In the foregoing position it is not very difficult to give check. mate, because the adverse K. is already on the last line, and your first move confines him to it. The following situation

is more difficult, because you have to force him to the last line; however, by attentively observing the method of play. ing both K. and R. you will soon be able to check-mate with R. from any part of the board.

In this situation you may check-mate in four moves, with out moving your King more than once: e. g.:

White.

1. K. to Q. B. 6th.

2. R. to K. R. 6th.

White to move.

..Black.

1. K. to Q. R. 3d, or (A)

2. K. to Q. R. 2d, or Q. R. 4th. 3. R. to K. R. 8th sq. if the black King be at Q. R. 2d, or R. to K. R. 4th sq., if the black King be at Q. R. 4th; in both cases the Rook is one file beyond that on which the black King is; the Black is therefore compelled to play to Q. R. 3d sq., and you check-mate him with your Rook at his Q. R. sq., or at your Q. R. 4th.

1. K. to Q. B. 6th.

2. R. to K. Kt. 8th, check.

3. R. to K. R. 8th; pel him to play to Q. R.

(A)

1. K. to Q. R., or to Q. Kt. sq.

2. K. to Q. R. 2d.

by remaining on this file, you com 3d

sq., and consequently you check. mate him the next move with your R. at Q. R. 8th.

You may also check-mate in four moves, beginning with he Rook, but this we shall leave you to discover yourself.

LESSON VIII.

CASTLING-SOME PECULIARITIES OF PAWN-PLAY-PAWN TAKES -CENTRE PAWNS-DOUBLED PAWNS

66

P. en passant

PASSED PAWNS-ISOLATED PAWNS-ADVANCING A PAWN TO
QUEEN-PROBLEM ILLUSTRATIVE OF QUEENING A PAWN-
FORKING WITH PAWN OR KNIGHT-THE EXCHANGE.

ALTHOUGH the move of the King is limited to one square t a time, yet, by a peculiar privilege, which under certain conditions, may be exercised once during the game, a compound move is allowed, whereby the King moves over twe squares. This compound move is made by playing K. R. or Q. R. up to the K., and then placing the K. on the other side of the R. thus moved. This is called CASTLING, or to CASTLE THE KING, and its object is generally to secure the royal piece a place of greater safety, as also to bring a Rook into play. Sometimes, however, a player castles in order to escape from an attack, and, in such case he will castle on his King's side, i. e., with K. R.; or, on his Queen's side, i. e., with Q. R., as may best suit his purpose.

The conditions under which Castling is allowed, are as follows:

1. The King must not be in check. 2. The K. must not have been moved. 3. The Rook must not have been moved. 4. There must be no piece, either of your own or of your adversary, between the K. and the R. 5. The King must not pass over, or to any square, attacked by one of your adversary's pieces or Pawns.

The following diagram will serve to illustrate the impor. tant operation of Castling.

In this position, supposing neither your King nor Rooks have been moved during the game, you are at liberty to castle either with your K. R. or your Q. R. To castle with your K. R., or, on your K. side, you first play your K. R. to K. B. sq., and then place your K. on K. Kt. sq.; this completes the operation of Castling. To castle on your Q. side, or with Q. R., you first play that piece to Q. sq., and then place your K. on Q. B. sq. Observe that, although your Q. R. is under the attack of your adversary's K. B., and although your Q. Kt. sq. is commanded by his Q. B., yet you can still castle on your Queen's side, because the law which forbids the King, in castling, to pass over any square attacked by one of your adversary's pieces or pawns, is lin ited to the King only, and does not apply to the Rook.