will be expected to attend on the first day of acre of land, (for that makes part of my plan;) in the West Indies, told me, that till he came to February, that the schools and classes may com- who has a wife as industrious as she ought to be, Long Island, he never knew how the flour mence together. who does not waste his earnings at the alehouse came; that he was surprised when he learnt that There will be eight schools in the University.or the tea shop. I should be glad to know how it was squeezed out of little grains that grew at 1. One of Ancient languages, Ancient History, such a man, while wheat shall be at the price of the tops of straw; for that he had always had an Ancient Geography, and Belles Lettres. 2. One about 6s. a bushel, can possibly have children cry-idea that it was got out of some large substances, of Modern Languages, Modern History, and ing for bread! like the yams that grow in tropical climates. He Modern Geography. 3. Others of Mathematics. 84. Cry, indeed, they must, if he will persist in was a very sincere and good man, and I am sure 4. Of Natural Philosophy. 5. Of Natural His-giving thirteen shillings for a bushel of bread in- he told me truth. And this may be the more tory. 6. Of Anatomy and Medicine. 7. Of Mo- stead of 58 9d. Such a man is not to say that readily believed, when we see so many women ral Philosophy. 8. Of Law, Government, and the bread which I have described is not good in England, who seem to know no more of the Political Economy. enough. It was good enough for his forefathers, constituent parts of a loaf than they know of those Every student will be free to attend which ever who were too proud to be paupers, that is to say, of the Moon. Servant women in abundance apof the schools he considers as adapted to his fu- abject and willing slaves. "Hogs eat barley." pear to think that loaves are made by the baker, ture pursuits, and required to attend no others. And hogs will eat wheat, too, when they can get as knights are made by the king; things of their To enter that of Ancient Languages, he must al-at it. Convicts in condemned cells eat wheaten pure creation, a creation too, in which no one else ready be able to read with ease their higher au-bread; but we think it no degradation to eat can participate. Now is not this an enormous evil? thors. For the schools of Mathematics and Na-wheaten bread, too I am for depriving the la- And whence does it come? Servant women are tural Philosophy, he must be a proficient in nu-bourer of none of his rights; I would have him the children of the labouring classes; and they merical arithmetic. For the others, nothing pre-oppressed in no manner or shape; I would have would all know how to make bread and know paratory will be required, except that into no him bold and free; but to have him such, he well how to make it, too, if they had been fed on school can any one be admitted under 16 years of must have bread in his house, sufficient for all bread of their mothers' and their own making. his family, and whether that bread be fine or 87. How serious a matter, then, is this, even age. It is expected that the whole annual expense coarse, must depend upon the different circum-in this point of view! A servant that cannot of a student will be about $200, exclusive of stances which present themselves in the cases of make bread is not entitled to the same wages as clothes and pocket money, and that the latter different individuals. one that can. If she can neither bake nor brew; Domestic Economy. article will be kept within very moderate limits. 85. The married man has no right to expect if she be ignorant of the nature of flour, yeast, A general notice of all these particulars will be the same plenty of food and of raiment that the malt, and hops, what is she good for? If she authoratively published in autumn, before which single man has. The time before marriage is the understand these matters well; if she be able to no engagements will be made for either Hotels time to lay by, or, if the party choose, to in- supply her employer with bread and with beer; or Dormitories. All applications are ther. to dulge himself in the absense of labour. To she is really valuable; she is entitled to good be addressed to the Proctor of the University, marry is a voluntary act, and it is attended, in wages, and to consideration and respect into the Arthur S. Brockenbrough, Esq. who alone will an- the result with great pleasures and advantages. bargain; but if she be wholly deficient in these swer letters on these subjects. We regret to add If, therefore, the laws be fair and equal; if the particulars, and can merely dawdle about with a that the liberal donation of $50,000, made by the state of things be such, that a labouring man can, bucket and a broom, she can be of very little conlate Legislature, for the purchase of a Library with the usual ability of labourers, and with sequence: to lose her, is merely to lose a consumand Apparatus, rested on a contingency which constant industry, care and sobriety; with de- er of food, and she can expect very little indeed, fails, and that the institution will be opened un-cency of deportment towards all his neighbours, in the way of desire to make her life easy and der this disadvantage. cheerful obedience to his employer, and a due pleasant. Why should any one have such desire? subordination to the laws: if the state of things She is not a child of the family. She is not a rebe such, that such a man's earnings be sufficient lation. Any one as well as she can take in a loaf to maintain himself and family with food, rai- from the baker, or a barrel of beer from the ment and lodging needful for them; such man brewer. She has nothing whereby to bind her FROM COBBETT'S COTTAGE ECONOMY. has no reason to complain, and no labouring man employer to her. To sweep a room any thing has reason to complain, if the numerousness of is capable of that has got two hands. In short, BREAD MAKING. his family should call upon him for extraordi- she has no useful skill, no useful ability, she is an 83. I am by and by to speak of the cow to nary exertion, or for economy uncommonly rigid. ordinary drudge and she is treated accordingly. be kept by the labourer in husbandry. Then The man with a large family, has, if it be not