121. Announces the projected change of ministry, 183. His coalition with Mr. Fox, 4:00.
Northeast Storms, suggestion that their course is opposed to the course of the wind, VI. 80. Mode of ascertaining this fact, 105. Franklin's suggestion as to the cause, 221.
Northmen, Wheaton's History of the, alluded to, respecting their discovery of America, II. 76. VIII. 69. Norway, seizure of American prizes in, VIII. 407, 425. M. Bernstorff's com- munication on the subject, 433. Same subject, 462. IX. 5Ï1. Complaint by the Danish ambassador of outrages committed by American cruisers on the coast of, IX. 157, 167, 171. Note respecting Trade and Manufac tures, 11. 366.
Notes on Virginia, Jefferson's, X. 317. Notions concerning Trade and Mer- chants, II. 418.
Nova Scotia, difficulty of finding set- tlers for, IV. 354. Amount of parlia- mentary grant for, 369.
Observations and Suppositions towards forming a new Hypothesis of the Phe- nomena of Thundergusts, V. 211. Observations concerning the Increase of Mankind and the Peopling of Colonies, II. 311.
Observations on Blood, mentioned, VIII. 172.
Observations on War, II. 487.
Obtrusive Applications, remarks on, VIII. 209, 218, 224.
Officers, foreign, their obtrusive appli- cations for employment in America, VIII. 228.
Ohio Indians, their complaints of the whites, VII. 77. Treaty with the, where made, 79.
Ohio Settlement, origin of the grant for the, IV. 302. Report of the Lords commissioners of trade upon the sub- ject of the, 303. Their objections to the grant, 304. Franklin's answer to the report, 324. Facility of transpor- tation to the, 352. Oil, of the evaporation of, VI. 129. Franklin's account of his first obser- vation of its effect on the surface of water, 253. Mr. Farish on the same subject, 355. Pliny's allusion to this property of, 356. Explanation of the effect, 361. Preservation of a Dutch ship by pouring it into the sea. 364. Old Age, on the habits of, VII. 132. On tenderness for, 133.
Old Testament, not all divinely in spired. X. 134.
OLEARIUS, his remark on the power of the Russians to endure heat and cold, VI. 59.
OLIVER, ANDREW, Lieutenant-Gover- nor, account of the procuring of his letters with those of Hutchinson, IV. 405. Address of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts to the King for his removal, 430. Pro- ceedings of the Council relative to his conduct as secretary of the province, 488. Petition for his removal, VIII.
OLIVER, PETER, his account of the di- vining rod, II. 41.
ONSLOW, ARTHUR, dedication of the Historical Review of the Constitution and Government of Pennsylvania to,
ORLEANS, Duke of, his character, X.
Orphan Schoolhouse, Hints for Consid- eration respecting the, in Philadel- phia, II. 159.
OSWALD, RICHARD, introduced to Franklin by Lord Shelburne, IX. 240. Recommended by Mr. Laurens, 241. Converses with Franklin, 242. Who introduces him to Count de Ver- gennes, 243. His interview with that minister, 245. Suggests the surren der of Canada by Great Britain, 251. Returns to Paris to adjust the prelim inaries of a treaty, 265. His want of explicitness, 269. His account to Franklin of the views of the British ministry in regard to peace, 311. By whom commissioned to treat, 336. Communicates to Lord Shelburne his conversation with Franklin relative to negotiation, 353. Receives his com- mission to treat, 377. His instruc- tions relative to the concession of American Independence, 407. Alter ation in his commission proposed by Mr. Jay, 407. And assented to, 408.
PACCARD, ascends Mont Blanc, X. 279. Packet-boats, failure of a scheme for, VIII. 369.
Padua, Franklin's election as a mem ber of the Academy of Arts and Sci- ences in, 1X. 197.
PAINE, THOMAS, introduced by Frank- lin to Richard Bache, VIII. 137. His occupation in this country, 138. In- troduced to General Lee, 174 Urged by Franklin, not to publish an irreli gious work, X. 281. Introduced to
the Duke de la Rochefoucauld, 291. His journey in France, 310. Model of a bridge, 311. PALFREY, WILLIAM, his account of Lord Howe's reception of a letter of Franklin's, V. 102. His death, IX. 3. Paper, lines on, ascribed to Franklin
without apparent authority, II. 161. Chinese mode of manufacturing, VI. 577.
