Domestic Economy. ON THE STRUCTURE OF CARRIAGE Internal Improvements. possible to keep so vast a territory as theirs united under one Government. But it is forgotten, that extent of the territory is a bar to political union, cult; and that with the rapid and easy means of in The Luzerne Committee of Correspondence, only as it renders communications slow and diffirelative to the improvement of the Susquehanna, respectfully present the annexed statement to the tercourse which the rail-way affords, New York, notice of the Postmaster of Baltimore. ZAV. CIST, DAVID SCOTT, EBENEZER BOWMAN, E. CAREY. Wilksbarre, Feb. 14, 1825. Comparison of the great Routes proposed to unite (To the Editor of the American Farmer.) Sir,-An enquirer in your last number, wishes to know the reason why the axletrees of carriages are sloped from the shoulders to the ends, on the upper and hinder sides, and not on the lower and front parts; and observes that he has "often talked to workmen on the subject, but never could obtain any reasonable or satisfactory justification of their practice; only that they were sure that it was right, &c." The wheels are certainly nearer to each other at the lower and fore No. 1.-New York, by her grand canal-lockparts, than at the upper and hinder parts. The age 655 feet-Distance 506 miles. great advantage of this form of the axletree is, No. 2.*-The National Route, from the mouth that the wheels have a constant tendency towards of the Susquehanna, by Harrisburg, Wilkesbarre, the shoulders, so much so, that a carriage well Newtown, Seneca Lake, to Lake Erie-lockhung, will run without linchpins until some ob-age 1593 feet-Distance 511 miles. struction forces the wheel outwards. The weight No. 3.-Philadelphia, by Schuylkill, Harris the ATLANTIC with the GREAT LAKES. New Orleans, and Colombia river, though distant, respectively, from two thousand to three thousand miles, will be politically and morally nearer to one another than London and Edinburgh were a century ago. Free governments, in ancient times, were necessarily small, because they depend on union of sentiment, in the mass of the people; and one citizen would not then know the opinion of another at thirty miles distance. But made it easier to unite twenty millions of men in the post, the press, and the stage coach, have a common cause, in our days, than it was to unite the fiftieth part of the number in the days of Philip of Macedon. And with the means of communication, we are likely soon to possess, we think, the one hundred and fifty millions who will inhabit North America, next century, will be more completely one people, than the inhabitants indeed to think, that at the moment when the giof France or Britain at this day. It is pleasing gantic republicks of the new world are starting into existence, the inventive genius of man is The great object of your Society, is to obtain No. 5.-From Washington City, by Potomac creating new, moral, and mechanical powers to practical knowledge, and although those work- river and Cumberland, to Lake Erie-lockage cement, and bind their vast and distant members men with whom your enquirer "talked on the 4833 feet-Distance 559 miles. together, and to give the human race the benesubject, could never give him any reasonable or No. 6.-From Philadelphia, by the Union canal, But we ought not to overlook the additional secufits of a more extended and perfect civilization. satisfactory justification of their practice," yet I Juniata to Alleghany, and thence to Lake Erie. will venture to say, that the universal practice of (The Alleghany is estimated by Darby at 2500 rity, which an opulent and highly improved counbuilders of carriages of all kinds, is more to be feet above tide; Lake Erie is 565)-the total try will in future derive from the facility of its internal means of communication. Were a forrelied on than the theory of Ferguson. lockage would be 4410 feet, and the distance, eign enemy, for instance, to invade England, 500 Feb. 14, 1825. steam wagons could convey 50,000 armed men in * Nearly 200 miles of this route, (including week, it would be easy by the same means, to one day to the point assailed; and within one the Seneca Lake) may be considered as finished, collect two or three hundred thousand men to one and an application for a canal from Newtown to Sir,-A gentleman of this State saw, and was Seneca, is now before the Legislature of New spot, all quite fresh and fit for action. much pleased with a horse saw-mill in Philadel- York: when this section is completed, there will phia, used for sawing the timber composing the be. but 826 feet of lockage to overcome, and a arks, which bring down the Lehigh coal. He distance of 278 miles to be made. bears most on the strongest part of the axletree, burg, Wilkesbarre, Seneca Lake, to Lake Erie A FARMER. HORSE SAW-MILL. To the Editor of the American Farmer. -Distance 436 miles. about 600 miles. seemed to think, that if a small pair of burr stones That is, after a tunnel 440 feet below the sum- LISH PAPERS RECEIVED AT THE OFFICE OF THE From the Farmer's Journal. ON STORING MANGEL WURTZEL. Surrey, Oct. 15, 1824. Sir,-Not perceiving that any of your correspondents has given to your inquirer Mm. (in your Journal of Sept. 27) any answer as to the cheapest and best mode of storing mangel wurtzel, (your correspondent in the Journal of the 11th inst. having only stated the proper mode of stacking it in yards, when carted home,) I take the liberty of detailing to you a mode which I have found the distance of two miles from my homestead, in a light, mellow, sandy soil. Whether the same mode would equally succeed in a stiff clay, should much doubt. mit me to ask your