Various other noteworthy articles are the concise biographies of all the Presidents of the United States, and of all the Chief Justices of the United States, the latter not being found in any other cyclopedia; also the statistical and descriptive articles on the states of the United States, with lists of their Governors. Among other articles of special value are those in the following list: A.-S...........Anglo-Saxon. A.R.A.........Associate Royal Academy. Astron........Astronomy. Aug...........August. A.V............Authorized Version. b...............born. B.A............Bachelor of Arts. Bap............Baptist. Bart...........Baronet. B.C............Before Christ. Biol............ C...............century, centuries. Calif...... ....California. cap............Capital. Capt...........Captain. Cent. Am.....Central America. Chem..........Chemistry. Coll............College. Colo...........Colorado. Cong........... ..Congregational. Conn..........Connecticut. cwt............hundred-weight. d...............died. D.D............Doctor of Divinity. D. C...........District of Columbia, Dec............December. Del............Delaware. e. g............for example. Eng............England, English. Ill..............Illinois. Ind. Ter.......Indian Territory. Ital............Italian. Jan............January. Kan.... .Kansas. K.B............Knight of the Bath. N.-W..........North-west. N. Y...........New York. Ornith. .Ornithology. O. T...........Old Testament. P. E...........Protestant Episcopal. pop....... .population. Port...........Portuguese. K.C.M.G.......Knight Commander of Sts. Mi- Pres... chael and George. K.G............Knight of the Garter. iat.............latitude. lb., lbs.........pound, pounds. lit..............literally. M. E...........Methodist Episcopal. Med...........Medicine. Meth....... .Methodist. Mich...........Michigan. Minn..........Minnesota. Miss...........Mississippi. Mlle...........Mademoiselle. Mo.............Missouri. MS., MSS.....Manuscript, Manuscripts. Mus............Music. Mus. Doc......Doctor of Music. myth......... ....mythology, mythological. N............. North. N.A............National Academician. N. Am.........North America. N. H...........New Hampshire. N.-N.-E.......North-north-east. Nov...... N. T...........New Testament. ......President. Presb..........Presbyterian. Prof...........Professor. prop...........properly. prov...........province. q. V............which see. R. I......... .Rhode Island. S. Am.........South America. S. Dak.........South Dakota. Sec........... Secretary. S.-E...........South-east. sp. gr..........specific gravity. S.T.D..........Doctor of Sacred Theology supra..........above. Surg...........Surgery. B'BE, (CLEVELAND,) astronomer and meteorologist, b. ir. New York 1838; studied at the Imperial Russian Observatory at Pulkowa, and on his return was for a time assistant at the Naval Observatory at Washington. In 1868 he was appointed director of the Cincinnati Observatory, whence he was called in 1871 to organize the Weather Bureau under Gen. Myers at Washington, and he has since been at the head of the scientific corps of this bureau and principal adviser to the Chief Signal Officer. Ab'bey, (EDWIN A.,) b. in Philadelphia 1852, an Amer. water-color painter and designer, studied in the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts. He is a prolific workman, and devotes himself almost exclusively to illustration. His chief work is a series of de-igns for Goldsmith's She Stoops to Conquer. Ab'bot, (EZRA, S.T.D., LL.D.,) a Unitarian layman, b. in Me. 1819; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 1884; was graduated at Bowdoin Coll., Me., 1840; 1840-47, teacher in Me.; 1847, teacher High School, Cambridgeport, Mass.; 1856, Assistant Librarian Harvard Coll.; 1872, Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism, Harvard Divinity School. He was a member of many learned societies. come to a focus on a spherical or other curved surface instead of a focal-plane. Abi'athar, 13th high-priest of the Jews; son of Ahimelech, the third in descent from Eli; flourished B.C. 1060-1012. Abi'bas, a martyr of Edessa, burned A.D. 822, under the Emperor Lucinius. Ab'ida, the fourth son of Midian, son of Abraham by Keturah, the head of a tribe in Arabia. Abilene', cap. of Dickinson Co., Kan., on Kansus Pacific R.R., 96 m. W. of Topeka; pop. 3,540. The town has enjoyed a rapid growth, and has a flourishing trade with the surrounding country. Abiogen'esis, the generation of living from non-living matter. Abjura'tion. (1) A formal papal ceremony or oath by which heretics renounced their heresy. (2) In England, an oath of obligation not to acknowledge the right of "the Pretender" to the throne. (3) An oath ordained under Charles II. for abjuring particular doctrines of the Church of Rome. Abo', the chief town of the Govt. of A., in Finland, now belonging to the Russian Empire; pop. 25,181. The Govt. of A.