in 88. But if such be her state in the house of an there will be milk to wet the bread with, an ex-a great measure his own fault, a greater number employer, what is her state in the house of a ceedingly great improvement in its taste as well of pleasures and of blessings, than other men. husband? The lover is blind; but the husband as in its quality! This, of all the ways of using If he be wise, and just as well as wise, he will has eyes to see with. He soon discovers that skim milk is the most advantageous; and this see that it is reasonable for him to expect less there is something wanted besides dimples and great advantage must be wholly thrown away, if delicate fare than his neighbours, who have a cherry checks; and I would have fathers sethe bread of the family be bought at the shop. less number of children or no children at all. He riously to reflect, and to be well assured, that, the With milk, bread with very little wheat in it, will see the justice as well as the necessity of way to make their daughters to be long admired, may be made far better than baker's bread; and, his resorting to the use of coarser bread, and beloved and respected by their husbands, is to leaving the milk out of the question, taking a thus, endeavour to make up that, or at least, make them skilful, able and active in the most third of each sort of grain, you would get bread a part of that which he loses in comparison necessary concerns of a family. Eating and weighing as much as fourteen quartern loaves, with his neighbours. The quality of the bread drinking come three times every day; the prefor about 58. 9d. at present prices of grain; that ought, in every case, to be proportioned to parations for these, and all the ministry necessary is to say, you would get it for about 5d. the the number of the family and the means of to them belong to the wife, and I hold it to be quartern loaf, all expenses included; thus you the head of that family. Here is no injury impossible, that, at the end of two years, a really have nine pounds and ten ounces of bread a day to health proposed: but, on the contrary, the ignorant sluttish wife, should possess any thing for about 58. 9d. a week. Here is enough for a best security for its preservation. Without worthy of the name of love from her husband. very large family. Very few labourers' families bread, all is misery. The Scripture truly calls This, therefore, is a matter of far greater moindeed can want so much as this, unless indeed it the staff of life; and it may be called, too, the ment to the father of a family, than whether the there be several persons in it capable of earning pledge of peace and happiness in the labourer's Parson of the parish or the Methodist priest be something by their daily labour. Here is cut dwelling. the most "Evangelical" of the two; for it is and come again. Here is bread always for the 86. As to the act of making bread, it would be here a question of the daughter's happiness or table, Bread to carry afield; always a bunch of shocking indeed, if that had to be taught by misery for life. And I have no hesitation to say, bread, ready to put into the hand of a hungry means of books. Every woman, high or low, that if I were a labouring man, I should prefer child. We hear a great deal about "children ought to know how to make bread. If she do teaching my daughters to bake, brew, milk, make crying for bread," and objects of compassion not, she is unworthy of trust and confidence; butter and cheese, to teaching them to read the they and their parents are, when the latter have and, indeed, a mere burthen upon the community. Bible till they had got every word of it by heart; not the means of obtaining bread. But I should Yet, it is but too true, that many women, even and I should think, too, nay, I should know, that I be glad to be informed, how it is possible for a amongst those who have to get their living by was in the former case doing my duty towards labouring man, who earns, upon an average, 108. their labour, know nothing of the making of God as well as towards my children. a week, who has not more than four children, bread; and seem to understand little more about 89. When we see a family of dirty, ragged lit(and if he have more, some ought to be doing it, than the part which belongs to its consumption. tle creatures, let us inquire into the cause, and something;) who has a garden of a quarter of an Frenchman, a Mr. CUSAR, who had been born ninety-nine times out of every hundred we shall find, that the parents themselves have been and the dirty clothes, &c. should be immediately! On this, depends the good appearance of all brought up in the same way. But a conside ut into fresh cold water, and afterwards well boiled things. ration which ought of itself to be sufficient, is washed. The floor of the room should be cleans- When you have skummed well, put in some the contempt in which a husband will naturally devery day with a mop, and all discharges from cold water, which will throw up the rest of the hold a wife that is ignorant of the matters neces- the patient should be immediately removed, and scum. sary to the conducting of a family. A woman the utensils washed. The oftener it is skummed, and the cleaner the who understands all the things above mentioned, 3. Nurses and attendants should endeavour to top of the water is kept, the cleaner will be the is really a skilful person; a person worthy of avoid the patient's breath, and the vapour from meat. respect, and that will be treated with respect,ne discharges; or, when that cannot be done, It let alone, it soon boils down and sticks to the too, by all but brutish employers or brutish hus- hey should hold their breath for a short time. meat ;* which instead of looking delicately white bands; and such, though sometimes, are not They should place themselves, if possible, on that and nice,-will have that coarse filthy appearvery frequently found. Besides, if natural jus side of the bed from which the current of air ance we have too often to complain of, and the tice and our own interests, had not the weight carries off the infectious vapours. butcher and poulterer be blamed for the carewhich they have, such valuable persons will be 4. Visitors should not come near to the sick, lessness of the cook in not scumming her pot. treated with respect. They know their own nor remain with them longer than is absolutely Many put in milk, to make what they boil worth; and, accordingly, they are more careful necessary; they should not swaliow the spittle, look white; but this does more harm than good: of their character, more careful not to lessen by but should clear the mouth and nostrils when others wrap it up in a cloth-but these are misconduct the value which they possess from they leave the room. needless precautions, if the skum be attentively their skill and ability. 