by

B. As suff.: A termination of various towns in England, originally Danish, or at least named by the Danes, as Derby, Appleby, Naseby.

Trench says that in Lancashire, one of the chief seats of Danish immigration, nearly a fourth of the towns and villages have this ending; while in Hampshire and other places, uninvaded by the Danes, the termination by is almost unknown. (Trench: The Study of Words.)

by, prefix. [Bi as a prefix; be as a prefix.] A number of words have passed through three stages. First they have been spelled with by, then with bi, and finally with be; as byhynde, bihynd, behind. As Bi: Compounds of A. S. bi not found under bi should be looked for under be. They may exist also as by, as byse, bise, besee.

1=

As Be: The chief articles on the following compounds of by, bi, or be, will be found at be: *Bycause (=because); *bycom, *bycome, *bycorn, *bycorne, *bydaffe, byfalle, *byfyl, *byget, *bygyle, *bygonne, bygonnen (pa. par. begun); *bygyn, bygynne, bygynner, *bygynnyng, *byhest, *byheste, byhete (v. t. behight); *byholde, *byhote (v.= behott, behote), *byhyght (behight); *byhynde (behind), *byjape, bykenne (=bekenne, 2), *byknowe, *byknowen (=boknow), *byloved (=beloved), *bylyve, bylyue (= belive), *bymene (= bomene, bemoan), *bymoorn, *bymorne, *bymurne, (= bomourn), *bynethe, *bynethen, *bynythe (=beneath), *byquethe (= bequeath), *byraft (= beroft), *byberain), *byschrewe (= beshrow), *byachine (=beshine), *byse (=besee), *bysech, *byseche, byseme (=beseem), *byseye, *byset, *byside, *by smoke, by soughte (=besought), *byspotte (=bespot), *bysprent, *bystowe (=bestow), *bystrood (=bestrode), byswyke (=beswike), *bysyde (=beside), bytake, bythuixte (=betwixt), *bythought, *bytide, *bytok, *bytoke, *bytraie (=betray), *byt, aised, bytrende, bytwene (=between), *bytwixe, *bytwixen, *bytwyste, *bytyde (=betide), *bywayle, *byweyle (=bewail), *bywave, *bywepe, *byweop (beweep), *bywreye (=bewray), *bywreyinge (= bewraying).

reyne =

*by (1), v. t. [BUY.] (Acts, Mary, 1563.) (Chaucer.) *by (2), v. i. [A. S. beón to be.] [BE, v.] To be. to moche slac and wylles-uol ssel by."-Dean Michel of Northgate, Sermon on Matt, xxiv. 43. Spec. Ear. Eng. (Morris and Skeat), pt. ii.

*by, part of an interj. [BYE.]
*by-ar, s. [BUYER.] (Scotch.)
by-ard, s. [Etymology doubtful.]

Mining: A leather breaststrap used by miners in hauling the wagons in coal-mines.

*by -are, s. [BUYER.] (Prompt. Parv.) *by-ass, s. [BIAS.] (Tillotson.)

*by-bill, s. [BIBLE.] A large writing, a scroll so extensive that it may be compared to a book. (Queen Mary: 2d Letter to Bothwell.) (Jamieson.) *by-calle, v. t. [O. Eng. prefix by=bi or be, and calle call.] To call, to arouse. [BICALLE.] "Neuer the lese cler I yow bycalle.”

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 913. *by -calt, pa. par. [BYCALLE.]

"Out of that caste I watz bycalt."

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; The Pearl, 1,163. *by-case, adv. [Eng. by, and case (q. v.).] By chance.

*byc'-kar, v. i. [BICKER, v.]
*by-clyppe, *by-clappe, v. t.

cer.)

*byd, *bydde, *byde, v. t. & i. *byd-dyng, *byd ́-dinge, pr. (1).J

[BECLIP.] (Chau

[BID (1), v.] par. & 8. [BID

"And other doghty men bydene." Laurence Minot: Political Songs, B. 54; Spec. Ear. Eng. (Morris & Skeat), pt. ii.

*by-dol-ven, pa. par. [A. S. bedolfen buried, from bedelfan to dig in or around.] Buried.

and found here a gobet of gold bydoluen. Chaucer: Boethius (ed. Morris), p. 151, 4,348. by dyng, pr. par. [BIDING.] bye, adv. & a. [From by, prep. & adv. (q. v.)] Near. (Scotch.)

bye-wash, 8.

Hydraulic Engineering: A channel to divert past a reservoir water of streams which would otherwise flow into it, and which are impure or otherwise undesirable. The outlet of water from a dam; a waste. Called also a by-lead and a diversion-cut.

