does not exist where the voice is never tion, fingle and neceffary, of the vocal ap

heard: and if, as is inevitable, Anatomy paratus being fpeech, all animals having a

こ

and Phyfiology are called upon to declare vocal apparatus are inconteftably endowed that thought is everywhere concomitant with fpeech, for the existence of organs with the existence of cerebral organs, they naturally involves that of their functions."; show alfo inevitably, that fpeech is the ime In the third part of his work, M. Gem mediate and neceffary product of vocal or- bloux examines this natural language, which, gans, and fecondarily, of acoustic organs." according to Thomas Reid, confifts-firft, The fecond part treats of his fubject in in modulations of the voice; fecond, in gef its anatomical and phyfiological bearings. tures; third, in the features and expreffion The author thinks that, in general, all As to the first of these modes of expreffion, that conftitutes, I will not fay the phyfiolo- this phonetic language of the paffions or af gy of the voice, but the phyfiology of lan- fections is naturally created in all animals who have a vocal apparatus in harmony guage, remains to be known.". with their moral needs; and this language is probably the fame in men and animals. Animals, we fee, ufe it; and mens would probably do fo, if they were. entirely free from affociation, and dependent fimply upon inftinct, which directs and produces thefe founds. "For," fays the author,

No one will deny that the male of the frog (Rana efculenta) has a certain vocal power, or that many animals can pronounce words. That they can do fo only in a par tial manner is nothing in the argument, for we find many human beings in the fame condition, and perhaps in both cafes the abfence of such or fuch a found, or fuch or instinct is, if I may express myself thus, fuch an intonation, may be explained by the native weakness or original inactivity, although imperceptible in its anatomical or phyfiological caufe, of fome material por tion of the three phonetic tubes.”

the fpeech of the organs, very different, I hope,, from the fpeech of the thoughts. This is the whole myftery. In fact, the name which expreffes it exactly is fulichnic inftinct; and, under this head, M. DuAfter showing that the mammiferæ, jès is perhaps the firft who faw the truth, birds, etc, poffefs in reality vocal appara- Thus the domain of inftinct, in man aslin tus, anatomically and phyfiologically refem- the animals, extends to all the phyfical or bling, more or less perfectly, that of man, but conftantly in connection with the extent of individual intelligence, the author ends this fection of his work as follows:

material needs; but intelligence is the domain of thought. M. Dujes felt it per fectly when he faid that planchnic inftinct fhowed itself in all its purity, in man as in all the mammiferæ and birds, by the noises or cries of appeal caufed by hungerand here is shown an indirect relation between the voice and the digeftion."

"Can any one perfuades himself, now, that wife and forefeeing Nature has endowed animals with the rufelefs and derifory luxury of a complete apparat is of pho nation, while depriving them of phonation itfelf that is to fay, of the natural and neceffary functions of this very apparatus? No, certainly, for Nature makes nothing abfolutely useless, and as a general rule there is no organic apparatus without fungtions, and no functions without special orTraité de Phyfiologie Comparée de l'Homme et ganic apparatus; but the inevitable func- des Animaux. Montpellier, 1838.. 8vo.

:

This involuntary language all animals have; but they learn other founds The dog does not bark naturally, but has learned that noife from his intercourfe with man; Columbus, on his fecond voyage to Amer

In

"5. Finally, that the fame influences, interior or exterior, act equally upon the vocal organ and upon its functions, as well with men as with animals.”

The fourth part of the work is devoted to the vocabulary and syntax of the language of animals.