5. No dependance should be placed on vinegar, removed, meat will have a much more delicate 90. Thus, then, the interest of the labourer; camphor, or other supposed preventives, which, colour and finer flavour than it has when muffled his health; the health of his family; the peace without attention to cleanliness and admission of up. This may give rather more trouble-but and happiness of his home; the prospects of his fresh air, are not only useless, but by their those who wish to excel in their Art, must only children through life; their skill, their ability trong smell render it impossible to perceive consider how the processes of it can be most pertheir habits of cleanliness, and even their moral when the room is filled with bad air, or noxious fectly performed;—a cook who has a proper deportment; all combine to press upon him the vapours. pride and pleasure in her busiuess, will make this adoption and the constant practice of this branch If these rules be strictly observed, an infec- her maxim on all occasions. of domestic economy. "Can she bake ?" Istious disease will seldom, if ever be communica- Put your meat into cold water,-in the prothe question that I always put. If she can, sheted; but, if they be neglected, especially where portion of about a quart of water to a pound of is worth a pound or two a year more. Is that the patient is confined to a small room, scarcely me at:-it should be covered with water during nothing? Is it nothing for a labouring man to one person in fifty who may be exposed to it, can the whole of the process of boiling-but not make his four or five daughters worth eight or resist the contagion; even infants at the breast drowned in it-the less water, provided the meat ten pounds a year more; and that, too, while he do not escape it, though providentially less liable be covered with it, the more savoury will be the is by the same means, providing the more plenti- to be affected than adults. meat, and the better will be the broth. fully for himself and the rest of his family? The Since infection originates in close, crowded, and The water should be heated gradually-accordreasons on the side of the thing that I contend dirty rooms, those who make a practice of ad ing to the thickness, &c of the article boiled-for for are endless; but if this one motive be not mitting the fresh air, at some convenient time instance, a leg of mutton of ten pounds weight, sufficient, I am sure all that I have said, and all every day, and of frequently cleansing and fu should be placed over a moderate fire, which that I could say, must be wholly unavailing. migating their apartments, bedding, furniture, &c. will gradually make the water hot without (To be continued.) and washing the wall with quick lime, mixed causing it to boil, for about forty minutes—if the with water, in the room, may be assured they water boils much sooner, the meat will be harwill preserve their families from malignant fevers dened, and shrink up as if it was scorched-by as well as from other diseases. keeping the water a certain time heating without The process of fumigation is as follows: boiling, its fibres are dilated, and it yields a quanTake an equal quantity of powdered nitre, and tity of scum, which must be taken off as soon as it strong vitriolic acid, or oil of vitriol (about six rises. Contagion, or infection, is the communication drams of each are sufficient ;) mix them in a tea of a disease from one body to another. In some cup, stirring them occasionally with a tobacco steady fire, the water will grow continually hot"If a vessel containg water be placed over a cases it is conveyed by immediate contact or pipe, or piece of glass; the cup must be remov-ter till it reaches the limit of boiling, after which touch; in others, by infected clothes, such as ed occasionally to different parts of the room, the regular accessions of heat, are wholly spent in cotton, and particularly wool, which of all sub-and the fumes will continue to arise for several converting it into steam-the water remains at stances is the most susceptible, because it is ex hours. The oil of vitriol should be in quantity, the same pitch of temperature, however fiercely tremely porous. Contagious matter, is also, not weight.-[Tegg's Book of Utility. though we apprehend erroneously, said to be transmitted through the air, at a considerable distance, by means of effluvia arising from the sick, in which case the atmosphere, is said to be infected. GENERAL RULES FOR THE RESTORA- CONTAGION. RUDIMENTS OF COOKERY. it boils. The only difference is, that with a strong fire it sooner comes to boil, and more quickly boils away, and is converted into steam." The Editor placed a thermometer in water, in that state which cooks call gentle simmering,— Some authors have asserted, that the gout and often performed in perfection,-it does not re-strongest boiling. Two MUTTON CHOPS were coThis most simple of Culinary processes is not the heat was 212°-i. e. the same degree as the consumption are likewise contagious; but this appears to be very doubtful. It is, however, quire quite so much nicety and attendance as vered with cold water-and one boiled a gallopRoasting. To skim your pot well, and keep it and the other simmered gently for three quarters highly probable, that those diseases may be communicated by the milk of nurses. In temperate really boiling (the slower the better) all the of an hour; the flavour of the Chop which was climates, like that of Britain, there is but little while,-to know how long is required for doing simmered, was decidedly superior to that which danger of contracting them by infection, among the joint, &c and to take it up, at the critical was boiled; the Liquor which