which is situated on the main-land opposite Douglas Island, is the metropolis of A., having about 1,000 people in and near it. On Douglas Island is the rich Treadwell gold mine, the largest and most productive in A., and whose output is probably very near to $100,000 a month. Sitka, the seat of the U. S. district government, and formerly the head-quarters of the Russian government, when it was called New Archangel, is the second place in size. Wrangell, near the mouth of the Stickeen River, and once the base of all supplies for the Cassiar mines of British Columbia, now about worked out, was once a place of considerable size and activity, but is now almost abandoned. Killismoo, where there is a large herring fishery and herring oil-works, is a point of some importance. There are several salmon canneries, managed by whites, scattered through this part of the Territory. The white population of A. is now about 2,500. The native population is composed of three quite distinct races: the Esquimaux, the Aleuts, and the Indians. The Esquimaux, as in other parts of Am., live almost wholly upon the sea-coast and a short distance up the principal rivers, deriving their main sustenance from the water in the way of fish, marine mammals, etc. Beginning at Demarcation Point, in the Arctic Ocean, they are found on all the coast line of that body of water, and on Behring Sea to Bristol Bay, where they cross the neck of the Aliaska Peninsula and face the Pacific Ocean as far E. as about Cape Suckling or Cape Yaktog, almost in sight of Mount St. Elias. Their most inland village is probably Makagamute, on the Yukon River, 300 m. from its mouth, although there are a number of unknown inland tribes farther N. whose villages are not well known as to situation. They also occupy St. Lawrence and a few other islands. Their population, coupled with the Indian, Alame'da, a town of Alameda Co., Cal., noted for its pleasant location and as a health resort; pop. 11,165. Alas'ka is that portion of the N. Amer. continent lying in the extreme N.-W. and known as Russian Am. until its acquisition by the U. S. in 1867. It is irregularly peninsular in form, its northern coast from Demarcation Point to Cape Prince of Wales, or Behring Strait, being washed by the icebound waters of the Arctic Ocean; from thence to the Aleutian Islands by Behring Sea, while its southern shores face the great Pacific Ocean from Dixon Entrance (or Sound) to the island of Attu, a longitudinal spread of nearly 600, or roughly equal to that from New York city to the Rocky Mountains. Physical Features.-The Arctic shores of A. are low and flat, those of the Pacific high and mountainous, while those facing Behring Sea grade in between, approximating the character of the northern or southern coasts as these are approached. As Italy, in outline, has been compared to the shape of a boot, and other countries have been compared to the outlines of familiar objects to impress them graphically upon the mind, so A. may be taken to represent an inverted bullock's head, the left horn being the Aleutian Islands and the right horn of the animal the narrow strip between the Pacific Ocean and the Dominion of Canada, (or British Columbia and the British North-west Territory.) The name A. was attached by the Russians (from an Aleut word) to the large peninsula in the south-western part of A., of which the Aleutian Islands form the natural continuation. It is the corruption of the word Aliaska by Americans that gave us the present title of the Territory when Russian Am. was ceded by Russia to the U. S. This Aliaska peninsula was thought by the early Russian explorers to be a large island, but Capt. Cook, the famous English navigator, proved its peninsular character later, This immense tract of land-occupying between 560,000 and 570,000 sq. m., (the exact area is 565,862 sq. m. by the last U. S. census, but the surveys of the country have not reached the point that will justify such exactness.) an area about equal to the U. S. east of the Mississippi River, the Gulf States excluded-naturally presents varied characteristics over so wide a field that no intelligible description can be given of it as a whole. Its most important river is the YUKON, (q. v.,) which has a 1. of 2,044 m., and which divides the rectangular body of A. almost into equal parts N. and S. of that great stream. N. of the Yukon River, and especially when nearing the Arctic Ocean, the land is flat and covered with a growth of moss that flourishes in these swampy districts, here