Paper Currency, character of Frank- lin's inquiry into the nature and ne- cessity of a, II. 254. What classes are interested against increasing, 261. What classes in favor of, 262. Effect of a large addition to the, upon its value, 263. Character of a, founded on land, 268. Of the issue of, in Pennsylvania in 1739, 277. Remarks and facts relative to this American, 340. Report of the Board of Trade in favor of restraining the issue of, 341. Its effects on the prosperity of New England and Pennsylvania, 343. Causes of its depreciation, 344. Its advantages in some respects over gold and silver, 349. Scheme for furnish- ing the colonies with a, not a legal tender, 352. Governor Pownall's plan for giving stability to the, 354. Of that of the United States, 421. Its depreciation, arising from excess, 422. Different descriptions of, 422. First issue of, in Pennsylvania. III. 201. Its effect, 202. Measures taken to prevent depreciation, 203. Extract
from Franklin's vindication of the American, VI. 322. Of the Pennsyl vanians, 368. Account of the Act of Parliament relating to the, 429. Re- marks on the American, VII. 482. Queen Anne's proclamation for pro- ducing uniformity in it, VIII. 115. Remarks on, 116. Its depreciation, 329. Of reducing the quantity, 368. Of that held by foreigners, 477. On the American, 507. Its depreciation, X. 9.
Par of Exchange, remarks on the, II. 200.
Parable, against Persecution, account of the, II. 118. Its origin not yet traced, 121. Again mentioned, VIII. 404, X. 400. The only credit claim- ed by Franklin in relation to it, 401. PARADISE, his supposed negotiation with Franklin in concert with Sir W. Jones, VIII. 365. Removes to the United States, X. 321.
Paralysis, effect of electricity in cases of, V. 359.
PARCIO, ANTONINO, his remark on the protection against sickness afforded by warm rooms, VI. 41.
Paris, visit of Franklin to, VII. 358. Use of rouge in, 360. Parliament, remarks on an alleged change of opinion in Dr. Franklin, relative to its power over the colonies, III. 67. Views of the colonists relative to that power, IV. 169. Feeling of the colonists towards, 170. Of its power to tax in America, 216. Several of the King's dominions not subject to, 281. On the representation of the colonies in, VII. 315. Il judged act of, requiring the colonies to provide for soldiers, 330. Its legislative pow er over the colonies, 331. On Amer- ican representation in, 370. Of its dissolution in 1768, 397. Act of, re- lating to paper money, 429. Its de- termination not to repeal this duty act, 439. Its encroachment on the rights of the colonies, 477. Its right to tax the colonies generally given up, 501. That of 1772 does little in regard to America, VIII. 7. Its right to legislate for the colonies denied, 88. Excitement produced by acts re- lative to Massachusetts and Boston, 127. Debate in, on peace with Amer- ica, 247. Of reforin in, X. 79. PARSONS, WILLIAM, VII. 99. His death and character, 181.
Passports, for Moravian vessels and Captain Cook, granted by Franklin,
Passy, its situation, VIII. 209. Frank- lin's mode of life at, 315. Pays de Vaud, respecting the mortality of the, VI. 314.
