beauty. The Baptistery is another adjunct to the C., though gaining valuable stores of information. Returning to Rome, he like the others frequently forming a building altogether detached. obtained the quæstorship, 77 B.C., and was given the Sicilian adThe position of the nave, choir or chancel, aisles, and transepts ministration, where his moderation and humanity won the comare nearly invariable, but the other portions vary, and are mendation of all. He rose to the front rank in his profession. scarcely alike in two Cs. In ordinary language, any building set Partly from policy and partly from his humane disposition, he apart for religious ordinances is called a C., though when of a gave himself to the defense of those who were put on trial under minor kind it is more usually designated a chapel. After a long criminal charges. This practice, however, was varied in the period of neglect and poverty of taste, the building of Cs. in a case of Gaius Verres, whom he assisted to prosecute. So able

superior style, emulative of the older styles of architecture, has was his conduct of this case that the counsel of Verres could not greatly revived, not only in the Churches of England and Scot-plead against him, and Verres went into voluntary exile without land, but in nearly all religious bodies in the U.S., where some making any defense. In 69 B.C., C. became ædile, and in 68 of the noblest examples of C. architecture are to be found. B.C. prætor. In this latter year he delivered his famous orations

Church'ill, Lord Randolph Henry Spencer, an on the Manilian Law, by the passage of which Pompey was given uncle of the present Duke of Marlborough, b. 1849. He the conduct of the war against Mithridates. In 63 B.C. he was entered Parliament in 1874, as member for Woodstock, and elected to the consulship. At the same election Catiline, a man shortly thereafter became known as the leader of the "fourth of ruined character and a conspirator against the State, was departy"-a small knot of members who alternately harassed feated for the same office; whereupon he formed a conspiracy to the Liberals and the Conservatives. On the accession of the burn the city and assassinate many of the Senators. The orations latter to power in 1885 under the leadership of the Marquis of of C. against Catiline before the Roman Senate are perhaps the Salisbury. (See CRANBORNE.) C. became Secretary of State most famous of his addresses. He was greatly applauded by the for India in the Conservative ministry, and again, in 1886, he people and the Senate for saving the State. But the punishment was Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Salisbury cabinet, but by death of some of the companions of Catiline aroused the resigned Dec. 22, 1886. D. Jan. 22, 1895.

Churubusco, Battle of, was fought in Mexico, Aug. 20, 1847. After the battle of Contreras, fought on the same day, Santa Anna, with some 27,000 men, made a stand at this hamlet, on the river Churubusco, 6 m. S. of the city of Mexico, to resist the advance of the U. S. army under Gen. Scott. Churubusco had the strongly fortified convent of San Pablo and an elevated causeway with a stone bridge across the river. Gens. Worth and Pillow attacked and carried the bridge; the convent, after holding out 24 hours, yielded to Gen. Twiggs. Gen. Shields, who had been engaged on the right, joined in the pursuit, which extended nearly to the city of Mexico. Of 8,000 U. S. troops in the two actions there were 139 killed and 926 wounded; the Mexicans los: 4,000 killed and wounded, 3,000 prisoners, 37 guns, many small arms, and much ammunition.

hostility of the nobles, including Cæsar, and being accused by Clodius, a demagogue, he was finally obliged to resort to flight. His house on the Palatine was destroyed, and a decree of banishment issued against him. The excesses of Clodius and a change of consuls operated to produce a restoration in his favor, and he was recalled the next yr. by an overwhelming vote of the Senate. In the civil war between Cæsar and the Senate, led by Pompey. he espoused the cause of the Senate, but after the triumph of Cæsar at Pharsalia he made his submission to the conqueror. Although he took no part in the conspiracy that ended in the assassination of Cæsar, he defended it afterward, and condemned the course of Mark Antony in a series of orations denominated Philippics, twelve in number. These were received with great enthusiasm by the advocates of the Republic; but when the Cæsarian party triumphed by a coalition of Antony with Lepidus and Octavius in a triumvirate, he was forced to flight. Antony demanded his death, and he was killed by a hired bravo at the door of his Formian villa. He is immortalized in history as the greatest orator Rome produced, -the greatest of ancient history save Demosthenes. He was also a good and humane man, a wise and cultured statesman, pre-eminent in moral and intellectual worth above all his contemporaries. A large number of his writings still remain to us.

Cic'ero, (MARCUS TULLIUS,) a famous Roman orator and statesman, b. at Arpinum, Jan. 3, 106 B.C. His father was a rich member of the Roman Knighthood, (eques,) by whose direction C. was liberally educated, becoming a proficient in the language, literature, and philosophy of the Greeks. About 90 B.C. he began the study of law under Scævola, took a course of rhetoric, elocution, and logic under the most noted teachers of his time, and at 25 yrs. of age began to plead causes in the Cienfuegos, a port of Cuba, on the S. coast, at the mouth Forum, where his courage, wit, ability, and oratorical gifts at of the Bahia de Jagua, 140 m. E.-S.-E. of Havana, with which once attracted attention. Being of a rather frail physical con- it is connected by a R.R. The exports are sugar, rum, molasses, stitution, he traveled abroad to improve his health. Visiting and wax. Pop. 65,656.

Athens, he studied philosophy with Zeno, the famous Epicurean, Cigar Ship, a wrought-iron vessel built at the Isle of Dogs, and with Antiochus of Ascalon. He traveled also through the on the Thames, Eng., and launched on Monday, Feb. 19, 1866. Roman province of Asia, pursuing his studies with ardor, and The extreme 1. of the vessel over all was 256 ft., and her great