689

bye (1), s. [From by, prep. & adv.] Cricket: A run obtained when the ball has passed the longstop without being touched by the striker.

[LONGSTOP, LEG-BYE.]

bye (2), s. & a. [By (1), s. & a.]

dwelling, a habitation; from búan to inhabit, to *bye (3), *bee, s. & in compos. [A. S. bý, býe=a dwell.]

A. As an independent word (of the form bye): [Br.] 1. Ord. Lang.: A dwelling, a habitation. (Gibson.) vidual player in some games. 2. Game-playing: The place occupied by an indi

B. In compos. (of both forms): A habitation; as, bying, i. e., a dwelling-house. (Wharton.) may be simply Eng. boy.] An ox-driver. *bye (4), *boye, s. [Etymology doubtful. It

"Bye or boye. Bostio, U. G."-Prompt. Parv. *bye, part of an interj. [Eng, be, with, you.] A word used only in the subjoined salutation. Good-bye, good-by. [Good God; bye, by=be with you.] God be with you.

*bye (1), v. t. [Contracted from aby.] [ABIE (2).] To pay for, to suffer, to expiate, endure.

"Thou, Porrex, thou shalt dearly bye the same." Ferr. and Porr., O. Pl., i. 140. [Buy, v.]

*by-gyns, s. pl. [BEGUIN.] An order of quasireligious women not bound by vows. (Chaucer.) *by-hāte, v. t. [From O. Eng. prefix by profix be or bi (q.v.), and Eng. hate, v.] To hate. "This is to seyn that it was he byhated of alle folk." Chaucer: Boethius (ed. Morris), p. 75, l. 2,061. *by-hirne, v. t. [From A. S. prefix by = bi, and hirne a corner.] To hide in a corner, conceal. "That thei may henten they holden, byhirneth it sone." Piers Plowman Creac, 642. *by-hod, *by-hede, v. imper. [A contracted form of behooved. Cf. O. Eng. bud behooved.] Behooved.

and that so foule and so felle that fight hym byhode." Sir Gaw, and the Gr. Knight, 717. *by-hynde, *by-hyn-den, prep. & adv. [BEHIND.]

*by-inge, pr. par. & s. [BUYING.]

*by-knyf, *by-knife, s. [From A. S. bý=beside, and cnif a knife.] A knife worn at the side, a dagger. (Scotch.)

"With that his byknife furth hes tane."

Leg. Bp. St. Androis, Poems, 16th Cent., p. 323. *by-lafte, pret. & pa. par. of v. [A. S. belifan=to remain.] (Sir Ferumbras, 1,595.)

*by-lave, v. t. [O. Eng. by, and lave (q. v.).] To wash, smear over.

"Naked and bylaued myd blode.”—0. Eng. Miscell. (ed. Morris), p. 140.

=

221.

*bygge, *byg'-gyn, v. t. [BIGG, v.]

"Buggyn', or byldyn. Edifico."-Prompt. Parv. *byg'-gyd, pa. par. [BYGGE.]

*byg'-gyng, *byg'-gynge, *byg-yng, pa. par., a. & s. [BYGG.]

A. & B. As pr. par. & a.: (See the verb.)
C. As subst.: Building.

"That tham thoghte that alle the buggynge brake.” Sege of Melayne (ed. Herrtage), 467. *byghe, s. [A. S. beáh, beág=ring, collar, diadem.] A crown.

"Thy heued hatz nauther greme ne gryste,

On arme other fynger, thaz thou ber byghe." Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 465-6. *by-ghyte, s. [BEGET.] (Rob. of Gloucester, p. 388.)

*byg'-ly, a. [BIG, a.] Great, strong.

"Bryng me to that bygly belde."

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 963. *by-go, *by-gon, a. [From Eng. by, and go.] 1. (Of the form bygo): Ruined, deceived. "Many ys the manlich man, that thorw womman ys bygo."

Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), p. 68, 1. 2,013.

2. (Of the form bygon): Overrun, covered. "A messager til him to schape,

express grant, limited to certain cases and for certain purposes, the corporate power of legislation is confined to the objects specified, all others being excluded by implication.

2. A rule or regulation adopted by a society for the government of its members.

*byld, v. t. [BUILD.]

*bylde, s. [From build, s. (q. v.)] A building.

"Quen such ther cnoken on the bylde."

Early Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 727. *býle, v. t. [BOIL, v.]

*bÿle, s. [BOIL, 8.]