Peace, debate in Parliament on, betweer Great Britain and America, VIII. 247. Not to be concluded without an ac- knowledgment of the independence of the latter, 253. Franklin's conversa- tions with Mr. Hartley and Mr. Chap- man, respecting propositions for, 268. To be obtained only on fair and equal terms, 285. Improbability of, 295. How it might be effected, 300. The alliance between France and the United States an obstacle to, 312. Advantage of obtaining some preliminaries of, 333. Franklin's remarks on Hartley's pro- positions for a, 345. Unfounded ru- mor of, 403. Mediation of Russia and Austria for, declined by France, IX. 4. Mediation for, again mention- ed, 16. Mediation accepted by Con- gress, and instructions for the negotia- tion of, communicated to Franklin, 46, 47. His interview with Count de Vergennes, announcing his instruc- tions, 76. Mr. Adams's remarks on the commission for negotiating, 81. Mediation for, not accepted by the
British cabinet, 89. Mr. Hartley's history of the proceedings for promo- ting a negotiation for, 118. Mr. Liv. ingston's suggestions respecting the general terms of, 128. Extent to which the lunits of the United States should be determined in a treaty of, 129. And to which the fisheries should be enjoyed by the United States, 135. Impolicy of making stip- ulations in favor of the loyalists in a treaty of, 139. No negotiations to be opened by the American commission- ers without the concurrence of France, 141. Messrs. Franklin, Adams, Lau- rens, and Jay authorized by a special commission to treat of, 143. Mr. Hartley's explanation of his proposi tion for a separate treaty, that it was to be inade with the consent of the allies of the United States, 149. His supposed cases in which the United States might treat separately, 151. That the first step towards a, must be taken by Great Britain, 165. Dispo- sition of the British ministry favor- able to, 168. Little probability that negotiations will be soon entered on for, 177. Mr. Digges's mission in reference to, 179. Mr. Hartley's in- quiry as to the authority of the Amer- ican commissioners to treat, 181. De- sired in England, 184. Mr. Digges's interview with Mr. Adams, 186. ject of his mission, 191. Dilatory con- duct of Great Britain in reference to, 193. American commissioners ready to treat, 195. Reconciliation more than, 196. Mr. Forth's mission in reference to, 204. Separate treaty for, proposed to France by Great Britain, and declined, 205. Insincerity of Lord North's ministry in their pro- ceedings in teference to, 208. Canada offered to France, to induce her tc treat separately, 210. Proper mode of seeking, 218. Journal of the ne- gotiation for, with Great Britain, 238. Franklin's letter to Lord Shelburne, 239; who sends to him Mr. Os- wald to institute proceedings for a, 240. Lord Shelburne's ministry so- licitous for, 242, 243. Count de Ver- gennes's view as to the place and mode of treating, 246. Franklin's notes for conversation with Mr. Os- wald respecting, 250. Not likely to be durable without reconciliation, 253. France insists on a general, not a particular, 255. The idea of a separate, still cherished by the British ministry, 257, 258. Mr. Os- wald commissioned to settle the pre- liminaries of a general, 255. Mr.
Grenville also commissioned by Mr. Fox, 267. Mr. Oswald's want of ex- plicitness, 269, 270. England willing to treat for a general, 272. Cession required of France as a condition of acknowledging American Indepen dence, 273. Paris agreed on, as the place of treating for, 277. Release of American prisoners a step towards, 283. Mr. Laurens declines acting under the commission for, 287. Dif- ficulty of negotiating a popular, 20. Mr. Hartley's interview with Lord Shelburne on the subject of, 294. Copy of the preliminaries left by him with Lord Shelburne, 296. Mr. Gren- ville declares himself fully commis- sioned to treat for, with France and her allies, 297. His commission ap- plicable only to France, 299. Lord Shelburne's distrust of the professions of the French cabinet in favor of, 303. Mr. Grenville's explanation of the deficiency in his commission, 305. His view as to the resolution of the American commissioners not to treat without their allies, 306, 310. Neces- sary to Great Britain, 311. Lord Shelburne's declaration of his sincer- ity in regard to negotiating for, 313. Act to enable the King to conclude a, with the United States, 314. The American commissioners not author- ized to make stipulations in favor of the loyalists, 315. Mediation of Rus sia declined by Holland, 317. Im- possibility of the United States treat- ing separately for, 323. Mr. Grenville declares himself fully commissioned to treat with France, and any other Prince or State, 331. And to declare the independence of America previ- ous to the treaty for, 332. Count de Vergennes satisfied with Mr. Gren- ville's powers, 335. Authority and character of Mr. Oswald and Mr. Grenville, 336. Progress of the ne- gotiation for, 340. Objection to Mr. Grenville's commission, 345. Of the attempt to treat for, in the United States, by General Carleton, 348. Its danger, 349. Delay in the opening of the negotiation, 351. Prominent points of the treaty for, as proposed and insisted on by Franklin, before any communication between the Brit- ish and the other American commis- sioners, 354. Continued delay in opening the negotiation, 360. treaty for, to be made, except on the basis of independence, 362, 364. Re- specting an intended reserve in the grant of independence, 367. Count de Vergennes's doubt of the sincerity