boiled fast, was adults; though, in the warmer climates of Eu-moment when it is done enough,- compre-in like proportion more savoury, and when cold, rope, it will be prudent to take the necessary however, demands a patient and perpetual vigi- why quick boiling renders meat hard, &c. behends almost the whole art and mystery. This, had much more fat on its surface; this explains precautions against such accidents. To obviate as far as possible all infection, we would recomlance, of which few persons are capable. cause its juices are extracted in a greater demend the following rules: RECKON THE TIME from its first coming to a The Cook must take especial care that the wa-gree. *If unfortunately, this should happen, the cook must carefully take it off when she dishes up, either with a clean sponge or a paste brush. t Cooks, however, as well as Doctors, disagree; for some say, that “all sorts of fresh meat should Rules to be observed in the Apartments of those who are confined by Infectious Diseases. 1. It is of the utmost importance to the sick, and their attendants, that there be a constant ad mission of fresh air into the room, and espe cially about the patient's bed. The door, or a When the Pot is coming to a boil, there will window, should therefore be kept open both day always, from the cleanest meat and clearest wa and night, care being taken to prevent the wind ter, rise a scum to the top of it: proceeding part be put in when the water boils" I prefer the from blowing directly on the patient. ly from the foulness of the meat, and partly from above method, for the reason given-gentle stewthe water,-this must be carefully taken off as ing renders meat, &c. tender, and still leaves t soon as it rises. sapid and nutritive. 2. An attention to cleanliness is indispensable. The linen of the patient should be often changed; wc. The old rule of fifteen minutes to a pound ofjlies; and I may say THE OVEN is often the only As straw is rarely permitted to be sold, being meat, we think rather too little; the slower it Kitchen a poor man has, if he wishes to enjoy a usually employed in maintaining winter stock, boils, the tenderer, the plumper, and whiter it joint of meat at home with his family. the real value of the article, to the farmer, is but I dont mean to deny the superior excellence of inconsiderable, depending upon the quantity and For those who choose their food thoroughly roasting to baking; but some joints when baked quality of the dung it produces. So little is it cooked, which all will who have any regard for so nearly approach to the same when roasted, hought necessary accurately to ascertain the their stomachs, TWENTY MINUTES TO A POUND that I have known them to be carried to the ta-value of straw, that in several cases it has been will not be found too much for gentle simmering ble, and eaten as such with great satisfaction. given by the out-going to the incoming tenant, as by the side of the fire; allowing more or less LEGS and LOINS of PORK; LEGS of MUTTON; an equivalent for the expense of harvesting, time, according to the thickness of the Joint, and FILLETS of VEAL; and many other joints, will thrashing, and marketing the last crop. It is the coldness of the weather; always remember-bake to great advantage if the meat be good; I often thought insufficient to cover even that exing the slower it boils the better. mean well fed, rather inclined to be fat; if the pense, and a farther abatement is allowed on the meat be poor, no baker can give satisfaction. When baking a joint of poor meat, before it Various Purposes to which Straw is applicable. has been half baked, I have seen it start from the The subject of feeding with straw will be betbone, and shrivel up scarcely to be believed. Besides those joints abovementioned, I shall ties of the different kinds of straw employed in ter understood by considering the specific proper enumerate a few baked dishes which I can par-feeding stock, and the rules that ought to be obticularly recommend. served when stock are fed with that material. Wheat Straw. Without some practice it is difficult to teach any art; and cooks seem to suppose, they must be right, if they put meat into a pot, and set it over the fire for a certain time,-making no al lowance, whether it simmers without a bubble, or boils a gallop. price of the grain. Fresh-killed meat will take much longer time boiling than that which has been kept till it is A PIG, when sent to the baker prepared for what the butchers call ripe,-and longer in cold baking should have its ears and tail covered with than in warm weather; if it be frozen it must buttered paper properly fastened on, and a bit of This kind of straw, from its strength, is conbe thawed before boiling as before roasting-if butter tied up in a piece of linen to baste the sidered to be peculiarly calculated both for litter it be fresh killed it will be tough and hard, if you back with, otherwise it will be apt to blister; and thatching; and indeed, wherever, the prac stew it ever so long and ever so gently. In cold with a proper share of attention from the baker, tice of cutting straw into chaff, for mixing with weather, the night before the day you dress it, I consider this way equal to a roasted one. corn for horses, prevails, wheat-straw is preferbring it into a place of which the temperature is A GOOSE prepared the same as for roasting, red. When given to cattle or horses, it is not less than 45 degrees of Fahrenheit's thermo-taking care to have it on a stand, and when half sometimes cut into chaff, and either given raw done, to turn the other side upwards. A Duck in that state, or, what is greatly preferred, steamThe Size of the BOILING POTS should be the same. ed with other food, in particular with potatoes. adapted to what they are to contain: the larger A Buttock of BEEF, the following way is parti- In order to improve wheat-straw as fodder, it the saucepan, the more room it takes up on the cularly fine. After it has been in salt about a is the practice, in some parts of England, to cut fire, and a larger quantity of water, requires a week, to be well washed and put into a brown the grain rather greener than in Scotland, which proportionate increase of fire to boil it. earthern pan with a pint of water; cover the pan preserves