from a very early period, been in accordance with this opinion.

The power of congress to regulate foreign commerce, extends also to wrecks of the seas; the construction of light houses; the placing of buoys and beacons; the removal of obstructions to navigation in creeks and rivers, and to the designation of ports of entry and delivery.

Internal Commerce. The power "to regulate commerce among the several states," seems to have been necessary in order to give effect to the power of regulating foreign commerce.

One of the objects of this power was to prevent the levying of unjust taxes or contributions by a state, on goods imported or exported through it by another state. Other evils, which may be readily conceived, might result from the exercise of this power by the several states to regulate trade between each other.

Several cases have arisen involving the question how far this power may be exercised within a state. It is not disputed that all commerce which is completely internal, and carried on between different ports of the same state, and does not extend to other states, is beyond the control congress; while it is equally evident, that the power to regulate commerce may be exercised within a state. For there are waters communicating with the ocean which penetrate the interior, passing through several states; and there are waters in and upon the boundaries of several of the states, which afford means of commercial intercourse between those states. In these cases, it is clear that the power of congress may reach the interior of a state.

ernment on this subject? To what other objects does the power to regulate commerce extend? What is meant by internal commerce? What is the object of the power to regulate internal commerce? May this power be exercised within a state? How far are state laws, regulating commerce, valid?

It has been decided by the supreme court, that the acts of the legislature of New York, granting to individuals the exclusive right to navigate the waters of the state in vessels propelled by steam, were unconstitutional and void, and repugnant to the power of congress to regulate commerce, so far as they went to prohibit vessels licensed under the laws of congress to carry on the coasting trade, from navigating the waters of New York.

Coasting Trade. The power to regulate commerce extends to conferring privileges upon vessels of the United States, engaged in the coasting trade and fisheries. Coasting trade is the trade carried on between one district and another in the United States, on the sea coast or on navigable rivers. For the more convenient regulation of this trade, the sea coast and navigable rivers of the United States are divided into three great districts; and all vessels of twenty tons and upwards, being enrolled according to law, and having a license, are entitled to the privileges of vessels employed in the coasting trade or fisheries. Vessels of less burthen, having only a license, are entitled to the same privileges. No vessel enrolled or licensed for this trade is permitted to proceed on a foreign voyage, without having given up her enrolment and license, and been registered conformably to the laws regulating vessels employed in foreign trade. If a vessel perform a foreign voyage without complying with this regulation, such vessel, with all her furniture, and goods imported therein, becomes liable to seizure and forfeiture.

What is the coasting trade? How are the sea coast and navigable rivers of the United States divided? What is necessary to entitle vessels to the privileges of the coasting trade? Under what restrictions are coasting vessels permitted to proceed on a foreign voyage? What is the penalty for not complying with this provis ion?

Indian Trade. The power of congress to regulate trade with the Indian tribes, extends to tribes within, as well as without, the boundaries of the United States, or any particular state. It has been a subject of dispute whether the Indian tribes were to be regarded as foreign nations in their relations to the United States. It has, however, been decided, that they are not recognized as such by the constitution; but they are to be considered as domestic, dependent nations, in a state of pupilage to the general government, and holding their territory by right of occupancy. This right of the Indians to their lands is acknowledged in the treaties made with them from time to time. By these treaties, the Indians place themselves under the protection of the general government, which guaranties to them the peaceable possession of their lands not ceded to the United States.

But intercourse with the Indian tribes, is subject to legislative regulation. The president, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, is authorized to appoint an agent to each of the several Indian nations, to perform such duties as shall be enjoined on him; and for the faithful performance of these duties, he shall give bonds in the sum of ten thousand dollars. The salaries of these agents are, from twelve hundred to eighteen hundred dollars a year, each. The president is required also to cause the boundary line between the Indian territory and the United States to be ascertained and marked. To promote civilization among them, and to secure the continuation of their friendship, the president may furnish them with domestic animals and implements of husbandry, and with goods or money, as he shall judge proper: but the amount of such presents may not exceed fifteen thousand dollars

What relation do the Indian tribes bear towards the U. States? How do they hold their territory? How is Indian intercourse reg

a year. He may also employ capable persons of good moral character to instruct them in agriculture, and their children in reading, writing and arithmetic, at an expense not exceeding ten thousand dollars.

Offences committed by and aginst the Indians. If any Indian shall enter into any state or territory, and commit any trespass, murder, or other outrages upon citizens of the United States, satisfaction must be made by the tribe, to which such Indian belongs, within one year, for the injury committed. If such tribe neglect or refuse to make satisfaction, the facts are reported to the president, that the necessary steps may be taken to obtain satisfaction: and the United States shall guaranty to the party injured, indemnification for the property destroyed; provided the injured party shall not attempt to obtain private satisfaction or revenge, by crossing over the line of any of the Indian lands. But any Indian having so offended, may be apprehended within any state or district: and the president may deduct the sum paid for the property taken or destroyed by such Indian, from the annual stipend which the United States are bound to pay the tribe to which such Indian shall belong.

If a citizen or resident of a state or territory shall make a settlement on the lands of any Indian tribe; or if he shall survey, or attempt to survey, such lands, or designate boundaries, by marking trees or otherwise, the offender shall forfeit a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars, and suffer imprisonment not exceeding one year. The president may take such measures, and employ such force, as he may deem necessary to remove from such lands any person who shall have made a settlement thereon. If

ulated? How are Indian agents appointed? What salaries do they receive? What are the duties and discretionary powers of the

such person shall commit murder, by killing any Indian on Indian territory, he shall, if convicted thereof, suffer death. If any citizen of the United States shall commit any trespass within Indian territory, he shall be liable to punishment, by fine and imprisonment, in proportion to the magnitude of the offence. The agents and superintendents of Indian affairs, may, under the direction of the president, grant to citizens of the United States, but to no other person, licenses to trade with the Indian tribes, taking bonds, with sureties, for the due observance of the laws regulating trade with the Indian tribes. Any person who shall attempt to reside in any town or hunting camp of any tribe, as a trader without license, shall forfeit the merchandize found in his possession, or offered for sale, and shall be liable to a fine and imprisonment. No citizen shall buy or receive, of any Indian, by way of trade or barter, a gun or other article used in hunting, instrument of husbandry, or article of clothing, except furs or skins; nor shall he buy a horse within the Indian territory, without special license for that purpose.

CHAPTER X.

Naturalization of Aliens.

THE power of congress next enumerated is the power แ to establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uni form laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States."

president relative to this subject? What laws exist for the punishment of offences committed by and against Indians?