of the British ministry in proposing a negotiation of, 373. Mr. Oswald's commission to treat for, 376. Mr. Jay's view as to the grant of indepen- dence prior to a, 377; and in regard to the claims of the loyalists, 378. Delay in opening the negotiation for, 385. Franklin's view as to the mode of granting independence, 388. Sin- cerity of the British ministry in refer- ence to, 396. Mr. Oswald instructed to make American independence the first article in the treaty of, 402. But not to cede it without a truce or trea- ty, 403. The fisheries proposed by Franklin as an essential article in a treaty of, 404. Agreed, that indepen- dence shall stand as an article of trea- ty, 407. Sincerity of both parties in desiring, 410. Objections to the ne- gotiation for, removed, 414. Progress of the negotiation, 417. Of the ex- tent to which the right to the fisher. ies should be conceded, 424. Impos- sibility of admitting an article for in- demnifying the loyalists, 432. Pre- liminary articles of, between the United States and Great Britain, agreed on, 435. History of the ne- gotiation, 439. Preliminary articles of, between France and England, agreed on, 442. Of the treaty of, with Sweden, 443. Count de Ver- gennes's complaint, that the prelimi naries between the United States and Great Britain were signed without communication with the French cab- inet, 449. Not to be concluded be- tween England and America without the concurrence of France, 450. Count de Vergennes's remarks to M. de la Luzerne upon the same sub- ject, 452. Progress of the treaties with other powers, 455. Refusal of the French court to conclude a treaty of, till the American commissioners were satisfied, 458. Not yet conelud- ed between France and England, 462. Nor between England and the United States, 463. Proposed article in the treaty of, relative to privateering, 469. Preliminaries signed between France, Spain, and England, 473. Terms of the, not approved in England, 489. Franklin's remarks on them, 499. Reason of the delay of the definitive treaties of, 513. Preliminaries of, be- tween England and Holland not yet signed, 525. Delay of the negotia tions, 528. Franklin's justification of the signing of the treaty of, without communicating t to the French court, 532. Definitive treaty of, ratified, X. 19, 37 Treaty of, ratified by Con-
gress, 56. Remarks on it, 70. Rati- fications exchanged, 87. Of alleged defects of form in the ratification, 94, 96, 97. Of the ratification, 100. PEMBERTON, ISRAEL, his account of Franklin's energy in promoting Brad dock's expedition, VII. 96. PENET, agent of Virginia, absconds, IX.
PENN, GRENVILLE, allusion to his char- ter, VII. 273.
PENN, JOHN, his proclamation respect. ing the massacre of the Conestogo Indians, IV. 57. His second procla mation, 60.
PENN, SPRINGET, some account of, VII. 227.
PENN, THOMAS, his subscription to the academy, VII. 81. His conduct to his nephew, 227. His account of Franklin's conduct in England, 243. See Proprietaries of Pennsylvania. PENN, WILLIAM, anecdote of, I. 153. Charter granted to, III. 98. Its ori- gin, 116. Its provisions, 117. His first frame of government, 121. His reservation of quitrents, 123. His sec- ond frame of government, and mo tives which induced its acceptance, 126. Goes to England, leaving the government in the hands of com- missioners, 128. Difficulties arising during his absence. His constitu- tion of government declared to be at variance with that of the King and Queen, 137. Remonstrance of the Assembly to, 142. Returns to Penn- sylvania and resumes the government, 147. Establishes a new form of elec- tion, 148. Old Assembly dissolved and new summoned, 149. Aid granted to, 150. His speech to the Assembly, 151. Charter of privileges granted by him to the inhabitants of Pennsyl- vania and territories, 154. Account of this charter, 156. Accepted by the province, but rejected by the territo- ries, 157. Representation of the As- sembly to, 165. His resentment, 179. Remonstrance of the Assembly, 182. His death, 188. His relation to the province, 197. Consequence of his being the sole purchaser of Indian lands, 197. His treaty with the Con- estogo Indians, IV. 54. His charac- ter, 93. His contract for the sale of his proprietary right to the crown, 125. Of the various portraits of, VII. 190. His family referred to, 273. PENNINGTON, EDWARD, VII. 226. Pennsylvania, abstract of a law of, re- lative to paper money, II. 277. Effect of that money on her prosperity, 343. Her legislation respecting debts of
foreigners, 506. Serious considera- tions on the present state of the prov- ince of, III. 1. Necessity of some provision for the defence of, 5. Dan- ger from the Indians, 8. Probable ef- fect of an invasion of, 13. Spirit of the rich in respect to defence, 16. Her effective military strength, 18. Historical Review of the Constitution and Government of, 106. Union with the territory of the three Lower Coun- ties, 116. Assumption of the gov ernment of, by the King and Queen in 1693, 135. Administration of the government by Colonel Fletcher, governor of New York, 136; who declares the constitution of the King and Queen's government, and that of Penn, hostile to each other, 137. Threatens to annex the province to New York, 138. New act of settle- ment of the government, under the administration of Williain Markham,
The government resumed by Penn, 147. Assembly chosen accord- ing to a new model, 148. Dissolved, and a new one convened, 149. Con- firmation of property and aids to the governor granted, 150. Another As- sembly convened, 150. Penn's char- ter of privileges to the inhabitants of, and those of the territories, 154. Ac- cepted by the province, but rejected by the territories, 157.
