to the mills, which consist of three wooden rollers, covered with steel plates, and is wrought by water, or wind, or cattle, or slaves. The liquor, when the canes are broken and pressed between the rollers, runs through a little canal into the sugarhouse, and is conveyed into a copper heated by a slow fire, just to make it simmer, where it receives its first separation. With the liquor is here mixed a quantity of ashes and quick lime; the effect of which mixture, assisted by the action of fire, is, that the unctuous parts are separated from the rest, and raised to the top in form of a thick scum, which is constantly taken off with a skimmer.

This done, it is further purified in a second, third, fourth, and fifth boiler, in which last it is brought to the consistence of a syrup. Then in a sixth boiler the syrup receives its full coction; and here all the impurities left by the former lees are taken away by a new lee, and a water of lime and allum is cast into it.

In this last copper there is scarce found onethird of what was in the first, the rest being wasted in scum. By thus passing a number of coppers, the sugar juice is purified, thickened, and rendered fit to be converted into any kind of sugar.

2. Are there not many useful or curious or plants besides those you have men

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tioned?

A. Most certainly; the cabbage-tree answers most of the purposes of table greens; the breadfruit-tree; the Cocoa or Palmyra Palm tree furnishes food, timber, the materials for fire, oil, paper, and cordage.

CLASS XI....LESSON III.

OF ANIMATED NATURE.

HOW do you arrange animated beings? A. Into classes, which are determined either by the forms of the animals or other particulars, as men are erect and two legged, with hands and organs of speech; beasts are four legged and hairy; birds are feathered and winged; fishes are finned and scaly, without legs: reptiles are, like fishes, without legs; insects are many legged and winged.

2. Then there are six classes, mankind, beasts, birds, fishes, reptiles and insects....do these comprehend the whole animal creation?

A. No....there are animals which partake of some particular characteristics of two or more of these classes; for example, the monkey species have hands,and in many other respects approaches to the resemblance of the human form; bats partake of the qualities and features of birds and beasts; the hippopotamus and seal partake of the nature of beasts and fishes; and the alligator and crocodile of the qualities of fishes, reptiles and quadrupeds. There are other deviations from the ordinary classes of animated beings, which belong to a more advanced period of study.

2. Is this arrangement conformable to the systems of naturalists ?

A. It is not strictly conformable to any that I am acquainted with; but it appears to be conformable with reason and good sense.

2. Do not naturalists describe this branch of knowlege under a particular name?

A. Yes....they call it Zoology, which means a discourse on animals or living creatures; the author of which is Charles Van Lin, commonly called Linnæus; his system of Zoology is divided into six classes....1, Mammalia; 2, Aves; 3, Amphibia; 4, Pisces; 5, Insecta; 6, Vermes. 2. As the system of Linnæus is the most generally adopted, give me some particulars of this classification.

A. The first class, Mammalia, which is derived from the Latin word which signifies the paps or breasts; comprehends all animals that suckle ....and it contains seven orders.

1. Primates, animals that have two canine and four cutting teeth; of this order there are only three genera....1, Man; 2, Monkeys; 3, Bats.

2. Bruta, that have no cutting teeth, as the elephant.

3. Fera, that have ten cutting teeth, as the lion.

4. Glires, two cutting teeth and two canine teeth, as the hare.

5. Pecudes, that have no cutting teeth in the upper jaw, as sheep.

5. Bellua, animals that have hoofs, and cutting teeth in both jaws; such as the horse.

7. Cate, or whales.

2. Then it appears that the whale is ranked among the animals that are suckled when young? A. Yes....and some other marine animals. 2. I wish to have a more particular discrimination made between the classes of animals, so that their different characters may be more clearly understood.

A. Man is distinguished by the reasoning faculty....Beasts, by living on land, and being

either subject to, or at war with man.... Birds flying in the air, or living domesticated with man....Fishes by living in the water.... Reptiles living either by land or water....and insects liying in the air, water, or on the earth.

2. What is the principal distinction among

beasts?

A. The first is that of the whole footed, such as the horse, ass, mule, zebra.

2. The cloven footed, as the ox kind, the bison, buffaloe, sheep, goat, antelope, the camel, dromedary, the goraffe, camelopardel, and musk.

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3. Those that never shed their horns, among which are, all of the ox kind, and antelope, sheep, and goats.

4. Those that shed their horns or teeth, as the deer kind, buck, elk, rein-deer, and elephant. 5. The tusked animals, as the elephant, rhinorceros, tapir, hippopotamus, and we make a separate class of the wild boar, hog, peccary, and babyroussa.

6. Animals of the dog kind, which have claws but not hoofs, as the great variety of dogs, the wolf, fox, hyena, &c.

7. Those of the cat kind, as the domestic cat, tyger, panther, lion, ounce, lynx, leopard, &c. 8. The short legged quadrupeds, as the weasel, ermine, ferret, martin, sable, rabbit, &c.

9. Those of the furred kind, as the bear, beaver, badger, racoon, &c.

2. I wish you to describe a few of the most worthy of notice?

A. Animals of the ox kind, as the bull and cow, are the first in rank as to beauty, service, and size. There is no part of the animal with

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out utility; in many countries they perform all the work of carriage and draught; while living, the milk, cream, whey; when dead, the blood, fat, marrow, hide, hoof, horns, urine, liver, gall, spleen, bones, have their several and certain uses and value; vellum and gold beater's skin, is obtained from those animals; their hair.is useful to builders, and their horns, for various species of manufacture.

The cow, which furnishes the materials for the dairy, deserves most regard; it is described scientifically cloven footed; horned; horns bending laterally; eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper; it is a hardy animal, little regardful of the quality of food if supplied abundantly, but delights in rich pasture. It is an ancient inmate of every climate, domestic and tame in civilized countries; savage and wild in wild countries, but useful in all. In Europe, and where domesticated in the United States, the species, is either red, black, or a mixture of red and white, or white and black; in Asia the tame species is wholly white, and have large fleshy substance above the fore shoulders, called a hump; the wild species are enormously large, and of a brown or dun color.

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The horse by his speed surpasses the ox, but next in usefulness is the sheep, which is described with horns spiral or curved outward or backward; in the lower jaw eight cutting teeth, the upper none. Their great value arises from their fleeces, of which the various kinds of sheep produce wool of different qualities. The fine fleeced sheep were peculiar to Europe, those of Spain the most admired; but more pains are bestow. ed on them in England. The breed of this fine

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