insertion of a request, that MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS, FROM LATE ENGMr. Elliot, who makes them, would furnish the American Farmer with a specification of his sawmill, and grist mill in addition; and to add, that I do so in consequence of gentlemen asking me to obtain information on the subject, to whom I gave the above named individual account of it as IRON RAIL ROADS, AND THE STEAM cheap and effectual for storing a crop, grown at well as my conviction, that if known here, they would (I am almost tempted to say) become general. S. Carolina, Feb. 8, 1825. AMPHICON. THE SILK WORM. From the Scotsman. COACH. I When the steam coach is brought fully into use, practice will teach us many things respecting it, of which theory leaves us ignorant. With the fa- In the month of November, I caused my mancilities for rapid motion, for which it will afford, gel wurtzel roots to be drawn; the persons emhowever, we think we are not too sanguine, in ployed, after drawing them, grasped, as nearly J. F. Dufour, Esq. of Vevay, Indiana, proposes expecting to see the present extreme rate of trav- as they could judge, half the foliage of a root in to introduce there, the rearing of the Silk Worm, elling doubled. We shall then be carried at the one hand, and half in the other, and forcing their and with that view, has written to the Editor of rate of 400 miles a day, with all the ease we now hands in opposite directions, tore off the leaves the American Farmer, to procure him a few hun-enjoy in the steam boat, but without the annoy-in two halves, leaving the crown or bud of the dred of the eggs of the silk worm. For the bet-ance of sea sickness, or the danger of being burn- root unhurt, (the leaves were afterwards collectter accomplishment we submit the following ex-ed or drowned. It is impossible to anticipate the ed and carted home for cows and pigs.) If either tract from his letter, and shall be much indebted effects of such an extraordinary facility of com- the tops or the tails are cut off, they do not keep to any gentleman who will enable us to fulfil his munication, when generally introduced. From so well. The men then threw the roots on the request:Calais to Petersburgh, or Constantinople, for in-ground, to the right and left, leaving an open "The eggs are generally laid by the butterfly stance, would be but a journey of 5 days; and the space free from roots and leaves, for the operaon paper, a piece of the paper to which they ad- tour of Europe might be accomplished in a short- tion of ploughing. I next split a six-furrow ridge, here being carefully folded with a little raw cot-er time than our grand-fathers took to travel to ploughing as deep as my plough could go, and ton between the folds, and wrapt up likewise in London and home again.-The Americass with twice in a place; and when I came to the centre, raw cotton, might be enclosed in the form of a their characteristic ardor for improvement, are I caused the plough to pass three times up and letter and forwarded by mail. Any reasonable now collecting information about rail-ways, and down the central furrow, making it as deep and charge which may be made for them, will be re-locomotive machines in England. And to them wide as, by that process, I could effect. I then mitted by mail, together with the thanks of your these inventions will prove of inestimable value. employed persons to throw all the roots which bedient servant, JOHN F. DUFOUR." -Some persons doubt for instance, whether it is 'lay sufficiently near for a man to throw them, from the right and the left, into that trench or the parish church of St. Margaret, Westminster, and not incrusted with a white chalky substance, furrow; and after that, I sent a person along the according to the will of Mrs. Joan Barnett, com- it is a proof that it is free from some of the perfurrow to dispose the roots smoothly and hori- monly called "the oatmeal woman." She left to nicious ingredients generally used by bakers in zontally therein. I then reversed the furrows on twenty poor widows of that parish, 40s. per an- the adulteration of bread.-Medical Adviser. the roots with a plough; again passing the plough num each for ever; 20s. for a sermon to be preach- The match between Lord Althorp and C. Hilltwice in a place, ploughing the central furrows ed annually on the 4th of November; 208. to the yard, Esq. for the best and cleanest crop of ten as deep as I possibly could, in order to raise the overseers of the parish for a treat, and one of acres of Swedish turnips, has been decided in faridge as high in the middle as possible, and ma- the dishes at the entertainment, in memory of your of Lord Althorp's crop, on Northumberland king the furrows shallower at the two outsides, her, is always to be an oatmeal pudding; and half ridges, at 29 inches asunder. I then used a simple machine, a triangle, compo- a-crown to the clerk, and half-a-crown to the sexsed of three elm boards, of one inch thick, ten ton. ton. cwt. lbs. . 21 13 24 20 00 10 Weight per acre of Lord Althorp's or twelve inches wide, and about four feet long; M. Fortual states, that all the children to whom crop, on the board which formed the base, were fixed he administered sulphur were protected from Ditto of Mr. Hillyard's, wo staples, to which I hung on the two chain measles at a time when this disease was epidemic. They were weighed without the roots and tops. traces of one horse; and on each side of the apex The following is the formula which he prescrib-Had the season been kind for the sowing, at the or point of the machine, were affixed two com-ed:-Take of sulphur, half an ounce; sugar, in latter end of May, a greater weight would have mon plough handles, at a convenient distance powder, a dram; mix. Take, twice or thrice a been produced. from each other, for a man to hold. One person, day, half a teaspoonful of the powder; and conled the horse, and another held the machine, tinue it during the prevalence of the epidemic.which was made to pass first along one side of the Journal des Pratischen Heilkunde, &c.