-Bjorneborg has an area of 9,450 sq. m., and a pop. of Ab'bott, (EDWIN, D.D.,) b. in London 1888; educated at 363,284. The A. Observatory is celebrated among astronoSt. John's Coll., Cambridge, Eng.; 1862, teacher in Birming-mers as being the scene of the labors of the great Argelanham; 1865, head master of City of London School; 1876, Hulsean der before he assumed the directorship of the observatory at Lecturer at Cambridge University; author of numerous publications. Abbott, (LYMAN, D.D., LL.D.,) an Am. Cong. clergyman, also an editor and author; b. at Roxbury, Mass., 1835; graduated at New York Univ., 1853; studied law, then theology; pastor at Terre Haute, Ind., and in New York; editor of The Christian Weekly, 1871-76, and since 1876 of The Christian Union, now The Outlook. He became pastor of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1888, succeeding Henry Ward Beecher. He has published Commentaries on Matthew and Mark, Luke, John, Acts, Romans, a volume on the Evolution of Christianity, (Lowell Lectures for 1891,) and other works. A series of sermons on Biblical Criticism delivered by A. in 1896-7 created wide comment on account of their advanced positions. Abdom'inal Ty'phus, a former synonym for typhoid fever. Abduct'or, (Lat. abductoris,) a muscle which moves certain parts by separating them from the axis of the body. Abeel', (THOMAS, D.D.,) a chaplain to Queen Catharine, wife of Henry VIII. of England; opposed to the divorce of Henry; hanged at Smithfield in 1540. Abernethy, (JOHN,) an eminent Scotch Presb. divine; b. in Ireland 1680; educated in Glasgow and Edinburgh; published valuable discourses On the Being and Perfection of God; d. in Dublin 1740. Aberra'tion, in Optics, is the convergence to different focal distances, by a lens or mirror, of rays of light of different wave-lengths, or of those of the same wave-length to different parts of the so-called "focal-plane." The first is called Chromatic A., and is due to the fact that refracting media bend rays of different wave-lengths through different angles, and the impossibility, by means of any system of lenses, of bending all wave-lengths through exactly the same angle. The second is called Spherical A., and is due to the fact that pencils of light from a lens, when they pass through it at different angles, Bonn. Ab'sinthism, the condition induced by the undue imbibition of absinthe. The symptoms are vertigo and epileptiform convulsions; hallucinations may exist without any other symptoms of delirium-tremens; when tremors co-exist these are confined chiefly to the muscles of the upper extremities. A. acts chiefly on the cervical portion of the spinal cord, and this explains the special symptoms arising from its regular use. Absorb'ents, (Lat. ab and sorbere, "to drink, to suck up,") in Surgery, are substances used to absorb fluids, as sponges, charpie, absorbent cotton or tow. In Medicine, drugs which neutralize excessive acidity on the stomach-a synonym for alkalies. The term is sometimes also made use of to designate remedies, such as the preparations of mercury and iodine, which are believed to possess the property of promoting the absorption of morbid products. Abt, (FRANZ,) a favorite Ger. song writer, b. at Eilenburg, Dec. 22, 1819, d. 1885. He studied for the Church at Leipzig, but an acquaintance with Mendelssohn determined his preference for the pursuit of music. A.'s songs are full of rich harmony; several of his male quartets are specially popular; author of When the Swallows Homeward Fly. Abyssin'ia, (Arab. Habash, mixed, referring to the mixed population,) a country of E. Africa, bounded by the Sudan and Nubia on the W. and N., and by the Italian territory on the E. and S. Area about 190,000 sq. m. It was formerly called Ethiopia. At present it includes the kingdoms of Tigré (with Lasta), Amhara and Shoa, besides several outlying dependencies. The country consists of tablelands crossed by mountain ranges which reach a height of 15,000 ft. The climate is temperate and healthful. The political institutions are feudal like those of medieval Europe. Education is confined to teaching carried out by the secular and regular clergy, who instruct gratuitously, in grammar, poetry, and recitation of texts, a limited number of children belonging to the class of dabtara or literati. Justice is 14 ACARUS SCABIEI — ADULLAMITES. administered by governors, landed proprietors, and petty chiefs. In addition to the local chiefs and their followers the king maintains a permanent army, armed with rifles, and numbering about 100,000 men. The Abyssinians are composed of Ethiopians, Falashas, Gallas, etc., with the exception of the Falashas, who were converted to Judaism at an early date; they have been Christians, belonging to the Alexandrian Church, since about 328 A.D. The head of the church is a Copt, appointed by the Patriarch of Alexandria, as are also the bishops; but their power is kept in control by the Echegheh, a native dignitary, who has charge of 12,000 monks. The prevailing language, called Amharic, is Semitic with a mixture of African words. Cattle, sheep and goats are largely raised; indigo, cotton, coffee and the sugar-cane are cultivated to some extent. The exports are skins, ivory, butter, gums, and mules, nearly all of which pass through the Italian port of Massowa. Bales of cloth and salt are still used