*by-leeve, s. [BELIEF.] Belief, creed. (Chaucer.) *by-leve (1), *by-leue, v. i. [A. S. belifan=to be left, to remain.] [BELEIF (2), v.] To stay, to remain.

"The kynge byleues there still." Sege of Melayne (ed. Herrtage), 207. *by-leve (2), v. t. & i. [BELIEVE.] *by-leyn, pa. par. [BELAY, v.]

*byl-len, *bol-lyn, v. t. & i. [From bylle-bill (1), s.] To peck with the bill.

"Bollyn' or jowyn' wythe the bylle as byrdys (byllen or jobben as bryddys, K. iobbyn with the byl, H. P.) Rostro."

-Prompt. Parv.

*byl-lerne, s. [BILLURS.]

"Byllerne, watyr kerbe. Berula, C. F."-Prompt. Parv. *byl-lyn, v. t. & i. [From bylle-bill (1).] To

enymys,

Ligonizo, marro, Cath."

"Byllyn with mattokys." Prompt. Parv. loke to look.] To look after, to take care of. *by-loke, v. t. [From O. Eng. prefix by, and

and before al thyng bad me kepe,thys, and faste hit her byloke."-Sir Ferumbras, 2,127. *by-lyn'ne, *blinne, *blynne, v. t. [A. S. blinnan to rest, cease, leave off; from blin=rest, intermission.] To delay.

"They hyeden faste, wold they nought bylynne, Til they come to the gate, ther Gamelyn was inne." Chaucer: C. T., 558-4. *by-mole, v. t. [Cf. A. S. mâl a spot, stain.] To stain, disgrace.

"Shal nevere cheeste bymolen it."-P. Plow., 8,946.

sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f. -sious

44

vii. 258.)

*bynne, prep. [A. S. binnan=within.] Within. "That the burne bynne borde byhelde the bare erthe." Allit. Poems; The Deluge, 452. *by-nome, *by-no-men, pa. par. [BYnyme, BENIM.] Taken from or away.

"Huntynge or haukynge if any of hem use, His boste of his benefys worth bynome hym after." Piers Plow., iii. 311-2.

for shrewes were bynomen hem so that thei ne myghten nat anoyen or don harme to goode men."Chaucer; Boethius (ed. Morris), p. 124, 1. 3,527.

*by-nyme, v. t. [BENIM.] To deprive, to take

away.

ne fortune may not bynyme it the, Chaucer; Boethius, p. 43, 1. 1,117.

*by -păs-sing, s. [Eng. by; passing.] Lapse. "And giff they faill at the bypassing of everie ane of the saidis termes, to denunce and eschete."-Acts Ja. VI., 1621 (ed. 1814), p. 603.

"Byrun annuel restand awand.”—Aberd. Reg.

"Birun rent."-Ibid.

B. As subst. (pl. byrunis): Arrears. "The Maister or Lord may not recognose the lands for Maister. the byrunis of his fermes."-Skene: Index, Reg. Maj., vo.

*bys, s. & a. [Byss.]

"This wommon woneth by west,
Brihtest vnder bys.'

Specimens of Lyric Poetry: A Plea for Pity, 37-8. *bysch'-op-hood, s. [BISHOPHOOD.]

"Of the ordinaunce of byschophood."-Wickliffe: 1 Tim., Prologue.

bys -im, *bis-some, *bus'-some, *bw-some, 8. [BESOM.]

1. (Of the last three forms):

byttneria

*I. Ord. Lang.: Linen.

"The line called byssus [is] the fine lawne or tiffanie whereof our wives and dames at home set so much store by for to trim and decke themselves."-Holland: Plinie, bk. xix., ch. 1.

II. Technically:

1. Zool. The flaxen or silky-looking fibers by which mollusks of the genus Pinna and the family Mytilida attach themselves to rocks, stones, or other bodies.

"Pinna L... Foot elongated, grooved, spinning a powerful byssus, attacked by large triple muscles to the center of each valve.... The byssus has sometimes been mixed with silk, spun, and knitted into gloves, &Qˆ -Woodward: Man. of the Mollusca (1851), p. 264.

2. Bot. The stipes of certain fungi. [BYSSI.]
*3. Min.: An old name for asbestos.
*bys-sym, s. [BYSYM.]

*bys-syn, *bys-yyn, v. t. [Etym. doubtful. Persoothe. (Prompt. Parv.)

(1) Anything shaped like a besom or broom, spec., haps from the noise made.] To lull asleep, to

*byr, s. [BUR (†). ]

by'r (pron. bur), prep. & pron. [Contraction for by our. A word or words used only in the subjoined phrase.

By'r lakin: By our lady (i. e., by our lady kin). "By'r lakin, a parlous fear."