-(From ridge, and then to return along the other side; the Medical Repository.) and by depressing the outward end of the base of Thursday night, a little after ten o'clock, a man the triangle into the utermost furrow, and eleva- threw himself off the centre arch of the Southting the interior end, a sharp ridge of sandy soil wark Bridge. On the alarm being given, James was raised along the central line immediately Harrison, a waterman, with another person, imover the roots, and a smooth and regular slope mediately put off in a boat; but could not diswas formed, descending from the ridge to the cover the body of the unfortunate man. They, lateral furrows. The first heavy storm that fell however, brought on shore with them his hat, beat down the sand to such a firm surface, as to which they found floating; in the inside of which throw off the bulk of the rain-water that after-was written, "J. Clayton, 5, Swan court, Gravelwards fell on it to the exterior furrows; and when lane." The Ship Columbus.-The following is an extract from the books of the Custom-house respecting the ship Columbus:-The Columbus, Quebec, W. Mackellar, 3690, Blackwall, Martin. 41 pieces oak timber, Gillespie & Co. pine ditto, 3,253 54,854 staves and headings, 56 pieces timber, ditto. ditto. ditto. Caldwell & Co. Gillespie & Co. Part of the cargo was thrown out in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. COMMERCIAL.-Liverpool, Jan. 7, 1825. I opened the ridges in March following, not a A Great Match.-Mr. Lipscomb, the equestri- In handing you my annual circular, I would beg root was injured by the frost: but it ought to be an, who last month rode eight horses 92 miles in leave particularly to call your attention to the imremarked, that while I was engaged in burying four hours and a half, for 200 sovereigns, started portant fact of the stock of Cotton remaining on the roots, a heavy storm came on; and I perse at Hyde-park corner, early on Saturday morning, hand in Great Britain at the close of 1824, being vered in burying one or two rows of roots after the 6th instant, to go 90 miles in five hours upon smaller than it has been at any period since the year they were thoroughly wet. These roots, when eight horses. It was a heavy betting match, at 1817: in Liverpool alone, there is a total decrease opened in spring, were alone, of all the crop, all six to four on time, but it was a propitious day for of stock of 140,000 bags, of which 127,000 bags black and rotten; but those which were buried the undertaking. The stakes were 500 sove-are of United States cotton, and at the same time in dry weather, were almost every root sound It reigns, and the ground was to the 64 mile stone the consumption of this article has greatly inis therefore important to bury them in dry weath on the Bath road, and 26 miles back, a mile on creased, being estimated at 11,660 bags per week, er. I ought to add, that when I took them up, the London side Reading. The first horse went (as stated below) against 11,160 in 1823. ploughed back the furrows from the central ridge 12 miles in 38 minutes 14 seconds; the second By the annexed table it will be seen, that the as deep as I could go, till the ploughshare came horse did nine miles in 29 minutes 33 seconds; total import into Great Britain in 1824 has been nearly in contact with the roots, and then I rais- the third horse went to Twyford, Berks, 13 miles 540,600 bags, against 668,400 in 1823, showing a ed them with a three pronged fork, and consu in 41 minutes 27 seconds; the fourth horse per-decrease of 127,800 bags: from the United States med them with sheep on the place of growth, as formed 12 miles in 37 minutes 29 seconds; the alone there has been a deficiency of 165,840, but the occasions of my ewes and lambs required; fifth, 13 miles in 41 minutes 57 seconds; sixth, on the other hand there has been an increase and never saw I a better crop of oats, nor a more eight miles in 28 minutes 14 seconds; seventh did from the Brazils and from Egypt; from the latfull and splendid plant of saintfoin under them, 13 miles in 44 minutes 37 seconds; the last horse, ter this increase has been 28190 bags, and our nor two finer crops of saintfoin hay in the first and the fastest of the eight, had only to perform supplies during the present year from that coun succeeding summer, than those which on a thin 10 miles in 38 minutes 29 seconds, and he did it try are expected to be large, though probably not Surrey Down succeeded this treatment. cleverly in 32 minutes, winning by six minutes and to the extent anticipated by many; at any rate it With the practice of stacking the roots in stall, the seconds. will require a much larger import from all parts, and at home, the culture of mangel wurtzel must The value of the steam-engine to this country than from present appearances we are likely to necessarily be confined to a very small space near may be estimated from calculations which shew receive, to make up the deficiency in the import the homestead: If a cheap and practicable plan that the steam engines in England represent the of last year. From the beginning of the year unof storing the roots at a distance from home be power of 320,000 horses, which is equal to that til the month of June, Cotton varied but little in adopted, they may be grown on any part of any of 1,920,000 men; which being in fact managed price, but from that time until the end of Septemlight land farm, to the comfort and enriching of by 36,000 men only, add actually to the power of ber, it declined, even in the face of a continual Hundreds. our population 1,884,000 men. diminution in the import, until early in October, I am, Sir, your obedient servant, Mr. Atkins's Menagerie of Wild Beasts has when, in consequence of reports of injury to the A SURREY FARMER. been exhibiting at Windsor, during the whole of growing crops having been received, some specuthe last week. Three fine cubs, the progeny of lation took place, and these accounts having been Brutality chastised.