as currency, the only coins in use being Maria Theresa dollars. There are a large number of towns, but they are all very small. Ankoher, the former capital of Shoa, has 7,000 inhabitants, Gondar and Adna about 5,000 each. A. was broken up into petty monarchies until the time of Theodore, who consolidated the country and was declared king in 1855. After his overthrow by the British and death in 1868, the suzerain power passed to Prince Kassai of Tigré, who took the title of Negus Negust, (King of Kings,) and was crowned as Johannes II. in 1872. After his death in 1889, Menelek II., king of Shoa, became the sovereign of A., and concluded in the same year a treaty of mutual protection with Italy, which made A. to some extent an Italian protectorate. This, however, was repudiated by Menelek in 1893, and since then there have been difficulties with Italy. These culminated in 1896 in a disastrous defeat of the Italian forces, 5,000 of the latter being killed and taken prisoners. Pop. about 5,000,000. Ac'arus Sca'biei, or Sarcoptes hominis, is a small, roundish animal, just visible to the naked eye. When viewed under a microscope it is seen to be flattened, and to resemble a tortoise in shape. When fully developed it has eight legs, and on its under surface are scattered filaments and short spines, which are for the most part directed backward. The female is the larger; the male lives near the surface of the skin; the female burrows within the cuticle, and deposits from ten to fifteen eggs in the cuniculus or burrow; these eggs hatch in about a fortnight. The young acari escape from the burrow, but the parent does not leave it, and dies when she has finished laying eggs. The A. S. is the cause of the skin affection called scabies or itch. See ITCH. Accelera'tion of the Fixed Stars is a term, but little used to-day, to denote the amount of time by which the stars come to the meridian each day ahead of, or sooner than, the It is of course the difference between a sidereal and a solar day, amounting, on the average, to 3' 55.9" of mean solar time. It is caused by the motion of the earth round the sun, which makes the latter appear to move eastward among the stars, and hence come to the meridian each day later than they really do. sun. Ad'ams, a town in Berkshire Co., Mass., on the Hoosac River; has paper mills, print-works, and manufactories of cotton and linen warp. Pop. (1890) 9,213. Ad'ams, (GEORGE MADISON,) b. in Ky. 1837; educated at Center Coll.; officer in the Union Army 1861-65; member of Congress 1867-75; Clerk of House of Representatives 1875-79. Ad'ams, (JOHN,) second President of the U. S., (1797-1801,) b. 1735; was educated at Harvard, and quickly became a prominent lawyer. He declared the Stamp Act unconstitutional, defended the soldiers indicted for murder in the Boston Massacre, (1770,) and was a member of the Mass. Revolutionary Congress of 1774. He served in the first Continental Congress, suggested Washington as Commander-in-Chief, and signed the Declaration of Independence. As Commissioner to France, (1777–1785,) he cleverly intercepted the policy of Vergennes, negotiating a loan with Holland, (1782,) a commercial treaty with Great Britain (1783) and a treaty with Prussia. While Minister to England (1785-88) he wrote Defense of the American Constitution to remind Great Britain of her violated promises. Returning to America, A. became Vice-President under Washington, deciding by his vote many important measures. Elected President in 1797, he averted a war with France by the treaty of 1799; but his determined policy prevented his re-election. He retired to Quincy, spent the rest of his life in literary work, and there d. 1826. Ad'ams, (JOHN COUCH,) distinguished mathematician and astronomer, and discoverer, simultaneously with Leverrier, of the planet NEPTUNE, (q. v.,) b. near Launceston, in Cornwall, 1819; appointed Lowndean Prof. of Astronomy in Cambridge University in 1858. He has made valuable contributions to the theory of the moon's motion, the perturbations of the Nov. meteor-stream, etc. As director of the Cambridge Observatory his time has been mostly taken up of late years with the observation and reduction of the stars of one of the zones of the Astronomische Gesellschaft. Ad'ams, (JOHN QUINCY,) sixth President of the U. S., (1825-1829,) was b. at Braintree, Mass., 1761; graduated at Harvard Univ., (1787,) and was admitted to the bar in 1791. He became successively, Minister to The Hague, (1794,) Minister to Berlin, (1797,) U. S. Senator for Mass., (1803,) and Minister to Russia, (1809.) He assisted in negotiating the Treaty of Ghent with Great Britain in 1814, and in 1815 was made Minister to England. As Sec. of State under Monroe he negotiated an important Spanish treaty, and was the chief founder of the famous "Monroe doctrine." His election as President by the House of Representatives in 1824 was partly due to the influence of Henry Clay. The appointment of the latter as Sec. of State gave color to an absurd charge of bribery-never sustained. A.'s sturdy independence, honesty, and disregard of expediency, combined with a talent for making enemies