more of the natural juices, and conse meter. but do not over do them. In small families, we recommend BLOCK tight over with two or three thicknesses of ca or quently makes the fodder better. Some of the TIN saucepans, &c. as lightest and safest ;-if fooolscap paper; never cover any thing that is to best farmers were accustomed to cut wheat much proper care is taken of them, and they are well be baked with brown paper; the pitch and tar earlier than common in their respective districts. dried after they are cleaned, they are by far the that is in brown paper will give the meat a smo- One of these was a miller in Norfolk, who occupi cheapest; the purchase of a new tin saucepan ky bad taste-give it four or five hours in a mode-ed a large farm, where he always cut his wheat being little more than the expense of tinning a rate heated oven. several days before any one else thought of begincopper one. A HAM (if not too old) put in soak for an ning, well knowing the good consequences in the Take care that THE COVERS of your boiling hour, taken out and wiped, a crust made suffi-value of the grain. It must also be less apt to be pots fit close, not only to prevent unnecessary cient to cover it all over, and baked in a mode-injured by shaking or harvesting. evaporation of the water, but that the smoke rate heated oven; cuts fuller of gravy, and of a Oat Straw. may not insinuate itself under the edge of the finer flavour than a boiled one. I have been in lid, and give the meat a bad taste. the habit of baking small COD FISH, HADDOCK, oat is considered to be the best fodder, when giAmong the culmiferous grains, the straw of the If you let meat or poultry remain in the water and MACKEREL, with a dust of flour, and some ven uncut. It is well known, indeed, that oatafter it is done enough, it will become sodden bits of butter put on them. EELS, when large straw, during the winter season, is almost univerand loses its flavour. and stuffed. HERRINGS and SPRATS, in a brown sally given instead of hay, in all the best culti BEEF and MUTTON a little under-done (espe- pan, with vinegar and a little spice, and tied over vated counties in Scotland, during the winter cially very large joints, which will make the bet- with paper. All these I have been in the habit months, though that of peas and beans is certainter Hash or Broil) is not a great fault; by some of baking for the first families. ly preferred where both are grown. people it is preferred; but Lamb, Pork, and The time each of the above articles should In some districts farmers cut oats in the straw Veal, are uneatable if not thoroughly boiled-take depends much upon the state of the oven, into a species of fodder, which is called "cut and I do not consider the baker a sufficient meat." This is given not only to horses, but to A TRIVET, or Fish drainer, put on the bottom judge;-if they are sent to him in time, he must cattle, especially fattening cattle. It is thought of the boiling pot, raising the contents about an be very neglectful, if they are not ready at the to give not only fatness but a fineness of skin to all inch and a half from the bottom, will prevent time they are ordered. that side of the meat which comes next the bottom from being done too much,—and the lower part of the meat will be as delicately done as the If well harvested, this straw forms a very other part; and this will enable you to take out hearty and nutritious kind of food for cattle in the the Contents of the pot, without sticking a fork, Value of different kinds of Straw. winter season. Both oxen and horses, when &c. into it. If you have not a trivet, use four The intrinsic value of straw must vary mate-duly supplyed with oats, in proportion to the skewers, or a soup-plate laid the wrong side up-rially, according to its leading properties, the work they have to execute, thrive well on it; quantity of manure into which it may be con- and the reduced parts, or what is termed in Eng Take care of the LIQUOR you have boiled verted by littering, or its fitness to be employed land the coving-chaff, is found valuable, as a poultry or meat in; in Five Minutes you may as thatch, these being the chief uses to which it manger food, for the labouring teams; when make it into excellent soup. is applicable; but, in general, its price depends blended with other substances, it is probable The GOOD HOUSEWIFE never boils a joint with- on its vicinity to large towns. It is only in sihat, in particular cases, the stems might be cut out converting the broth into some sort of Soup. tuations where foreign manure can be procured into chaff with advantage; but when made use If the liquor be too salt, only use half the quan- easily, and at a cheaper rate than by converting of in these methods, it should be used as fresh as tity, and the rest water; wash salted meat well the straw raised upon the farm into dung, that possible after being thrashed. A mixture of with cold water before you put it into the boiler. the sale of straw is ever permitted. bean straw, (which by itself is rather dry,) and of peas-haum, which is sweet and nourishing, makes BAKING. excellent foder. The following observations were given to us by a respectable baker. wards. BAKING is one of the cheapest, and most convenient ways of dressing a dinner in small fami IMPORTANCE OF STRAW IN HUSBANDRY. Straw is generally dearer in London and its neighbourhood, than in any other part of the kingdom. It is sold there by the load, which consists of 36 trusses, of 36 lbs. each, or 12,196 lbs. in all. Two loads of wheat-straw per acre are reckoned a tolerable crop. sorts of stock. Bean-Straw. But though this straw, more especially when n.xed with peas-haum, is of great value as fodler to the working stock of the farm, it does not suit well with riding-horses, as it is apt to hurt 96 their wind. In some horses, both bean-straw, ry, sulphur and opium, through the pores of the der, Republican, Newell, Homer, President, and peas-haum are apt to occasion colic pains, or skin; and with more safety and expedition than William Walker, Farmer, Hotspur, Marktime, the disease which is provincially called botts, pro- through the medium of the stomach. The Ger-Spy, two Eclipses, Cantelope, Cornucopia, two bably occasioned by flatulency. For this disease, man physicians