-The attention of the pas- a lion and tigress, have attracted some hundreds confirmed by every subsequent arrival, prices sengers was arrested in the Strand, near South of spectators, being the only instance of the kind have continued to improve, and the year closed ampton-street, on Wednesday, by two ruffians, that ever occurred. They have the hinder-parts with an advance on the Prices Current of the 1st in dirty garbs, offending in the most outrageous of a tiger, and the head and fore parts of a lion. October of 2d. per lb. on Uplands, 14d. on Ormanner, every female they met. A gentleman- Two of them are quite white, and the other strip-leans and Alabama, and from 1d. a 14d on other like young man remonstrated, when one of the ed. They are all likely to do well, noth with- descriptions. On the 1st of the present month ruffians struck him, and was immediately knock- standing the tigress will not suckle, nor suffer the stock in this place was ascertained, and as it ed down by the gentleman, who was stated to be them to approach her. They are suckled by a proved much lighter than was expected, an ima Mr. Finch. The other fellow rushed upon him, bitch. His Majesty, being apprised of the above mediate and animated demand commenced at an when Mr. Finch hit him in the mouth, and drop- singular occurrence, has been pleased to signify advance of 3d., which has been followed up with ped him. The gentleman threw his coat into a his intention of seeing them. a further improvement of d. on Uplands, Or shop, and in three rounds completely punished the To detect Adulteration in Bread.-The follow- leans, and Alibamas, making an advance in those ruffian for his barbarity, and lay on the ground ing simple experiment to ascertain whether bread descriptions of 14 per 5. within three days, and thoroughly beaten The other ruffian escaped be made of proper materials is within the reach the sales within that short time have been 22800 after the populace had done with him. of every one:-Heat a knife, and plunge it in the bags of all sorts: the demand continues good Thursday, the annual sermon was preached at loaf: if the blade, when drawn out, appear bright, the advance above stated is readily obta 1 From the above facts, it may reasonably be pre- for the superiority between the Short-horned and 2850 East India, 640 Other sorts,820 ་་ ་་ ་ 148200 66 66 66 BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, MARCH 4, 1825. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE. Flour, from the wagons, $475-Susquehannah do. $4.62-White Wheat, 95 to $1.05-Red do. 90 to 95-Corn, white, 32 cents-Yellow, do. 35 2 to 37 cts.-Hay, per ton, $8-Corn Beef, 7 cts.Mutton, 8 cents-Beef, prime pieces, 8 to 10 cts. 5 5-Hams, 10 to 12 cents-Middlings, 8 to 10 cts.Butter, 20 to 25 cents-Cheese, 8 to 10 cents. No sales of Tobacco since our last report. 2 Sir C. Morgan, £10 10 | S. Homfray Esq. £5 5 American, 7350 bs. p. wk. are 382200 bs. pr. ar.n. J. Haffenden, Esq. 5 5 | J. Hutchinson, Esq. 2 2 Brazil, Rev. H. Berry, 2 2 Sir H. C. Ibbotson, Bart. R. Lascelles, Esq. 3 3 Chas. Hanbury TraR. F. Jenner, Esq. 1 1| cey, Esq. SWEEPSTAKES of Ten Guineas each, for the best yearling Heifer of any breed, the property of the subscribers; the age to be particularly specified, in order that every allowance may be made by the Judges. Sir C. MORGAN, 11660 bags pr. week 606320 bs. pr. ann. The sales of Tobacco last month in Liverpool have been 930 hhds. and those of the year 9640, viz. 3380 Virginia Leaf, 3825 do. Stemmed, 585 Kentucky Leaf, 1684 do. Stemmed, and about 170 of other sorts. The stock remaining on hand here is 9250 hhds. against 11000; in London, 14750 against 17000, and in the rest of the kingdom 5300 against 4100 in December, 1823: the import during the past year has fallen off considerably, having been 70000 hhds. against 95600 in 1823. Ashes.-The import of American Ashes in 1824 has been 33500 barrels. The stock on hand is estimated at 730 barrels of United States Pots, and 1420 do. Pearls, and of 12970 Montreal Pots, and 4980 do. Pearls, being an increase of stock of about 1700 barrels over that at the close of the preceding year: the consumption has greatly increased, in consequence of the additional duty on Barrilla, having been 31900 barrels in 1824, which is more by 9000 barrels than were consumed the year before. Bark. The import of this article has been 2800 casks, and the stock consists of 1570 Philadelphia and 890 casks of New-York. Of Clover seed we have received 2500 casks and barrels, and of Flaxseed nearly 10,000 hhds. of the former, 900 casks remained on hand, and of the latter nearly 2000, including 1300 left over from last year. The import of Flour has been very heavy, viz. 83,750 barrels, of which nearly 40,000 remain, and of these not more than 12,500 barrels are sweet: there has not been much doing in this article of late, but none can be bought under my highest quotations, which are 8s. a 9s. lower