through his blunt outspokenness, probably lost him his re-election. Made member of Congress for Mass. in 1830, he was a prominent anti-slavery champion, and brought about the repeal of the "gag-rule." D. 1848. His voluminous diary records in an interesting way his brilliant and eventful life. Ad'ams, (SAMUEL,) an American statesman, and RevoluAc'cident, in equity jurisprudence, has been defined to be tionary patriot, b. at Boston, Mass., 1722. He was elected to such an unforeseen event, misfortune, loss, or omission as is not the Mass. Legislature in 1765, was a delegate to the first Conthe result of negligence or misconduct. Some of the leading tinental Congress in Philadelphia, and a signer of the Declaration cases of interference by the courts are(1) Where negotiable of Independence. He was active in framing the constitution of or other instruments have been lost, and there is no adequate his native State, and served it as president of the senate, lieuremedy in a court of law. (2) Where a clause has been ínad-tenant-governor, (1789-1794,) and governor, (1794-97.) D. 1803. vertently omitted from or inserted in an instrument, the court He was zealous for popular rights, and fearless in his opposition makes the instrument conform to the intent of the parties. (3) to monarchism. Cases of omission, through inadvertence or want of knowledge of facts, to defend an action. The court has power to allow the necessary steps to be taken. It is a general rule, in cases of accident, that relief will not be granted against a purchaser who has acquired legal rights in good faith and for a consideration. Acetpheno'tidine, a compound of acetyle with phenotidine, analogous to the composition of acetanilide, discovered by Hinsbarg and Kast. It is given to reduce temperature in fevers in doses of three to eight grains. It occurs in colorless or faintly reddish needles, almost insoluble in water, and easily soluble in alcohol or diluted acetic acid. It is tasteless, and in large doses produces sleepiness, uncertain gait, vomiting, and at last blueness of the mucous membranes of the mouth. Ach'enbach, (ANDREAS,) a distinguished landscape and marine painter, b. at Cassel, Germany, Sept. 29, 1815; d. Oct. 2, 1884.-OSWALD A., a brother of the above, b. Feb. 2, 1827, at Dusseldorf, has considerable reputation as a landscape painter. Achernar', (Arab, akher an nahr, "the end of the river,") the star Alpha Eridani, at the southern end of the winding river Eridanus. Achromatop'sia, (from Gr. à priv., xpaua," color," and wp, "sight,") more or less complete inability to distinguish colors from each other. Also called Eritochromacy, Color Blindness, Daltonism, Idioptcy, etc. Acine'sia, (Gr. à priv., and Kevndis, " motion,") a synonym for paralysis of motion, whether partial or general. Adam, (MME. JULIETTE,) a versatile and vivacious Fr. authoress, b. 1845. She edited for some yrs, the Paris Nouvelle Revue, and her salon was a literary center. Hers was the personality veiled behind the nom de plume" Count Paul Vasili," whose breezy descriptions of the society of certain European capitals created such a furor. Ad'dison, (JOSEPH,) an English essayist, poet, and statesman, b. 1672; one of the notable men of letters in the history of English literature. He was educated at Queen's Coll., Oxford, early evinced great talent in Latin, and acquired a reputation for knowledge of Latin poetry. In 1697 he composed a Latin poem on the Peace of Ryswick," and this with a poem "To the King," resulted in giving him a pension of £300; upon which he was able to travel abroad, and fit himself for diplomatic service. On his return, a poem, "The Campaign," on the victory of Blenheim, was the occasion of securing him a commissionership, from which in 1706 he was promoted to be Under-Secretary of State, became Secretary for Ireland under Lord Wharton, 1708, and again, 1714, under Earl Sunderland; was made a commissioner for the trades and colonies, 1716, and the same year married Charlotte, Countess of Warwick. D. 1719. A.'s best known works are his essays in the Spectator and the Guardian, in which is displayed a chaste, beautiful, and inimitable style, that became a model and a distinct type, after which much subsequent literature has been shaped. A. represents the literary confluence of the Puritan ethical standards with the elegance and courtliness of the Restoration, preserving the Puritan spirit minus its ruggedness and fanaticism, and the polish of a classical style with no taint of the French manners and morals of his time. Adul'lamites. An attempt, in the yr. 1866, by the government of Earl Russell and Mr. Gladstone, to carry a measure which would have brought about a sweeping reduction of the elective franchise, gave occasion to a large number of the more modern Liberals to secede from the Whig leaders and vote with the Conservatives. The designation of A. was fastened on the new party in consequence of Mr. Bright having in debate likened them to the political outlaws who took refuge with David in the cave of Adullam, (1 Sam. xxii, 1, 2,) a comparison taken up by Lord Elcho, who humorously replied that the band congre |