8. Account of two considerable Hurricanes in 10. Whirlwinds of Sand ib. XLI. On the Prester, or Water-Spout ii. Genuine Presters, or Water-Spouts 1. Observed in the Mediterranean XLII. General Nature and Properties of the Electric Sect. i. Its relation to common Matter ii. Communication and Velocity of Electricity iii. Atinospherical Electricity XLIII. Electricity of 'Thunder and Lightning Sect. i. General History of this Interesting Discovery ib. ii. Invention and Curious Properties of the Electrical iii. Means of preventing Mischief from Lightning 308 iv. Thunder-Storms remarkable for their Violence or v. Death of Professor Richman by Lightning Sect. i. General Remarks on the Theory of Magnetism ii. On the Cause of the Change in the Magnetic Needle 377 XLV. Aurora Borealis and Australis Sect. i. General History and Remarks ii. Surprising Lights in the Air, March 6, 1716 400 iii. Lumen Boreale, or Streaming iv. Remarkable Red Lights seen in various places in XLVI. Blazing Balls and Burning Stones ii. Various Extraordinary Meteors, or Lights, in the iii. Blazing Meteor seen all over England, March 19, ib. . Sect. vii. Various Fiery Meteors, with Balls that have de. viii. Observations on Fire-Balls ix. Aërolites, or Meteoric Stones 1. General History and Observations 2. Lunar, or Selenitic Origin of Meteoric Stones 475 XLVII. On Luminous and Burning Exhalations under the Names of Ignes Fatui; Will-o'-the- Wisps; Jack - 0' - Lanthorns; Mariner's Sect. i. General Remarks ib. ii. Of the Ignis Fatuus, as observed in England 498 iii. Luminous and Inflammable Exhalations on the iv. Fiery Exhalations or Damp, that set on Fire various XLVIII. On Atmospheric Deceptions, Fata Morgana, Mirages, Glamer or Looming, Ialos, Mul- tiplicd Rainbows; Parhelions and Parasele- nítes, or Mock-Suns, and Mock-Moons; Glories; Refraction of Iceland Crystal 504 Sect. i. Explanation of the principle of Atmospheric Decep- ib. ii. Fata Morgana; or Optical Appearances of Figures in the Sea and Air, in the Faro of Messina 509 iii. Singular Instance of Atmospherical Refraction, by which the Coast of Picardy was brought apparently iv. On Refractions and Double Refractions in the Atmo. v. Farhelia, or Mock.Suns, seen at Dantzic vi. Pyramidal Appearance in the Heavens, observed in vii. Parhelia at Sudbury, Suffolk viji. Two Mock-Suns and an Arc of a Rainbow in. ix. Beautiful Irridescent Arches in a Mist x. Peculiar Solar and Luvar Irises in South America xi, Lunar Rainbow in Derbyshire xii, Description of a Glory on Mount Realt, near the XLIX. Of Sounds and Echoes 593 Sect. i. General Observations on the Nature of Sound, ii. Extraordinary Whispering Places and Echoes 546 THE GALLERY OF NATURE AND ART PART I. N A T U R E. BOOK II. [CONTINUED.) CHAP. XXXIV. ATMOSPHERICAL DEPARTMENT. We now advance to the atmospherical phænomena of the science of Geology, in the extensive sense in which we have em. ployed this term; and shall proceed to a brief survey of whatever is most curious or worthy of observation in the composition of the Atmosphere; the variation of Climate; the extremes of Heat and Cold; the existence of Electricity and electric Powers, as Thunder and Lightning, Aurora Borealis, Water-spouts ; Falling-stars, and Ignes Fatui ; Echoes, Wind, Hurricanes, and Storms; the origin of Mist, Dew, Sleet, Snow, Mirages, or Fata Morgana, Meteoric, Stones, and various other appearances connected with or depen. dent upon the preceding; and which collectively constitute the Science of Meteorology. FOL. IV. THz uzasiete is that is risite este ideich servesds the arth to 2a szken bergit, and is coses it os ar side. It was thus desorieated by the Greeks in conseq=esse of the raroers which are contis.y mixing with it, or coabiaed in it la contra piztiaz the nature of the atzospbere ibere are two points of considerable importaace to be atteded to, reçectiaz which therefore we shall of a sursary of the best established facts and opinions of the present day; and tbese are the materials that enter into its composition, and the changes to which it is liable. SECTION 1. Composition of the Al nosphere. NEITHER the properties nor the composition of the atmosphere seems to have occupied much of the attention of the ancients. Aristotle considered it as one of the four elements, situated be. tween the regions of water and fire, and mingled with two erhalations, the dry and moist; the first of which occasioned thunder, lightning, and wind; while the second produced rain, snow, and hail. The ancients, in general, seem to have considered the blue colours of the sky as essential to the atmosphere; and sereral of their philosophers believed that it was the constituent principle of other bodies, or at least that air and other bodies are mutually convertible into each other. Thus Lucretius: Semper enim quodcunque fuit de rebus, id omno Lib. v. 974. • From étueus, a vapour, and paipa, a sphere, All that pours profase GOOD. It was not till the time of Bacon, who first taught bankiod to investigated with precision. Galileo introduced the study by The knowledge of the component parts of the atmosphere did |
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