ica, found that the dogs he had left there point of the vocal organ for all beings, and on his first voyage did not bark any more. confequently perfectly alike, always exceptAt what period dogs first learned this found ing the neceffary and numerous modifica is unknown, though they had the habit in tions which may be given them by the acthe time of Pericles. This language of ani- ceffory organs of the phonetic apparatus of mals is made ufe of by hunters, who imi- each zoological family. tate the cry of the female, in order to attract the male. Birds are attracted by the fame means; the hoftler keeps his horfe quiet by a peculiar noife; dogs are excited to fight by a fort of hiffing: in thefe cafes, men ufe a language known by animals. We would cite another inftance, come to light too late to be quoted by our author. his romance of The Marble Faun, Mr. M. Gembloux, while juftly proud of the Hawthorne makes one of his characters ac many new truths he has difplayed in the quainted with the peculiar idioms of all the fcience of Zoological Idiomology, confeffes various birds. Our author speaks of a dog his inability to furnish any thing like a combelonging to the director of the opera at plete dictionary of the various dialects of Paris, which could fing a morceau from the language of animals, It is evident," Mozart, and of another which could fing he fays, that to properly perform fuch a the gamut; and Leibnitz knew a dog which task, it would be indifpenfably neceffary to could fay thirty words befides the alphabet, have the refults of all the sobfervations of with the exception of M, N, and X, many scholars, for a fingle man could never ar sluitw ... either fee every thing or collect every thing, and particularly in Zoological Idiomology, fince nothing has as syet been done in this matter. Thus, finally, to hazard nothing, we will be fhort upon this point; and the mis Mezzofanti of Zoological Idiomology will deferve our admiration only when the new philology shall have arrived at the point to which human philology has at prefent attained."; // How ald to a UIDA From the author's reflections upon this fubject we felect the following: The fong "3. That the intelligence varies as much of the canary resembles in a measure the as the art of fpeech, not only in the fame idiom of the Italian peninfula, created by human family, but alfo in the fame zoologi- Dante, or fome of the indigenous idioms of cal family. pods and goved America; the fong of the nightingale has 4. That in man, as in the animals, the "fome fort of family resemblance with the pathetic portion of the general idiomology fonorous, full, majestic, and mufical fyllabeing in fome way genuine minologifms, it bles of Spanish;" the fong of the warbler is impoffible that the fame fentiment should (fauvette) is like Portuguese, which comnot lead to the production of the fame bines the fweetnefs of Italian with the mafound, and inevitably alfo upon the fame jefty of Spanish; the crow feems to speak

Hence we may conclude

1. That the existence of a; vocal organ prefuppofes neceffarily a voice and fpeech, when the brain exifts in a normal condition.

2. That if the extent of intelligence explains always the richness and variety of the idiom fpoken, we may equally détermine à priori the extent and quality of the voice by the fimplé anatomical appreciation of the phonetic organs. To zi

رو

fubftantives.

German; while the fwallow, or fparrow, faid to confift of interjections and verbal fpeaks English. With animals, as with men, thought is The reft of this divifion is occupied with anterior and superior to speech, juft as metaphyfical difcuffions upon language in fpeech is to writing. the abstract, upon the comparative complication of this language and that of the Indians and Chinese, and other questions of like nature, which, as they are left perhaps more obfcure than they were found, had better be passed over in difcreet filence.

With animals, as with the Chinese, the idioms appear to be wanting in forms, and to do without grammatical connections. As these special conditions have not varied with the Chinese fince the time of Confucius, it is nearly certain that it has been the same with the idiomology of animals.

The fifth part treats of the gloffary of the language of animals. The author, ends. this part and his volume with a vocabulary of the language of the ftriated monkey, which is faid to have a very rich idiom; for this we muft refer the reader to the work itself, remarking that it comprises twelve expreffions.

In this part the author quotes three renderings of the fong of the nightingale, which we reproduce here. The firft is by Marco Bettini, and occurs in his Ruben, Hilarotragedia Satiro paftorale, 4to, Parme, 1614.

"It is faid generally, that the foundation of all human languages are the words which defignate things; and yet no one doubts that thefe parts of speech are completely foreign to the idiomology of animals, as any one can easily affure himself, In fact, it can be conceived that animals can call each other very well without naming each other, for this occurs very often with men. Hence there refults the manifeft inutility of proper names, perfonal pronouns, etc., and we can easily understand alfo that they It is as follows: have no need for fubftantives to defignate things. Their life and their few needs enable them to eafily forego fuch a luxury of words; and the proof that it is really fo is found in the fact that, instead of having different names for each individual of each family, when they wish to call them they conftantly emit the fame found, with the fame articulation."

T

Tiouou, tiouou, tiouou, tiouou, trouou,
Zpe ticu zqua,

Quorrrror pipi,
Tio, tio, tio, tio, tix,

Quoutio, quoutio, quoutio, quoutio,
Zquó, zquó, zquó, zquó,
Zi, zi, zi, zi, zi, zi, zi, zi,

in omed

Quorror tiou zqua pipiqui.