pretend to have performed won-Rising Suns, Venus, Superintendent, Sullivan, about half an ounce, or a table spoonful of lau-derful cures in this way. Hippocrates is said to Whale, Chili, Driver, Minerva, two Horns of have mentioned the idea in his works. Plenty, William, Sir Henry, American Star, danum, is found to be a good remedy. Yacht, Hornet, Whitehall, Mygatt, La Fayette, Rambler, Schenectady, Calvin, and Lark. Our sister city, Albany, now exhibits all the bustle of business so familiar to the citizens of Tare-Straw or Hay. A letter from Paris received at Washington, This is an article strongly recommended by some farmers; for when the land has been dung-states it as nearly certain, that the Marquis de ed, and the seed good, the produce is considera-la Fayette will visit America before the close of ble. The crop should be cut as soon as the blos-the present year. soms begin to fall off, or the pods to form, and the whole converted into hay-tares require a great deal of sun to cure, and rain is very injurious to them. It would be a good plan to mix them with dry straw, which would improve both. New York. DER OF THE STATE. Washington Irving's "Tales of a Traveller" PUBLISHED IN THE AMERICAN FARMER, BY ORwas in press at our last dates from London, and is expected to arrive here by the first vessel after the Canada. growth. Domestic Growth not Re-in Total. spected. 181 181 A report of the tobacco inspected at and delivered from Queen Anne Inspection Warehouse during the quarter, commencing on the 5th day of Dr. Mitchell received, a few days ago, a va- January, in the year eighteen hundred and twentyRules regarding the consumption of Straw in luable collection of seed, from General Wilkin-four and ending on the fith day of April, in the feeding Cattle. son, in Mexico, and immediately presented them year eighteen hundred and twenty-four. Straw is much used in the feeding of Cattle in to the Horticultural Society, for culture and disBesides the valuable articles for Scotland; and there can be no doubt, that oxen tribution. will feed well on straw and turnips, if the straw fields and gardens, there are some parcels of the be good. It is recommended, in all cases, that Zapote, the Chirimalla, the Avocate, the Mam-Number inspected. for a month or six weeks after a bullock is put mea, and other delicious fruits of the Tropic. to turnips, straw only should be given with them: The grains of the maize or Indian corn, are re-Number deBut in the more advanced stages of fattening, markable for their colours and figures; and there hay is so much superior, that it should if possi is an exceedingly curious ear, with purpleish, ble, be supplied. It is certain, at the same time, acuminated, and cinbricated grains, from the that hay is a very expensive food for stock, and castle of the unfortunate Montezuma, about three ought to be saved as much as possible where it miles from the city of Mexico! can prudently be done. It is well known that a full allowance of turnips and straw, during the It is stated, that more than a hundred thousand winter months, will fatten better, than a small passengers have been carried in the steam-boats allowance of hay in place of the straw. In the Fulton and Connecticut, in the course of the spring, hay, which retains its nutritive juices last nine years, through the Sound, and not a longer than straw, is much more valuable, both for fattening stock and feeding horses; and it is person has been killed or hurt from any defect two hundred for one, instead of two hundred per cent. therefore the practice to reserve hay for about Editorial Correspondence. DEAR SIR, 29th May, 1824. of We have lately had some extraordinary weather for the season-this morning the thermometer at 7 A. M. stood at 47, and at 3 P. M. rose only to 66 this day week it stood at 86 at 3 P. M. Öne of my neighbours is convinced he saw frost early this morning. Wheat and corn look well, but cotton is dying away very much. Very respectfully, Trans-Atlantic Shepherds.-The Charleston Courier announces the arrival of a Shepherd, from the mountains of Thuringia, in Germany, accompanied by a Shepherdess, and Shepherd's Dogs. They are gone to the plantation of Col. Breith aupt, in Edgefield, who is about establishing a considerable Sheep Walk, for which the pine wood range is peculiarly well calculated. NORFOLK, May 29. livered. WATKINS & HARWOOD, Inspectors. ERRATUM.-In the last number of the American Far mer, page 86, the quotation from Niehbur, should have been THE FAR TER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, JUNE 11, 1824. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE-careful- nah 85 56-Do. Wharf $5 624-Corn Meal, per bbl. $2-Wheat, white, $1 18 to $1 20-Do. Red, $1 14 to $1 16-Corn, yellow, 33 cts.-Do. white, 29 cts.-Rye, pr bush. 41 cts.-Oats, 25 to 31 cts. -B. E. Peas, 55 cents.-White Beans, $1Whiskey, 27 cts-Apple Brandy, 40 cts-Peach Destruction of the Crops by the Caterpillar. Ditto 62 to 75 cts.-Herrings, No. 1, $2 31A letter from a friend in Hertford county, N. No. 2, $2 06-Ditto Old, No. 1, $1 50-C. to the Editors, gives the following account Ditto Ditto No. 2, 81 25--Shad, trimmed, $6 of the ravages made by the Caterpillars in the 75-Do. Untrimmed, $5 75-Ginseng, 30 cts.wheat, and corn crops: Linseed Oil, 65 cents.-Clover Seed, $3 50 The breeders of fine horses, will be gratified "Our wheat crops have been much injured by to 3 75 per bushel-Flax Seed, rough, 75 to learn, that the celebrated mare Lady Rich-the caterpillars; report says that some have been cts.-Timothy, Do. 82 50-Hay, per ton, $10mond, owned by Mr. S H. Herrick, of Hyde cut off about one half. The oldest persons in Flax, 9 cts.-Candles, Mould, 12 cts.-Soap, 7 Park, has recently produced a filley by Duroc; the county never saw them in such quantities cts.--Pork, Mess, $15-Ditto Prime, $12and it is pronounced by competent judges, that before, and I forbear to mention the quantities Butter, 7 cts. to 14 cts.-Lard, 8 cts.-Bacon, this is, in all respects, the finest colt in the state. I have seen myself, lest you should question my 8 cts-Leather, Best Sole, 24 to 27 cts.