Evans ap- pointed governor of, 160. Vain at- tempt to reunite the province and ter- ritories, 161. Penn's interest in the province left at his death in the hands of trustees, 189. Easily governed, if well governed, 193. First issue of paper money in, 201. Grant made by the Assembly of, for the expedi- tion against Carthagena, 210. And to forward the project against Louis- burg and against Canada, 212. Act for the issue of bills of credit passed by the Assembly of, 279. Arrival of Governor Morris in, and his first speech to the Assembly, 281. The Assembly called on by the governor to take measures for the security of the back inhabitants of, 386. Propo- sition of certain gentlemen of Phila- delphia to subscribe a sum in lieu of the proprietary portion of the tax, 389. Appropriation by the Assembly to arin the back inhabitants, 393. Controversy between the Assembly and the governor concerning the roads opened by the province for the King's forces, 400. Reconvocation of the Assembly, in consequence of an ap prehended invasion of the French and Indians, 415. A sum granted for the
King's use, to be struck in bills of credit, 421. Indian trade bill passed, 431. Resolutions of the Assembly, respecting their power of granting supplies to the crown, 454. Indian trade bill rejected by the governor, 456. Sir W. Johnson's treaty with the Six Nations laid before the As- sembly, 471. Attempt of the gover nor, to involve the province in war with the Indians, 471. Bill for sup ply by the emission of bills of credit, 489. Another, 490. Message of the governor to the Assembly, respecting Indian affairs, 493. Governor Morris superseded by Governor Denny, 506. Controversy between the governor and Assembly, respecting a bill for a supply for the King's use, to be sunk by an excise, 518. Representation of the Assembly to the Proprietaries, re- specting Indian expenses, 535. Wil-
liam Franklin's refutation of anony mous abuse of the inhabitants of, 564. Account of sundry sums paid by, for the King's service, 571. List of the governors, deputy governors, and pres- idents of, 576. Table exhibiting the extent of the commerce of, IV. 39. Argument in favor of changing the proprietary government of, into a roy al one, 78. Petition to the King for that purpose, 93. Report in the As- sembly relative to taxing the estate of the Proprietaries, 117. Resolution of the Assembly in favor of a royal government, 121. Number of peti- tioners in favor of the measure, 123. Remarks on a late Protest against the Appointment of Mr. Franklin as Agent of, 143. Of taxation in, 162. Of the population of, 165. Of the commerce of, 166. Rates of exchange in. 167. Address of the Assembly of, to Frank- lin, on his return from France, V. 137. Queries and remarks concerning al- terations in the constitution of, 163. Origin of the association for the de- fence of, VII. 20. Character and hab- its of the Germans in, 71. Their influx into the country, 73. Preju- dices existing in England against, 175. Amount of parliamentary grants to, 204. Of party violence in, 268. Alarm in. at the news of the rejection of the petition of the Assembly, 284. Of paper money in, 368. Franklin elected President of, X. 245, 303, 337. See Pennsylvania, Assembly of Pennsylvania, Assembly of, act of, drawn by Franklin, relative to a vol- untary militia, III. 78. Report of the committee of aggrievances of the, 97. Their controversies with the proprie.
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