than in December, 1823. This Institution is three miles north of Philadelphia, in a situation justly considered pleasant C. MORGAN, Esq. and healthy. The house is large-built expressMr. J. YARWORTH, ly for a Boarding School, and weil calculated for Half a Guinea to the Proprietor, (being a Cot-the convenience and comfort of a large family, tager,) for the best couple of Turkies, Geese, with spacious grounds for the recreation of the Ducks, or Fowls. One Guinea to the Person hav- students. Certificate to be produced. ing the greatest number of Hives of Bees, in 1824. Pupils, without any positive restriction as to age, are received into the family as boarders, and exhibition. Certificates of the ages to be sent English and Classical Learning. The English Every accommodation given to Cattle sent for carefully instructed in the different branches of with the Cattle. department comprising Spelling, Reading, Writ All Cattle sent for exhibition should be accus-ing, Arithmetic, Geography, the use of the tomed to be tied up. Tredegar, Jan. 13, 1824. FROM A PHILADELPHIA PAPER. Philadelphia Market.-There was a glorious show of fat beef, fat pork, and fat mutton, in the High-Street Market on Saturday. Take the following by way of specimens. A Heifer, 5 years old, fed by Barney. Net Beef 1678 lbs. This is said to be more net beef than was ever before obtained from a heifer of this age. A Steer, 4 years old last month, Bakewell breed, A 7 years old Steer. Teeswater breed, fed by A Steer, Pennsylvania breed, fed by Lowry.- [The heifer and first steer above mentioned, Globes, Grammar, Algebra, Geometry, Mensuration, Surveying, Navigation, Book-keeping, Natural History, Ancient and Modern History, &c. is under the particular care of the subscriber, and the Greek and Latin languages are taught by a well qualified teacher. The pupils are also instructed by Lectures and Experiments in the most useful parts of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy. TERMS.-For Boarding, Washing, Mending, &c. and Tuition, in any of the branches except the Languages, per annum, payable quarterly, one hundred and forty dollars. Five dollars a quarter in addition for the Greek or Latin. Books, Instruments, &c. furnished at customary prices. DAVID GRISCOM. Richard Weaver, VETERINARY SURGEON, respectfully in The supply of Rice in 1824 from America were bred by General Ridgely, of Hampton, and forms his friends and the public in general, that has been 13,500 casks against 12,000 in the prece- are said to be of Bakewell and Dutch breed mix- he has commenced practising in the above proding year; but the stock, notwithstanding this in- ed. We have seen three ribs of the heifer, which, fession; assuring them that all animals intrusted crease, is less by 400 casks than at the same peri- viewed in connexion with her extraordinary net to him will be attended to with all possible attenod last year, and prices nearly the same. weight, go to prove her to have been one of the finest animals ever bred in any country.] Ed. Am. Far. PUBLISHED IN THE AMERICAN FARMER BY tion and care. He flatters himself, with the prac- The import of Turpentine into Great Britain He may be consulted at all hours in the day at CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Important experiments made under the direction of the Secretary at War, to determine to proper rules for ascertaining the draught of Ploughs, and the relative merits of six celebrated Ploughs-Experiments to ascertain the comparative advantages of preparing and using by various processes, and in different forms, several kinds of grain, &c. for food for hogs, cattle, &c.-To the Manufacturers and Mechanics of the United States-On the culture of the Vine in Maryland; experiments making in Caroline County-On the structure of Carriage Wheels-Horse Saw Mill-The Silk Worm-Miscellaneous Items from late English papers re ceived at the office of the American Farmer-Internal Improvement-Fat Beef in the Philadelphia market-Prices Current-Advertisements, &c. No. 51.-VOL. 6. AGRICULTURE. in June, 1826. AMERICAN FARMER.-BALTIMORE, MARCH 11, 1825. HORTICULTURE. FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER. ON THE CULTIVATION OF 401 in wheat and corn, in Erie Co. Pennsylvania.The product in corn is good, if it is not great, PREMIUMS-offered by the Maryland Agricul- and that in wheat is unquestionably very extraor tural Society, to be distributed at the Annual dinary.-So much, in my opinion, that when I Exhibition to be held at the Maryland Tavern, received the certificate thereof, I deemed it proper to write to a friend who resides in Erie Co. A List of the Premiums to be distributed at cise information, as to the kind of soil upon which JOHN HARE POWEL, Esq. Corresponding Secrerequesting him to procure, and transmit me pre- PEACH TREES AND DRYING OF FRUITS. the exhibition in June next-that is, June, 1825, it was grown; the length of time the land had will be found in number 47, page 371, of the Far- been cleared, and under cultivation; how culti mer, of the 11th of last month. It will be ob-vated, and in what, immediately previous to its served, that those premiums are chiefly for domes being seeded down in wheat, &c. The desired tic animals and for household manufactures, and information has been cheerfully communicated, some other objects and things for which prepara- and I now put you in possession of the facts, to be tion may be made prior to June next; but, as used as you may think proper, and will only add, crops cannot be gathered before that time, the that the parties are personally known to me, and premiums for them will not be distributed until I believe their declarations