Shakesp.: Mid. Night's Dream, iii. 1.

*by-rad, pret. of v. [A. S. rádan = to advise, determine.] "Determined, resolved, self-advised.

"Anon he was byrad,

To werk that he hem lad

For nyht nolde he nout wonde."

Spec. of Lyric Poetry, Parable of the Laborers, 22-4. *byrche, s. [BIRCH.]

Byrche, tre. Lentiscus, cinus."-Prompt. Parv. *byrd, v. impers. [Icel. byrja=to behoove.] It behooved, it became.

"

"And said, thaim byrd on na maner Dreid thair fais Barbour: Bruce, vi. 316. byre, s. [Etymology doubtful.] A cow-house. there is not a farmer but shall sing well-a-wa over a burnt barnyard and an empty byre."-Scott: Rob Roy, h. xxxii.

*by-reve, *by-ræfe, v. t. [BEREAVE.] *byr-law-man, s. [BIRLIEMAN, BURLAW.] *byr-ler, 8. [O. Eng. birle to pour out.] One who serves out drink, a butler.

*byrn, *byrne, v. t. [BURN (1), v.] To burn. (Barbour: Bruce, xvii., 431, 525.)

*byrn-y, *byrn-ie, s. [BIRNIE.] Bruce, 11,352.)

(Barbour:

byr-rhi-dæ, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat. byrrhus (q. v.).]

Entom.: A family of insects, often termed, from their roundish or oval shape, Pill-beetles. With the Histeride, they constitute the tribe Helocera of the pentamerous Coleoptera.

byr-rhus (yr as ur), s. [From Lat. birrus a cloak for rainy weather. From Gr. pyrrhos = yellow.]

Entom.: A genus of beetles, the typical one of the family Byrrhidea. They are nearly globose insects, which, when alarmed, pack their legs away into cavities on the lower part of the body and counterfeit death.

byr-son-Im-a (yr as ur), s. [From Gr. byrsa= a hide, and suff. nimos (?).]]

Bot. A large genus of plants, belonging to the order Malpighiaceae (Malpighiads). The bark of Byrsonima Cuminghiana, a small tree found in Panama, &c., is used in skin diseases, the wood for building purposes, and the small acid berries are eaten. The bark of B. spicata is the Muraxi bark of Brazil, used in that country for tanning. A coloring matter from it is used in the Indies as a dyestuff; the berries are eaten, and are said to be good in dysentery. The roots and branches of B. verbas cefolia are used in Brazil and Guiana for washing ulcers. (Treas. of Bot.)

*byrth, s. [BIRTH.] Size, bulk, burden, burthen. (Scotch.): (Doug.: Virg., 131,27.)

fate, făt, färe, amidst, what, fâll,

*by-skorne, s. [O. Eng. by, and skorne=scorn.] A disgrace.

"Broghte to byskorne and bysmere."-Trevisa, i. 179. *bys-mare, *bys-mere, s. [BISMARE.] *by-smot-er-ud, a. [BESMOTRED.] (0. Eng.) Smutted. (Chaucer: C. T., 76.) *bys-ning, s. [Icel. bysn = a prodigy; bysna= to portend. A monster. Yone lustie court will stop or meit, To justifie this bysning quhilk blasphemit." Palice of Honour, ií. 7 (ed. 1579). *bys-om, a. [BISSON.] Blind. "The bysom ledys the blynde."-Reliq. Antiq., ii. 239. *by-spell, s. [A. S. bigspell a parable, story, fable, comparison, proverb, example. (Bosworth.)] A proverb.

=

*byss, *bisse, s.. [From Lat. byssus (q. v.).] Flaxen or silky-looking cloth.

"Bisse, fine white, whether it be silk or lynen."-Tyndall: Table for Expounding Words in Genesis.

bys-sa-çe-ous, a. [Mod. Lat. byssaceus, from Lat. byssus (q.v.), and Lat. suffix -aceus.] Divided into fine, entangled fibers, like those of wool. Example, the roots of some fungi.

*bysse, v. [Bizz, v.] (Scotch.) (Doug.: Virg., 257,16.)

*bys-shop-pyng, pr. par. & s. [O. Eng. bysshop = bishop. BISHOP, v.]

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.)
B. As subst.: Confirmation.

Bysshoppyng of chyldren, confirmation.”—Palsgrave, bys-si, s. pl. [Lat. byssi, pl. of byssus.] [BysSUS.]

