and fifty enlistments, and the Southern Border Brigade seven hundred and ninety-four.174

In January, 1864, the Adjutant General reported some ninety-one companies of Guards, Blues, Greys, Rangers, Fusileers, Regulators, Rifles, Scouts, Bushwhackers, and the like throughout the State-mostly on the southern border.

The Tenth General Assembly felt that it should follow precedent, and enacted still another general militia law, which was approved March 26, 1864. Under it the entire militia of the State was "required to organize into companies of Infantry, Cavalry or Artillery." The companies which had been organized under the act of September 11, 1862, were continued, and authorized to retain their arms and accoutrements. County supervisors were required to keep militia registers of all persons subject to military duty. The Adjutant General was given the rank of Brigadier General.175

The number of companies organized under the militia law up to January 1, 1865, was nine hundred and seventeen. Some counties had only one company: Scott County led the list with thirty-six companies.176

The Adjutant General in his report for the year 1864 advised still further change in the militia law. A part of his report follows:

Every able

The Militia law of this State needs amendment. bodied male citizen between the ages of 18 and 45 should be compelled to do military duty twice a year, or he should be fined. The present law contemplates that, but for various reasons it has been neglected or avoided in many sections of the State. It is hoped that the next General Assembly will provide for all necessary proceedings before a Justice for the collection of fines, so that prompt

174 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1863, Vol. I, p. xv, 1864, pp. vii, viii, 677, 687.

175 Laws of Iowa, 1864, pp. 90-95.

178 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1865, pp. vii, viii.

justice will visit the heads of those who have not done service abroad, and who shirk from all military duty at home. There should also be heavy penalties provided for punishment of officers who in any way connive at neglect or avoidance of duty by officers or soldiers under them.

It is desirable that the militia be organized into regiments, brigades, and divisions if we intend to have it efficient. This department has organized the companies as far as possible under your orders into regiments, and will continue during this year to organize other regiments; but it would seem best that the General Assembly should decide what regiments should compose a brigade and what brigades a division, but in case the General Assembly should omit to act, there can be no doubt, if the necessity arose, that the Governor of this State, as Commander-in-Chief of the militia, might designate the regiments for a brigade and the brigades for a division.177

A year later over a thousand militia companies were reported by the Adjutant General, but many of them were organized in name only, and "many of them since the conclusion of hostilities between the United States and the rebels, are the same as disbanded.'' 178

Early in 1866 an order was issued relieving the aides-decamp from duty. By it all officers on the staff of the Gorernor, with the exception of the Adjutant General and the Assistant Adjutant General, were dismissed. That there was a big slump in militia interest is apparent from the report of the Adjutant General: 179

The present militia law is almost a dead letter so far as any active

177 Col. F. H. Impey had succeeded Col. J. C. Culbertson as Assistant Adjutant General on December 1, 1864.- Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1865, pp. xiii, xx.

178 Some idea of the extent of the duties of the Adjutant General during this period may be gained from the expenses of his office. During the year 1865 the sum paid for clerk hire was $10,615.96.- Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1866, pp. iv, xx.

179 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1867, Vol. I, p. xiv, Vol. II, p. 633.

militia is concerned. The activity and energy of those who labored for its organization during the war, has almost entirely disappeared, and this department has not the satisfaction of even receiving the returns which the law requires from county officers, and is therefore compelled in endeavoring to comply with the requirements of the laws of the United States, to make a very imperfect and unsatisfactory return to the War Department.

I am satisfied that the present militia law, with the existing feeling of the people of this State, should either be repealed or modified. We certainly ought to have in the State a few well organized and well drilled "active" militia companies. They may be required in an emergency, and would serve as a nucleus around which volunteers could rally in case of a "call" for them. Such companies we cannot have under the present law. If the people of this State want a small militia organization only, that cannot be had unless the law is made more stringent in its provisions, and unless officers and soldiers are properly paid for their services.

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA

IOWA CITY IOWA

CYRIL B. UPHAM

THE MOVEMENT OF AMERICAN SETTLERS INTO

WISCONSIN AND MINNESOTA

[Although the following article deals largely with events which occurred outside of the Iowa country, it is of interest to students of Iowa history as supplementary to the paper by the same author on The American Occupation of Iowa, 1833 to 1860, which appeared in THE IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS for January, 1919. Conditions in Wisconsin and Minnesota were similar to those in Iowa. Indeed, the early history of the three States had much in common since Iowa was included in Wisconsin Territory from 1836 to 1838, and Minnesota was not separated from Iowa until 1846.— EDITOR.]

During the first three decades of the nineteenth century that part of the Upper Mississippi Valley included in the present States of Wisconsin and Minnesota remained practically in its primeval condition: only at widely scattered intervals were there indications of white settlements. The French were, of course, the original white inhabitants of the Upper Mississippi country. They were already settled in the Fox River Valley, at Green Bay, at the mouth of the Milwaukee River, at Prairie du Chien, and at other points along the Upper Mississippi when the Americans began to appear. They had mixed with the Indians, however, and did not constitute a particularly important factor in the development of the country during the years following the influx of American settlers. Some Swiss emigrants from Lord Selkirk's colony in the far northwest had settled at Fort Snelling with the permission of the military authorities.1 A few Americans had established themselves at Green Bay, Blue Mounds, and Prairie du Chien. Along 1 Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, and of the County of Ramsey, Minnesota, in the Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. IV, pp. 42, 43. See also Neill's The History of Minnesota: from the Earliest French Explorations to the Present Time. pp. 389, 390.

the falls of the Black River the lumberman's ax had disturbed the wild beasts and aroused the jealousy of the Indians. With these exceptions the territory between the Upper Mississippi and the Great Lakes was practically as it had been for half a century.

During the spring and fall the trappers and traders collected hides and furs and assembled at Fond du Lac or Prairie du Chien during the summer to exchange their hard-earned wealth for additional supplies before resuming their uncertain occupations in the cheerless wilds of the neighboring forests. The territory was too valuable, however, to remain merely a hunting ground. The rich lead mines in the southwestern part of Wisconsin, the rapid increase in the population of Illinois after 1824, the suspension of active Indian hostility following the the Black Hawk War, the introduction of steam navigation on the

2 Fonda's Early Wisconsin in the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. V, p. 225. See also Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 97.

In addition to the settlement of Ebenezer Brigham at Blue Mounds, Henry Dodge had located at Dodgeville about twenty-five miles distant. The Frenchman, Solomon Juneau, had already settled at the mouth of the Milwaukee. Colonel John Shaw had erected a saw-mill on the Black River as early as 1819, but it was destroyed by Indians before it had been operated.- Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 230, Vol. III, p. 437.

By 1824 the dispute over slavery had been settled in Illinois and immigration was encouraged. The people came in largest numbers during 1827 and 1828. Immigration was further encouraged by the introduction of steam navigation on the Illinois River in 1828. It was no uncommon sight to see one hundred wagons in a single company going to the Sangamon country'.— Pooley's The Settlement of Illinois from 1830 to 1850 in the Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, History Series, Vol. I, p. 325.

4 The influx of white settlers preceding and following the Black Hawk War brought sufficient pressure to bear on the government at Washington so that treaties were exacted which gradually removed the Indians from the territory included within the present States of Wisconsin and Minnesota. The treaties opening this territory to the white settlers covered a period of more than thirty years beginning with the treaty made with the Winnebagoes in September, 1832. Outlines of the treaties, the date of each, with maps of the cessions are given in Royce's Indian Land Cessions in the United States in the Eighteenth