—Feaveracity. After going through my wheat and thers, 35 cts. Cotton sails and leather bottoms will in a short eating every thing which they could eat, inclu time be substituted for hemp and copper. We ding many of the heads, (and all are eaten more have seen almost satisfactory evidence in favor of or less,) in despite of the united exertions of all the change. Economy and durability is certainly my hands for ten days, ditching and ploughing in favor of cotton and leather, if correct conclu-deep furrows and brushing and killing them, sions have been drawn from recent experiments they ate about forty acres of my corn, which was nearly knee high !" No alteration in the prices of Tobacco since last report. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Address of the Washington Agricultural Society of East Tennessee-Paper of the Agricultural Society of the Valley, No. V-The Diseases of Domestic Animals and their cure On Swine-On Caterpillars-On Peach Trees The French and German physicians are adopt The names of the Canal Boats that arrived-The University of Virginia-Bread Making-General ing the remedy of Gaseous Baths in all cases diseases of the skin, and all chronic affection and departed from Albany, in ONE DAY, on Rules for the Restoration and Preservation of Health—-tudiments of Cookery-Importance of Straw in HusbandryBaths of a similar nature have been establishe the 30th ult. wereExtract from the Editor's Correspondence, dated LewisThe Saran, Dolphin, Permit, Greyhound, ville (S. C.) May 29-Items of News-Traus- antic in London by an eminent British Surgeon. They are upon the principle of administering medicine Mermaid, Pirate, Fox, two Wasps Wilful, Shepherds-Destriction of the crops by the caterpillarof many sorts, but particularly chlorine, mercu Murder, Perseverance, Industry, York, Tra-j Tobacco Report-Prices Current, &c. No. 13.-VOL. 6. AGRICULTURE. PAPERS AMERICAN FARMER.-BALTIMORE, JUNE 18, 1824. Read at the last meeting of the Agricultural Soci ety of the Valley, and by order of said Soci-! ety, communicated for publication in the American Farmer. No. VI. 97 were planted with four rows of potatoes for the in plaster, they were ploughed in on the top of After the corn was out of the ground six or had from thirty to forty bushels per acre-then eight inches, it was lightly ploughed both ways, in the fall, turned back the sod and manured it, one furrow in a row, dressed out with a hoe and sowed it with wheat as before stated, and have plastered on the hill five pecks to the acre. Af- had from forty to forty-five bushels per acre.ter two or three weeks it was ploughed and hoed The third season, have taken a crop from eighty COMMUNICATION from Earl Stimson, Esq. as before, without disturbing the sod, and suck to one hundred bushels of corn per acre-and the President of the Agricultural Society of Sara- ered before hoeing, leaving three or four stalks in fourth, stocked it down with barley. This I have toga County, in New York, on the management a hill. The potatoes were hoed at the same found a good course when my ground was in heart of his farm. time with the corn-the first time, the tops were so that it would answer to take from it four crops Tilling my land with hired hands, I found on covered about an inch, and the hill left flat-the of grain before stocking with grass. With this posting my account, was running me in debt instead second time, the tops were spread apart with mode of husbandry, as will appear from followof being a source of profit. This induced me to the hoe, and about the same quantity of dirt ap- ing out the above calculations, my land has affordtry some other method, and after several experi- plied on the hills as before. The whole of this ed me a handsome profit. ments, having for their object the economy of la- expense including the manure and interest of the bour, the procuring and application of manure, thirty-six dollars, did not exceed nineteen dollars Transactions of the Agricultural Society of Aland the rotation of crops the following has and a half per acre. proved the most successful. of the whole. crops. This bemarle, VIRGINIA-communicated for publication in the American Farmer. In the first place, I drew a plan on paper, arIn the fall I gathered on an average from sixty Copy of a letter from Col. Thomas M. Ranranging the land into square and convenient lots to seventy bushels of corn per acre fit for the crib, containing from five to ten acres, having an eye which, at that time, was worth fifty-six or sixty dolph, to the Secretary of the Agricultural Soci[Read May 10, 1824.] to the convenience of water for each field, and to cents per bushel. After the corn was harvested ety of Albemarle. I have the honour to lay before the Agricultuthe transportation of its produce to the barn the hills were harrowed with a two horse drag. where it was to be housed; but with no regard to In the spring I ploughed it just deep enough to ral Society of Albemarle, a fresh specimen of a species of Vetch, which I have observed for the unevenness of the surface, or the presence of turn up the old sod, which had become a fine vespringy land. This land cost about twenty-eight getable mould for a spring crop, and after har several years in its natural growth-and which I dollars per acre. I commenced fitting the lots rowing the furrows down, sowed it with barley, am induced, by what I have seen, to believe may and continued year after year in succession. The washed in strong brine, and rolled in plaster about ultimately prove a valuable acquisition to the management of one may be taken as a specimen two and a half bushels of seed per acre, harrow husbandry of an elevated, uneven, and stony ed it, and before cross harrowing, it was seeded country like that we inhabit. In a temperate I removed the rubbish at an expense of about with four pounds of the large red clover seed, and and dry region of the atmosphere, I have con$2 per acre. The loose stones were then removthree quarts of timothy. After the barley was stantly found it so far advanced before the end of ed, and with posts and rails placed into perma broad cast with plaster, five or six pecks per out of the ground one or two inches, it was sowed April, as to be in that stage of its growth at which it might be most profitably pulled, for nent fence, at an average expense of $6 per acre. This expense added to the first cost of the land, acre, and rolled down to pulverize the