called tundra. The winter weather here is very severe, and the ground is frozen to a great depth, much deeper than it thaws in the summer, so that the water that collects in this season cannot drain through the frozen strata below, and forms vast marshy plains similar to those of northern Siberia, and like them called tundras (pronounced toon-drays) by the Russians. On these many reindeer feed, furnishing part of the food in the summer season for the by the last census was put at 26,143, although it may be said that not enough was or even now is known to justify such exactness. The Indians belong to two very distinct and separate classes, those on the sea-coast-the Tlinkits of south-eastern A. and the interior tribes of many names along the upper courses of the rivers, whose mouth and lower parts are held by the Esquimaux. The Tlinkits range from Mount St. Elias to Dixon Sound, occupying nearly all of the right horn of, or south-eastern, A. They number between 7,000 and 8,000, and are subdivided into many tribes, as Awks, Stickeens, Chilkats, etc., by which names they are generally known rather than Tlinkits. They are the Koloshes of the Russians. They have been quite aggressive and warlike, making hostile excursions as far as Puget Sound to wreak vengeance. The Indians of the interior are mostly along the Yukon, the Tanana, the Porcupine, the Copper, and a few other rivers, deriving their sustenance from the fish of these streams as well as the game of the country. The Aleuts, numbering nearly 2,000, occupy the Aleutian Islands and the Seal (Pribyloff) Islands of St. Paul and St. George. To the latter, however, they were carried by the Russians to assist in the seal fisheries for which those islands are celebrated. The timber of A. begins about the line of the Yukon, and extends southward over the whole country except an irregular strip near Behring Sea and the Aleutian Islands. It is mostly of the order of Conifera, and none is merchantable until the Pacific slope is reached, the most valuable timber of that region being the yellow cedar. The fisheries include herring, cod, halibut, and salmon, among true fishes, and whales and fur seals among the marine mammals. The whale fishery is mostly in the Arctic Ocean, and pays Amer. whalers about $1,000,000 yearly. The fur seals are caught on the Pribyloff Islands by a company (Alaska Commercial Company) specially licensed by the government to kill them, they being limited to 100,000 yearly, and paying the government a franchise of $50,000 yearly and $2.75 for each animal. The cod and halibut off-shore fisheries are probably the most extensive in the world, although but feebly invaded for want of a market. Enormous numbers of salmon yearly ascend the Alaskan rivers, and millions are secured by natives for their food, while a very few are canned by whites. The modern history of A. really began with its acquisition by the U. S. in 1867, at a cost of $7,200,000, and it reads like a romance in the explorations of the Russians from the W. and of the French, Spanish, and English from the S. Among the most prominent explorers were Behring, Glasunoff, Zagoskin, Cook, Quadra, Beechy, La Perouse, Meares, Dixon, Vancouver, and Portlock. The accompanying table, giving the population of A. by race and sex of the 308 villages and settlements enumerated, is from the census of 1890: Hall (1882); the Dudley Astronomical Observatory of Union University; State Agricultural Museum; State Arsenal; etc. Albany was occupied by the Dutch in 1614, and settled by them in 1624, when Fort Orange was founded, and again in 1630, after wars with the Mohawks and Mohicans. It received its present name in 1664 from the Duke of York and Albany, afterwards James II. It obtained a city charter in 1686 and became the cap. of N. Y. in 1797. Pop. (1890) 94,923. Albateg'ni, Al-Bata'ni, (MUHAMMED BEN GEBER,) so called from Batan a city of Mesopotamia, where he was b. about the middle of the ninth c. He was a prince of Syria, and the most celebrated of the Arabian astronomers; noted that the places of the stars in Ptolemy's Almagest did not agree with observations, and was led by this to a more accurate determination of the constant of precession; determined a value of the eccentricity of the earth's orbit differing little from modern values, and discovered the progressive motion of the earth's perihelion. D. in 928 or 929. Albert Ed/ward, (PRINCE OF WALES,) eldest son of Queen Victoria, born at Buckingham Palace, Nov. 9, 1841; educated at Oxford and Cambridge. Some