.

THE

GALLERY

OT

NATURE AND ART;

OR,

A TOUR THROUGH CREATION AND SCIENCE.

BY THE REV. EDWARD POLEHAMPTON,

FELLOW OF KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE ;

Assisted by Distinguished Writers in the various Departments of the Work:

ILLUSTRATED WITH ONE HUNDRED PLATES,
From New DesigXS, DESCRIPTIVE OF THE WONDERS OF NATURE AND ART.

BENEATH HIM, WITH NEW WONDER, NOW AL VIEWS,
IN NARROW ROOM, NATURE'S WHOLE 'WEALTH.

MILTON.

IN SIX VOLUMES.

VOL. IV.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY R.WILKS, 89, CHANCERY-LANE;
SOLD BY CRADOCK AND JOY, PATERNOSTER.ROW; RODWELL, NEW

BOND-STREET; UNDERWOOD, FLEET-STREET ;

AND ALL OTHER BOOKSELLERS.

OF

VOLUME IV.

PART I.

GALLERY OF NATURE.

BOOK II.

GEOLOGY continued.

Chap

Page

XXXIV. Atmospherical Department

1

Sect. i. Composition of the Atmosphere

ib.

ii. Atmospheric Air

4

iii. Atmospheric Water

14

iv. Atmospheric Carbonic Acid

19

v. Atmospheric unknown Bodies

21

vi. Variation of the Atmosphere

24

XXXV. Zones and Climates -

41

XXXVI Nature, Properties, and Variations of Heat 50

Sect. i. Sources and Efects of Heat

ib.

ii. Variation of Local Ileat

67

iii. Variation of leat in Countries best known, or most

exposed to it

74

XXXVII. Degrees and Effects of severe Cold in High

Latitudes, &c.

86

Sect. i. Cold of the South Polar Regions

ib.

ii. Ice-siards, and Sufierings of Lieutenant Riou, in

the Guardian Frigate

95

iii. Cold of the North Polar Regions, as ascertained by

Lord Mulgrave

100

iv. The same, as ascertained by Capt. Cook, with his

Discovery of a Passage from the Pacific Ocean,

Northward

106

v. State of the Globe within the Arctic Circle

111

vi. Effects of Cold at Hudson's Bay, in 1741-2

114

vii. Extraordinary degree of Cold at Glasgow, in Jan.

1780

XXXVIII. Evaporation

XXXIX. Formation and Nature of Dew, Mist, Fogs,
Clouds, Rain,' Snow, apd Hail

159
Sect. i. General Remarks

ib.

ji. Annual Fall of Rain

150

iii. Fall of Butter-like Dew in Ireland

152

153

iv. Dense Fog on the Island of Sumatra

155

v. Violent Showers of Rain in different places

vi. Storm of Salt Rain

157

VOL. IV.

b

121

129
Page

Chap

v. Violent Showers of Rain in different places

155

vi. Storm of Salt Rain

157

vii. Volcanic Showers, or Rain

161

1. General Remarks

ib.

2. Showers of Ashes in the Archipelago

ib.
3. Shower of Dust that fell on a Ship near Iceland

ib.

4. New kind of Rain

162

5. Surprising Shoal of Pumice Stones found floating

on the Sea

165

vii. Shower of Fishes

166

ix. On the Nature of Snow

ib.

1. Configuration of its Crystals

ib.

2. Mode of its Formation

170

X. Snow of a Red Colour

172

1. Descent of Red Snow at Genoa

ib.

2.

in the Alps

173

xi. Avalanches, or falling Masses of detached and in-

cumbent Snow.heaps, from the Summits of lofty

Mountains

175

xii. General Nature of Hail

181

xiii. Violent Hail-Storms, accompanied with Stones of

unusual size

182

XL. On Winds, or Atmospherical Currents

185

Sect, i. General Remarks on the Nature and Origin of Winds,

Trade. Winds, Monsoons, Partial Winds, and Hur.
ricanes

ib.

f. Methodical Arrangement, Intensity, and Velocity

of Winds

205

iii, Perennial, or Trade Winds

207

iv. Periodical Winds

211

1. Tropical Sea. Winds, or Monsoons

ib.

2. Etesian Wind

217

3. Tropical Land Wind

219

4. Khumseen

222

5. Sirocco

223

6. Long-Shore Wind

224

7. Land and Sea Breezes

225

8. Harmattan

226

1. Topical or Toral Winds

232

1. Samiel, or Samyel

2. Simoom

233

3. Mistral, or Circius, and Autun

234

vi. Occasional Winds; as Hurricanes, Tempests, Tor.
nados, and Whirlwinds

235

1. Hurricanes of the West Indies

ib.

2. Hurricanes of the Indian Coast

238

3. Hurricane in Huntingdonshire, Sept. 8, 1741 244

4. Tempest at Wigton, Cumberland

246

5. General Remarks on 'Tornados, or Whirlwinds 248

6. Dreadful Whirlwind at Cambridge, New England 249

7. Whirlwind at Corne Abbas, Dorsetshire

251

ib.