In their language, as in those spoken by many tribes of the aboriginal inhabitants of The second is given by a German natuAmerica, adjectives are alfo a ufelefs luxu- ralift, Jean Mathieu Bechstein, in his Gery, fince this part of fpeech is naturally meinnützige Naturgefchichte Deutschlands confounded with the verb. They exprefs nach allen drey Reichen, Leipfic, 1789, 2 the fuperlative, however, by the applica- vols. 8vo.; and fo delighted Nodier, that tion of energy in their fpeech. The article he declared it to be tour de force exis also wanting, as is the adverb; while by traordinaire." M. René Chalons, the autone, accent, or repetition, they represent thor of the Count de Fortfas hoax, was also the prepofitions and conjunctions. The fo pleafed, that he published a magnificent interjection is common, and, verbified or edition of it, in one page folio, with the fubftantived, is really the foundation of title, Chant du Roffignol, à Mons, chez their language-which, therefore, may be Jevenois, 1840:

a

Hets hets hets hets hets hets hets hets hets hets of this city, under the editorial fupervifion

biage: though Mr. Burton has made fome obvious and trivial mistakes on this point, Mr. White has corrected nothing.

Petrus Curfius," fays Jortin, "it is stated that one of the workmen at the prefs, vexed that Erasmus would not give him money, Paffing over feveral flippant and preten- revenged himself moft maliciously, and, by tious notes which fuggeft no fpecial com- a fmall alteration of a word in the text of his Vidua Chriftiana, had made him utter

ment, fave on the bad taste that has placed

them where they are we encounter, on a grofs obscenity." pages 63, 64, one of the most objectionable Erafmus feems to have feen this forged of Mr. White's annotations. It relates to letter, or to have heard an account of it, happy mistakes" which "ferve for the and complains of it as a piece of fcurrilous protection of the book-collector." One of impudence, in Epistle 1279." Befides this, thefemistakes" is defcribed as follows: Le Clerc, the editor of the best edition of "The obscurity of a learned language veils the Works of Erafmus, agrees with Jortin the most formidable error of the prefs that in pronouncing the letter purious: and in probably ever occurred, except one in the the Vidua Chriftiana of Erasmus there is London Morning Chronicle' on the morn- no fuch paffage to be found as Atque mente ing after the birth of the Princess of Wales illâ ufam eam, etc., or any thing that looks at Buckingham Palace, the vernacular enor- like it. mity of which makes it abfolutely unmen- As a flight offset to Mr. White's mifintionable. The former fell to the lot of formation on this fubject, we here cite, from Erafmus in his book Vidua Chriftiana, his note on page 67, one item of truth, on which he dedicated to Charles the Fifth's a matter with which he may be prefumed fifter, the Queen of Hungary. In this vol- to be thoroughly acquainted: "I may be ume, and of that illuftrious princefs herself, very dull," fays Mr. White, or very ighe wrote, Mente illa ufam eam femper norant." Few perfons, probably, will in•· fuiffe quæ talem feminam deceret; but cline to dispute that propofition. the printer, as if feized upon by the fpirit On page 74, apropos to nothing, Mr. of Aretino, made him fay, Mentula ufam White notices "a ftrange mistake" made eam, &c., which stupendous announcement by Lowndes, in his Bibliographer's Manwent through the whole of a large edition." ual. It appears that, in that work, The We pass over the innate vulgarity which Federalift is defcribed as "a collection of impels Mr. White to state in print that he Effays in which John Williams, alias Anis acquainted with a ftory too dirty to be thony Pafquins, was concerned." This told, and come to his allufion to Erafmus. error-which was, in fact, only a partial This filthy anecdote-which he has copied one-feems to have quite exhaufted the from Bayle's Dictionnaire Hiftorique et Cri- angelic patience of Mr. White, and led to tique, Art. MARIE REINE DE HONGRIE, Note the following burft of alcoholic bombaft: H-does not contain one word of truth. "Shades of Hamilton and Monroe," he Had Mr. White looked into fo common an cries, "founders of the Great Republic, authority as Jortin's Life of Erafmus (vol. and revered expofitors of the Conftitution, ii. pp. 60, 61, 8vo edit., London, 1808), your noble work, which stands almost alone, he would not have made fuch an egregious as being at once an undisputed authority in blunder. For Mr. White's special confid- politics and a claffic in letters, is a series of eration, we will cite Jortin's account of this effays in which a pasquinading alias was "happy mistake:" concerned;' and this is all !"Could, any In the purious epiftle of Erafmus to thing be more pungent or touching? We

VOL. II.--H