of his titles are Prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Great Steward of Scotland, Duke of Cornwall and Rothsay, Earl of Chester, Carrick and Dublin, Baron Renfrew, and Lord of the Isles. He has the patronage of 29 livings, chiefly in his right as Duke of Cornwall. His yearly allowance from the British people is $200,000. He is the official head of the Freemasons in England, and enjoys numerous other dignities. He made a tour of the U. S. and Canada in 1860, and visited Egypt and Palestine in 1862, and India in 1875-76. He married, March 10, 1863, Princess Alexandra of Denmark. Their eldest living child (heir to the crown) is Prince George Frederick, Duke of York. Albion. A city in Calhoun Co., Mich.; on the Kalamazoo River, 20 m. W. of Jackson, and 96 m. W. of Detroit. It has flourmills and manufactories of carriages, agricultural implements, etc.; and is the seat of Albion Coll. Pop. (1890) 3,763. Albuminuria, (Lat. albumen, and Gr. ouron, the urine,) a condition characterized by the presence of albumen in the urine. Other albuminous bodies, not albumens, may be present in hæmaturia, hæmatinuria, pyuria, and spermatorrhoea. A. is said to occur in consequence of various conditions, e. g., changes in the blood, changes in the circulation, changes in the kidneys. If functional in character, quinine, arsenic, or pepsin may be useful. If organic, it will require the utmost effort of scientific medication. See BRIGHT'S DISEASE. Alcoholism. This term is applied to the diverse pathological process and attendant symptoms caused by the excessive indigestion of alcoholic beverages. These differ if a SUMMARY OF POPULATION OF ALASKA BY DISTRICTS AND RACE AND SEX. DISTRICTS. First or South-eastern district.. Becond or Kadiak district.. Third or Unalaska district. Fourth or Nushagak district.. Fifth or Kuskokwim district.. Sixth or Yukon district........ Seventh or Arctic district.. The Territory....... 31,795 19,130 12,665 4,303 3,860 443 1,819 885 934 23,274 11,987 11,287 2,287 112 111 Alba'ni, the stage-name of MARIE EMMA LAJEUNESSE, a famous soprano; b. near Montreal 1851, of French Canadian parents, who removed to Albany, whence she took her pseudonym, in 1864; she made her debut in 1871 and married Mr. Ernest Gye in 1878. Her favorite role is Senta in "The Flying Dutchman." Albany. A city and the cap. of N. Y. and of Albany Co., on the W. bank of the Hudson, 145 miles N. of New York City. It has a river frontage of 4 m., and extends to the W. upwards over an alluvial plain to a height of 150 ft. It is an important trade centre, especially for lumber and the distribution of cattle from the W.; is a terminus of railways, of steamboat lines from New York and elsewhere, and of the Erie and Champlain canals. It has breweries, blast-furnaces, iron-foundries, and manufactories of stoves and shoes. The chief edifices are the capitol, completed at a cost of $18,000,000; the State Museum; the City large quantity is consumed at one time or at short Intervals, or if smaller quantities are taken habitually; and hence they are subdivided into those due to (a) Acute and (b) Chronic A. To the acute forms of A. belong the acute catarrh of the alimentary mucous membrane, rapid coma, some cases of delirium tremens, and certain special forms of acute insanity; whilst to the chronic class are referred the prolonged congestions, the fatty and connective tissue degenerations of the various organs and tissues, most cases of delirium tremens, nervous affections of slow onset and course, and the cachexia which in varying combinations attend a continuously immoderate consumption of A. Treatment.-In acute gastric catarrh, copious draughts of tepid water, followed by a saline purge, will be of benefit. Delirium tremens must be treated differently in the young and in the old. In the first attacks in young subjects, complete abstention from alcoholics, milk diet and moderate purgation, with bromide at night if the subject is sleepless. In older cases a mild purge should begin the treatment; light but very nourishing food should be given at short intervals. Milk, beeftea, raw eggs beaten up with milk, strong soups, etc., are to be given freely. Sedatives should be given only with great caution, but, if necessary, a full dose of laudanum, 30 to 40 drops at bed-time, is of great value. In Chronic A. easily digested and nourishing foods should take the place of the stimulants. Bitter tonics, such as nux vomica, quinine in small doses, calumba gentian, with carminatives, as chloro |