lumps and it does not need cutting, to teed horses and oxen, makes an average of $36 per acre, excepting re smooth the surface for mowing. The expense of both of which eat it willingly enough. pairs of buildings, when the land was fit for til- this crop was not to exceed ten dollars per acre; specimen is far less forward than common, yet lage. I then arranged my barn yards a little dish an average produce 40 bushels per acre, worth the pods upon it are nearly full grown now. It was found growing in fresh land, poor and stony, ing, where it was convenient, for making and 62 cents per bushel. I took from this ground preserving manure-I drew into them in the fall the two succeeding years from 24 to 3 tons of hay facing the East and sheltered on the West side. It grows luxuriantly in a forest of oak and chesa quantity of turf and dirt from the knoles around per acre. In this way the land was cleansed, enmy buildings, and the adjacent roads, and yarded riched, and prepared for a further rotation of nut on a high and dry ridge, but is more abundant about the fences and edges of fields farmy stock upon it during the winter. This course thest from water, near which I have never yet I pursued for a few years, until my crops so in The second rotation.-The sod was turned over observed it. Like the other vetches it abounds creased as to furnish me with manure in a suffi- the last of August or first of September, manured in seed, and is highly nutricious to all herbivocient quantity to give each of my lots a slight coat and rolled down as in the first instance. About rous animals when the pods are, as the gardenonce in five or six years. In the spring it was the 15th September, I sowed it with red chaff ers say, in the green-pea state. It is by no means thrown into small piles in the yard. In the fall bearded wheat, one and a half bushels per acre, as succulent as the winter vetch of Europe, which commenced ploughing with a good and faithful and harrowed it in. The seed was prepared by is now naturalized with us towards the coast, and ploughman, who turned over the sod about three washing it clean in a strong brine made with salt, may be found in Albemarle, at this time, by a inches in depth, and from eight to ten inches in and immediately rolled in lime, and I let it lie Botanist, from September until the following width. The dry part was back furrowed into moist twenty four hours to prevent smut and in-June; although unquestionably, exotic and adlands of twelve paces, and the wet into lands sect. In the fore part of May, five or six pecks ventitious. This plant, like the winter vetch, from five to six paces wide, leaving a deep dead of plaster were sowed broad cast to the acre- has what the Botanists call a perennial root furrow to answer the purpose of a drain. I spread The expense of this crop including manure, was like Lucerne, which has not a regular terminaover it from six to eight three horse loads of ma- about $16 per acre-the produce from thirty-five tion by age, after having blossomed twice as red nure per acre; and on the driest and most barren to forty bushels per acre, worth one dollar and clover, for the most part has. It does not, like I have added three or four loads of old leeched twenty-five cents per bushel. the winter vetch, make any shew above ground ashes-rolled it down with a roller five feet long, Late in the fall or early in the spring, I turned during cold weather, but makes its appearance at and twenty inches in diameter. This was done up the old sod, harrowed and planted it to corn. any time with a day or two of genial temperato pulverize the lumps, and settle the manure and Tilled as before mentioned, except the barn yard túre, and then disregards frost, being naturally of land together. manure-the expense about fourteen dollars per an uncommon firm texture in its stalk for a plant This I have done both in the spring and fall.-acre-had from eighty to a hundred bushels per of a genus so remarkable for succulence as the The spring I have found the best time, but not so acre, worth forty-four cents per bushel. vetches. It is, most probably, I think, of the convenient for carting manure. About the tenth In the fall or early in the spring, I harrowed same species with the Vicia Sylvatica of Euof May it was well dragged or ploughed, with a down the hills, and in the spring prepared and rope, but yet, an American plant, and was found one horse plough; if ploughed it was harrowed sowed it with some spring crop suitable to stock by Michaux in Canada. This plant does not down, and if it was wet and springy it was cast down-sowed and rolled as before stated, pro-answer the description given by any of the Bointo small ridges, by throwing two furrows to duced from 50 to 60 bushels, if barley, from 25 to tanists of the Vicia Caroliniana, or Dumetorum, gether at a distance of two and a half feet from 35, if spring wheat, and from 70 to 80, if oats, or the Pairiflora, which is also to be found in the centre of the ridges, but without disturbing from 5 to 6 hundred pounds if flax per acre; and our mountains: nor yet that of the Ciacca of the sod; then crossed marked at the same dis- afterwards, for two or three years, from three and Europe, to which it comes much nearer than to tance. About the fifteenth or twentieth of May, a half to four tons of hay, or pasture in that pro-any except Sylvatica. It is a vetch with long it was planted with eight rowed yellow corn, portion per acre. Some seasons instead of sowing flower stalks, as long as the leaf-stalks, bearing twelve quarts to the acre, wet in a pickle made wheat on the soil in the fall, I have turned it over numerous thick set, sky blue and white flowers, of six ounces of saltpetre, two quarts of boiling in the spring, rolled and harrowed it, and sowed placed somewhat in an imbricated reflex position, water, one gill of tar. This pickle was applied it with three bushels of small or three and a half leaves elliptical, obruse astipulae smooth edged; to the seed boiling hot, which immediately was bushels of large white peas to the acre. After stipulis semis agittatis aut lunatis integris, caull rolled in plaster and planted. The head lands they had been washed in strong brine, and rolled sulcato aut subtetragono; which latter characVOL. 6.-13. |