entitled to the fullest June of 1826. It will be understood then, distinctly, that premiums similar to those which have been offered for distribution in next June, are also offered for June, 1826. In addition to which, the Trustees offer the following for distribution in June, 1826, relating, chiefly, to FARMS and CROPS, to wit: For the Farm of not less than 100 acres, which confidence. Very respectfully yours, C. IRVINE. tary of Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. Sir,-Of the various modes prescribed for pretion of insects, there is, I believe, none so effectuserving the Peach Tree from the ruinous depredaal as that of surrounding the body of the tree, for tobacco, raw hide, or some other substance, that several inches above the root, with either straw, will prevent the fly from depositing its egg in the situation most favourable to its developement, which is the trunk just at the surface of the ground. One of my neighbours, an intelligent and ingeni. ous horticulturist, uses sand as a protection, and Sir,-Your letter of the 30th December last, in fine order: over the young ones, he drew tibes has succeeded completely in preserving his trees addressed to Col. Thomas Forster, was handed me some time since, with a request that I would nine inches in length, sticking the lower edge in made of pieces of an old tin waterspout, eight or reply to it, which I have not been able to do un- the ground and filled it up round the body of the til the present time. I have made particular in- tree with dry sand. When they have been innoquiry of Mr. C. J. Reed, respecting his field of culated and begin to form a head, this inclosure wheat harvested in 1823; the result is as follows: The land was originally covered with oak, ches-ces of boards six or seven inches square, separatis to be exchanged for a larger one, made of pie$20 nut, sugar maple, black walnut, &c. was cleared at the two opposite angles, so as to be readily For the second best do. particulars as above, 30 in 1797, has been improved ever since; the soil, nailed together when placed around the tree. a mixture of slaty gravel with loam, resting on These boxes are filled the latter part of June beja bed of clay; in 1818, 19, 20, and 21, in clover; fore the insect attains the fly state; and every $20 in March, 1822, ploughed, about the 1st April autumn after it has disappeared, they should be sowed with peas; after the crop of peas was taken raised and the sand withdrawn from them, which off, 200 loads good stable manure, with cart and will expose any insects that may chance to be four oxen, hauled on to the field, the whole con- there. This method then may be confidently retaining about three acres; ploughed it about the 15th August 7 inches deep, inclusive of the ma nure, lay about one week, then harrowed with a heavy harrow, and about the 6th Sept. sowed 23 15 bushels per acre, and ploughed it with a light plough and harrowed; the two acres were accu12 rately measured off by an experienced surveyor, Maj. D. McNair. Very respectfully, shall appear to have been cultivated with the greatest economy and nett profit, consistently with its permanent improvement, reference being had to its natural advantages as to soil, situation, &c. a premium of CROPS. For the best 20 contiguous acres of wheat, to be not less than 30 bushels per acre, For the best 20 contiguous acres of Indian corn, yield not less than 60 do. For the best 20 do. rye, not less than 35 bushels, For the best 10 do. hay of timothy, clover, rye, or orchard grass, or any of the above mixed; weight to be ascertained at least one month after cutting, For the best 10 do. wheat, yield not less than 30 bushels per acre, For the best 10 do. Indian corn, yield not less than 60 bushels per acre, 15 12 Your obedient servant, too troublesome. The experience of the Newcommended; but for extensive cultivation it is Jersey farmers, who supply our market so prothey plant the peach trees in what they call a fusely, has taught them nearly the same plan; truck patch, in which they raise a succession of vegetables for market, and it is constantly under tillage; in the spring of the year they carefully ridge up the sand as high as can be done with the plough, and in the autumn by throwing a furrow from them they again reduce it to its ordinary level. If during the summer by the appearance of Frie, 12th Feb. 1825. gum around the stem, or other indications with These certify, that premiums were awarded by the insect to be at work; they scrape the sand which they are perfectly familiar, they suspect the Erie County Agricultural Society, at the fair 10 in Erie, on the 13th Nov. 1823, for the following from the root, search for and kill the worm, and productions of the earth, viz.-to Charles J. Reed, by excessive bearing, the trees become exhaustthen re-place the sand as before. In a few years, 10 of Mill Creek township, for the best two acres ed; these are replaced from the nursery at an exwinter wheat, 141 36-60 bushels.-To Charles J. 10 To the person who shall raise the greatest quantity of seed cotton within this State, For the best acre of potatoes, not less than 250 bushels, For the best acre of carrots, not less than 400 bushels per acre, For the best acre of mangel wurtzel, not less than 800 bushels per acre, For the best acre of ruta baga, not less than To the proprietor of the apple orchard, con- 10 Gen. C. Irvine. 