Ethics of Scientific ResearchRowman & Littlefield, 1994 - 243 Seiten Challenging long-held theories of scientific rationality and remoteness, Kristin Shrader-Frechette argues that research cannot be 'value free.' Rather, any research will raise important moral issues for those involved, issues not only of truthfulness but of risk to research subjects, third parties, and the general public. |
Inhalt
The Importance of Research Ethics History and Introduction | 1 |
What is Research Ethics? | 2 |
Scientific Research Harm and Free Informed Consent | 4 |
Scientific Research Conflicts of Interest and Intellectual Property Rights | 9 |
Scientific Research and the Environment | 12 |
Scientific Research and Biases Such as Sexism and Racism | 18 |
Overview | 20 |
Professional Codes and the Duty to Do Scientific Research | 23 |
Experts and Laypersons Deal Differently with Uncertainty | 102 |
Ethical Principles for Controlling Research Risk to the Public | 103 |
Uncertainty Research Risks and Types I and II Error | 106 |
Many Researchers Minimize TypeI Error | 109 |
Why We Should Minimize TypeII Errors in Applied Research | 111 |
Give Priority to the Public | 117 |
A Case Study in Conservation Research Uncertain Science in Controversial and Litigious Times | 119 |
Overview | 120 |
The Duty Not to Do Certain Scientific Research | 25 |
Scientists Ought Not Do Research That Causes Unjustified Risks to People | 26 |
Scientists Ought Not Do Research That Violates Informed Consent | 27 |
Scientists Ought Not Convert Public Resources to Private Profits | 30 |
Scientists Ought Not Seriously Jeopardize Environmental Welfare | 32 |
Scientists Ought Not Do Biased Research | 35 |
Research Scientists Ought to Evaluate Consequences | 36 |
Scientific Research and Professional Codes of Ethics | 40 |
Codes and Conflicts Among ResearchRelated Principles | 42 |
Conclusion | 44 |
Basic Principles of Research Ethics Objectivity | 45 |
Two Stages of Ethical Analysis | 46 |
The First Stage of Analysis | 48 |
Avoiding Biased ResultsReports | 50 |
Objectivity and Value Judgments in Research | 53 |
Promoting Unbiased Use of ResultsReports | 55 |
Epistemic Objectivity and Ethical Objectivity | 58 |
The Ethics of Belief and the Second Principle of Research Ethics | 60 |
Basic Principles Promoting the Public Good | 63 |
Promoting the Public Good | 64 |
Disseminating Research Results and Avoiding Paternalism | 72 |
Whistleblowing | 78 |
Handling Conflicts Through StageTwo Ethical Analysis Giving Priority to the Common Good | 81 |
The Need for Analysis of Specific Duties Consequences and Circumstances | 84 |
The End Does Not Justify the Means | 86 |
Rethinking Objectivity | 90 |
ThirdParty Priority and Freedom to Choose Research | 96 |
Research and Uncertainty | 101 |
Background | 121 |
Ethics Economics and Panther Preservation | 124 |
Researchers and Credibility | 130 |
Public Good Ethical Rationality and Epistemic Rationality | 133 |
Gender and Racial Biases in Scientific Research | 139 |
Research Practices Shaped by Race and Gender Ideologies | 141 |
Research Questions Shaped by Race and Gender Ideologies | 143 |
Research Data Shaped by Race and Gender Ideologies | 144 |
Specific Research Assumptions Shaped by Race and Gender Ideologies | 147 |
Global Research Assumptions Shaped by Race and Gender Ideologies | 149 |
Conclusion | 150 |
Engineering Design Research and Social Responsibility | 153 |
Three Case Studies in Engineering Design Research | 156 |
The Perspectives of Research and Design | 159 |
Ethics in Engineering Design Research | 163 |
Three Examples | 165 |
Practical Guidelines for Engineering Design Research | 167 |
Public Health Research and Uncertainty | 169 |
Introduction | 170 |
Problems with Human Epidemiological Studies | 171 |
Problems with Risk Assessment Based Upon Animal Studies | 176 |
Ethical Issues Introduced by Inference Guidelines | 179 |
Balancing Research Goals | 181 |
Notes | 187 |
| 229 | |
| 237 | |
About the Author | |
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