Of the religious writers of this age, the number is so great that we can only glance at them. John Henry Newman (1801-90) studied at Oxford, entered the Church of England, and was one of the leaders of the Tractarian or High Church movement at Oxford in 1833. Twelve years after this, he was formally received into the olic Church, and he was made a cardinal in 1879. He was the author of a great number of theological works, both before and after his withdrawal from the Anglican Church, and of several fine hymns.

Roman Cath

John Frederick Denison Maurice (1805-72), and Frederick William Robertson (1816-63) were among the leaders of what is called the Broad Church movement, were preachers of remarkable eloquence, and both have left volumes of sermons. To the same school belong Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815-81), Dean of Westminster, and author of the "Life of Dr. Arnold" already mentioned, and Charles Kingsley (1819-75), who will again be noticed among the novelists of the century. Dean Stanley, besides many religious books, wrote a book on "Sinai and Palestine," "Lectures on the Jewish Church," "Essay on Church and State," and "Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey," the latter invaluable as a companion while going through that home of the great dead. Dean Stanley may be considered the leader of the Broad Church party, and he ranked high in the opinion of all bodies of Christians, from his large charity, great acquirements, and generous, sympathetic spirit.

Dr. Thomas Chalmers (1780-1847), one of the most learned and distinguished of Scottish divines, was also a man of science. His "Political Economy," and "Astronomical Discourses" (the latter of which had a larger sale than any volume of sermons, before or since), are his principal works in these directions. His theological and ecclesiastical works are very numerous, his "Institutes of Theology" be

ing among the most prominent. He was at the head of the movement which broke up the National Church of Scotland and resulted in the establishment of the Free Church.

"Guesses at Truth," by the brothers Hare, Augustus William (1793-1834) and Julius Charles (1796-1855) was an extremely popular work. Its authors were both clergymen of the most liberal or Broad Church party. Each of the brothers wrote other books, though none which achieved the success which attended their joint-effort. The younger brother wrote "Memorials of a Quiet Life" which relates to the Hare family.

John Foster (1770-1843), a Baptist clergyman, was an essayist of great power and originality. His essay on "Decision of Character" and that on "The Evils of Ignorance" (a plea for the education of the masses) attained great celebrity. He was for many years the principal writer in the "Eclectic Review." His "Life and Correspondence" is extremely interesting.

John Payne Collier (1789-1883) one of the earliest commentators and critics on Shakespeare of the present century, is best known for those commentaries and criticisms; but his most valuable work is unquestionably the "History of English Dramatic Poetry to the Time of Shakespeare, and Annals of the Stage to the Restoration." He began his literary career with "The Poetical Decameron," a work of no great merit.

Isaac Disraeli (1766-1848) was a man of large wealth, who chose to devote himself to literature. His special interest was in personal anecdotes connected with authors, and his titles, "Curiosities of Literature," "Calamities of Authors," "Quarrels of Authors," and "Amenities of Literature," sufficiently indicate the nature of his works. Of these the first named is the most interesting, and has passed through many editions. Lord Byron says of himself that he

had read Disraeli's works "oftener than perhaps those of any English writer whatever."

Richard Chenevix Trench (1807-86), Archbishop of Dublin, is well known in America for his delightful critical volume "On the Study of Words," of which twenty-two editions were printed in this country within a dozen years of its first appearance in England. The companion work "English, Past and Present" is in its way equally valuable, and the lectures "On the Lessons in Proverbs," originally delivered before societies of young men, is excellent reading. He wrote also several theological works, and published two volumes of poems, some of which have been widely copied and circulated.

Mrs. Anna Jameson (1797-1860), the most important art-critic of her sex and time, was the daughter of Robert Murphy, an Irish artist. Early in his life, they removed to England, which was thenceforward her home. At sixteen she became governess in a family, and in a tour with one of her pupils she spent some time in Italy, giving the results of her observation, later, in the "Diary of an Ennuyée." Her marriage with Mr. Robert Jameson, a barrister, was not a happy one, and after a few years she separated from him. Her first work of importance was "The Characteristics of Shakespeare's Women," in which she displayed a fine critical insight and great delicacy of handling. Her style is remarkable for its elegance and simplicity. After a journey to Canada, in which a reconciliation with her husband was fruitlessly attempted, she turned her attention to art, and after much study began a series of works on "Sacred and Legendary Art" which extended over many years and of which the last volume was completed after her death by Sir Charles Eastlake. Not less valuable in its way was her book on "The Relative Position of Mothers and Governesses," a subject which she was able, from her own experience, to treat with knowledge and discrimination. She

was especially interested in all that concerned the wellbeing of women, though every form of philanthropic effort claimed her hearty sympathy, and the memory of her devoted labors is still kept green in many of the charitable institutions of London.

Douglas Jerrold (1803-58), was a dramatist, a novelist, a humorist and a wit. His "Black-eyed Susan" still holds the stage, though, like most of the old-fashioned comedies, it is now seldom played. He wrote several novels and character - sketches; among them the "Chronicles of Clovernook," "St. Giles and St. James," and the world-famous "Caudle Lectures;" the last having become classic as a satirical fling at the relations of weak-minded husbands with strong-minded wives. It was first published in "Punch,” of which he was one of the original writers and a long-time brilliant light.

His son, William Blanchard Jerrold, was a noted writer in London newspapers and periodicals, and after his father's death edited an excellent and amusing biography of him. He also wrote several novels, not particularly noteworthy; and some books of travel and sketches of social life, particularly among the poor in large cities.

Sir Arthur Helps (1817-75) was an essayist somewhat after the pattern of Lamb and Leigh Hunt, though thoroughly original in thought and matter. His "Friends in Council," and "Companions of my Solitude" were seized upon eagerly by the reading world, which saw in them the native humor, delicate satire and polished grace of style which had distinguished the earlier essayists, combined with greater depth of thought and seriousness of purpose. These books make excellent fireside company. "Realmah". a singular work of fiction attempting to describe life in one of the old lacustrine cities*- has not the charm of the

* Cities built over certain European lakes, wherein their remains are now to be found.

others, but is full of inspiring thoughts. Ruskin, in speaking of Helps, in connection with others, as "a true thinker, who has practical purpose in his thinking," says that he is "in some sort a seer, and must be always of infinite use in his generation." Beside the works already mentioned, Helps wrote the tragedy of "Catherine Douglas," and some other dramas, and several historical works in relation to the 'Spanish Conquest in America.

CHAPTER XLIX.

MISCELLANEOUS WRITERS.

OANNA BAILLIE (1762-1851), ranked by her contemporaries as among the chief dramatists

of her day, was born in Scotland. Being left an orphan in early life, she and her sister Agnes removed to Hampstead, near London, to be with their brother, Dr. Matthew Baillie, a distinguished physician and writer on medicine. Miss Baillie's dramas, "Plays of the Passions," "The Family Legend," "De Montfort," and others, while showing great poetic talent and being highly applauded by the first critics of the age, proved not very successful as acting plays. Her poems show fine feeling and will probably be read longer than will her tragedies. Her house at Hampstead was the centre of a delightful circle of friends, whom she charmed by her simple good breeding and unaffected dignity. She lived to the age of eighty-nine, retaining to the last her faculties and her power of pleasing.

The plays of James Sheridan Knowles (1784-1862) were eminently suited for acting, and were for many years extremely popular with the public. Like his relative, Sheridan, he was born in Ireland and went on the stage. His first play