10 Reed, of Mill Creek township, for the best acre pense of 10 or 12 cents, by a young tree of the I certify, that I raised on a field, containing dust, rain, and insects; the neatest, most econoabout fifteen perches less than three acres, three mical, and efficient mode I have heard of, is hundred eleven bushels and a half good sound corn, adopted by an enterprising farmer on the seatownship, Erie county, Pennsylvania. the present season, on my farm in Mill Creek coast of Jersey, but who soon lost his peach trees Erie, 8th Dec. 1824. CHARLES J. REED. This may certify, that I raised on one acre of Erie, 7th Dec. 1824, from their proximity to the ocean; he built of very rough materials a small house, inclosing a common stove, surrounded by shallow drawers opening on the outside of the building; the bottoms of these drawers were composed of narrow strips of wood similar to common plastering lath; in these drawers were placed the peaches cut in half, the stones taken out, with the skin downwards; by means of a moderate fire in the stov the fruit was gradually and effectually cure was then thrown in bulk into a small loft within are more acrid, and are much more easily brought note to this article) because the bark is then subthe same building, having an open work bottom into a state of fermentation than those of the ject to peal off, not that it does not heal as quick similar to the drawers; here they become fit for pear tree; hence arises the more rapid decay of as if pruned earlier. The contrary of this is the the market; and if at any time damp weather the apple tree when exposed to moisture and fact, as any one may see who chooses to make the should render it necessary, a little fire in the frost. But if the object be to preserve your trees, experiment. Let him take a slice of bark down stove would disperse the moisture: these dried they should never be pruned, in this climate, be- to the alburnum, (sap-wood) from the stock or peaches were of a very superior quality, and I fore April, and it would be still better never to stem of four apple trees of equal vigour;-one have no doubt if this plan were adopted by those prune them till May. An apple tree pruned in the middle of March-one in April-one in May who have extensive orchards, they would com- the early part or even the middle of May, will—and one in the middle of June. If the cuts are mand a ready sale and good price. The mode cover its wound, if it be not too large, without of equal size, the one cut in June will be covered adopted in France of preparing dried preserves, injury to the tree, the first season; whereas, if first with the new alburnum. The cut must not if practised here would be likely to well repay pruned in March, the wood will have been frost-run into the alburnum of the preceding year in any individual that would undertake it; it is sim-ed, and incipient decay will have taken place be- neither case; and to try the experiment fairly, ply to make a syrup with 1 lb. of sugar to 3 quarts fore the wound is protected by the mild season, the cut ought to be 4 to 5 inches long, and 2 to 3 of water, in which the fruit must boil a few mi- unless it be covered with some kind of compost inches wide, and made with a sharp instrument. nutes, after having been previously pared; they to keep out the water. The writer on this sub- Your correspondent says, the lower limbs of his must then be drained on broad dishes, laying sing-ject is, I think, perfectly right as to the inexpe- oaks were cut off in June, which he conceives ly; after the bread is taken out of the oven the diency of rank pruning. This, at any season, is stopped the ascent of the sap, when it was flow. fruit may be put in and left till it is cold; these, bad, but more especially in cold weather. In ing in the greatest abundance, and thereby left when sufficiently dried, packed up in neat little frosty weather it opens so many more wounds to it stagnant in the body of the tree, in the hottest boxes, would supply a domestic article for our the inclemency of the season, besides the other season of the year, and caused the rot. By this tables, in place of the foreign luxuries of figs, evils attending it when performed even in May. we are to suppose that the upper branches were prunes, raisins, &c.; rescue our valuable fruit The head of a tree is proportioned to the strength left on the trees. If that were the fact, I do not from the distillery; add to our stock of innocent and vigour of its roots, and these are vigorous in understand how the ascent of the sap was stopped, indulgencies, and open a new source of profit to proportion to the quality of the soil from which unless there were so many limbs suppressed that they are fed. Some soils will furnish abundance the remaining few could not take up the sap furof nutriment to a pear tree, while they will supply nished by the roots. The upright or vertical an apple tree with feeble nourishment; and dif- branches of a tree take a greater portion of the ferent sorts of pears acquire different degrees of sap than the lateral or horizontal branches do, nourishment from the same soil. This principle and, generally speaking, the upper branches are is well understood by scientific farmers, and leads the most vertical. So far therefore, from stopto a rotation of crops, &c. ping the ascent of the sap, by cutting off the the industrious. 