Bot. A name formerly employed to designate certain cryptogamous plants of low organization, now separated and ranged according to their several affinities.

bys-sine, *bys-syn, *bis-sen, a. & s. [From Lat. byssinus; Gr. byssinos made of fine flax or linen.] [BYSSUS.]

A. As adjective:

1. Made of fine flax.

2. Having a flaxen or silky appearance. B. As subst.: Fine linen. [BIES.]

"And it is youun to hir that sche kyuere hir with white bissyn schynynge, for whi bissun is iustifiyngis of seyntis."-Wicliffe (ed. Purvey): Apocal. xix. 8. bys-soid, a. [Gr. (1) byssos [BYSSUS], and (2) eidos appearance.]

Bot. Having a fringed appearance, with the threads or fascicles unequal in length.

bys-so-lite, s. [In Ger. bissolith; Gr. (1), byssos [BYSSUS]; and (2) lithos=a stone. Named on account of the flaxen appearance of its asbestiform and fibrous varieties.]

Min.: A variety of Dannemorite (Dana). The same as Tremolite (Brit. Mus. Catal.). [DANNEMORITE, TREMOLITE.]

*bys-sop, s. [BISHOP.]

"Byssopes and abbates."-Rob. of Gloucester, p. 376. bys-sus, s. [Lat. byssus; Gr. byssos=(1) a fine yellowish flax; (2) the linen made from it; Heb. butz=fine white linen (1 Chron. xv. 27, &c.); from butz to be white.]

*bys-synge, *bys-ying, pr. par. & 8. [BYSSYN, r.] A. As present participle: Lulling, designed to lull, soothing.

Byssynge songys: Lullabies, cradle songs. "Byssynge songys (byssing, H.). Fascinnina, C. F. nenia, Cath."-Prompt. Parv.

B. As substantive: The act of lulling. “Byssynge of chyldrne (bysying, H.). Sopicio, C. F."— Prompt. Parv.

*by-stad, pa. par. [BESTAD, BESTEAD.] Situated. "As men that ben hungry, and mow no mete fynde, And ben harde bystad under woode lynde." Chaucer: C. T., 669-70.

by-stǎnd-er, s. [Eng. by near; stand, v.; and suff. -er.] One standing near when anything is being done; an onlooker, a spectator, as opposed to an actor in any event.

"This dastardly outrage roused the indignation of the bystanders."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv.

*by-stole, pa. par. [Eng. pref. bi, and stole stolen.] [STEAL.J Stolen, escaped.

"An now compth on of hem prykyng,
Fram the othre y-sent to Charlis kyng,
And ys bystole awaye."

Sir Ferumbras (ed Herrtage), p. 121, 3,875-76. *by-stride, v. t. [BESTRIDE.]

"He stede bystrod.”—R. Cœur de Lion, 475, *by-sulpe, v. t. [From O. Eng. prefix by, and O. Eng. sulp, sulpe, sulúe to defile, to soil; M. H. Ger. besulwen; Provinc. Ger. sulpern to defile (Morris).] To defile.

"The venym and the vylanye and the vycios fylthe, That bysulpez mannez saule in vnsounde hert." Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 57-45. *bys-y-hede, s. [From O. Eng. bysy=busy, and suff. -hede-suff. -hood.] "Busyhood," continual

*byt (1), 3 pers. sing. pres. indic. of v. [BYD, BID.] Bids. (Chaucer.)

*byt (2), byt-en, v. [BITE, v.] *byt, s. [BITE, 8.]

*by-taughte, *by-taghte, *by-taht, pret. of v. [BETAUGHT, pret. of O. Eng. betech.]

*byte, a. [From A. S. bita=a biter, a fierce animal, a wild beast.] Fierce.

"Thy prayer may hys pyte byte,

That mercy schal hyr craftez kythe." Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris): Pearl, 355-6. *by-thenk, v. t. [BETHINK.] To repent. (Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 582.) *by-tokne, v. t. & i. [BETOKEN.] *by-tok-nyng, s. [BYTOKNE.] A token.

In bytoknyng of trawthe, bi tytle that hit habbez." Sir Gaw, and the Gr. Knight, h *by-toure, s. [BITTERN.] A bittern. (Chaucer.) where it was first found; suff. -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] by-town-ite, s. [From Bytown, in. Canada, greenish-white mineral resembling felspar. Min. A variety of Anorthite (q. v.). It is a

bytt-në r-I-a, butt-në r-I-a, s. [Named after David Sigismond Augustus Büttner, professor of botany at Göttingen, who published a botanical work in 1750.]

Bot. A genus of plants constituting the typica one of the order Byttneriaceae (q. v.). The species are curious rather than ornamental herbaceous plants.

marîne; gō, pot,