66 REUBEN HAINES. Germantown, 7th mo. 26th, 1823. FROM THE NEW-ENGLAND FARMER. PRUNING TREES. Norfolk County, Feb. 11, 1825. If a tree, therefore, be placed in a soil which lower, and leaving the upper branches, I should is congenial to its growth, it will soon show say that this act would accelerate the ascent, as the fact in the strength and vigour of its branch- there are no longer any lateral branches to divert Mr. Fessenden,-In your paper of this day, Ies; its roots will furnish a certain quantity of it from its natural course. If you head a tree observe an article on the first page, relating to the sap, which may be dispersed into three, six, down, you check the upward course of the sap, Pruning of Fruit Trees." The author begins or twenty branches; if the greater number be until it finds vent through the tender bark which by saying that he believes it injurious to trim them allowed to grow and increase by their laterals, remains on the body or stem of the tree, and much at any season. It seems that ten years ago they will be proportionably feeble; if a portion forms new boughs or shoots; but you do not preyour correspondent bought a farm with a large of them be suppressed, the remaining ones, re- vent the ascent of the sap by taking away the and thrifty orchard, and, thinking to improve it, ceiving all the sap that is furnished through the lower branches, and leaving the upper dry. It is he began with what he calls "a very abundant roots, will grow proportionably stronger; if so true, that if you cut off all the branches from a trimming," which he finds, after ten years' ob many be cut out that the residue will not con vigorous apple tree, in the spring of the year, servation, was injurious to his trees, as his neigh-sume, or take up all the sap furnished, it will be the sap is returned back on the stock in such quan. bour had predicted it would be. Hence the wri-thrown back on the large branches and body of tities, that before it can issue, and form new ter deems it improper to prune, except where the tree, and false branches or suckers will be branches, so as to consume it, the bark of the branches interfere, &c. He then goes on to say thrown out at the most tender issues. The con- tree is forced off and decays, owing to the fer-"but if you trim, let it be in March or April, sequences are, in the first place, confusion in the mentation which takes place, or perhaps from agreeable to immemorial custom." The author disposition of the branches;-and in the second the too rapid formation of the new alburnum. infers, that trimming or pruning trees in summer place, you retard the fructification of the tree. As I have already extended this article much injures them, and instances some oaks, the lower The object, therefore of the pruner should be to beyond what I had intended to do, I shall not uo. limbs of which were cut off in June, which he leave as many natural or fruit bearing branches, tice the seasons or the manner, which I esteem thinks produces a predisposition to rot,-as he in their proper positions, as the roots can nour most suitable for pruning. Trees, which bear the says cutting off the limbs stops the ascent of the ish abundantly, without overcharging them; by stone fruits, as these trees are subject to gum, resap, and makes it lie stagnant in the body of the which means you get a plentiful supply of good quire a different treatment. tree, &c. and causes rot. handsome fruit; you keep your trees in good I must now, Sir, ask your pardon for calling I am no farmer, Sir, and therefore cannot be health; the wounds made in pruning are easily on your patience and indulgence, while you read supposed to know so much on this subject as the healed; and in place of a "slovenly" orchard, this long and tedious notice of your corresponauthor of the piece on "Pruning Fruit Trees" your trees will always present a handsome and dent's remarks on the "Pruning of Fruit Trees;" does ;-but I own some trees, and occasionally at- neat appearance. but I consider it important that a work like yours, HORTICULTURE. FROM THE NEW-ENGLAND FARMER. tend to their cultivation. From his observations The idea of the author on "Pruning Fruit which contains so many excellent remarks and I am led to think that the writer has not expres-Trees," that by leaving more limbs than the useful hints on the subject of agriculture, should sed himself with sufficient clearness on the sub roots can nourish, is a beneficial practice, inas- not propagate erroneous notions, when it is inject, or that he has not attended much to the much as the superfluous ones will die, and become tended to promote correct views of this most im physiology of plants. I am induced to make these hard, and thereby preserve the tree from decay, portant science, as well as that of its twin sister remarks, because I have long seen with regret is, I confess, a novel one. A dead limb is a dethe errors which farmers in general run into, in cayed limb, and unless removed at once close to their system of pruning, and especially in the the body of the tree, or branch from whence it season generally adopted in this neighbourhood proceeds, will communicate its disease to the for this operation. mother branch, from whence it springs. This SOFT SOAP, UNDILUTED, AN EXCELLENT The writer has not, to be sure, begun his ope- idea is so far from being correct, that pruning rations in February, as many do-but recommends should always be made on sound and healthy wood, March and April. I apprehend that different and close to the body of the branch from whence To Corresponding Secretary of the Massachu sorts of trees require to be pruned at different it proceeds, that is to be cut off. In this case the seasons of the year. Pear stocks will better bear wound heals by the return of the sap, but in the pruning in February, than apple stocks will in other case it can never heal, as there is no vital March, because the wood of the latter is much principle in the part wounded. The reason why nore susceptible to the effects of wet and frost most trees should not be pruned after the middle han the former; the juices of the apple tree of May is, (as you very properly state in your CLEANSER OF FRUIT TREES. setts Agricultural Society. Easton, (Talbot Co.) Md. Sir,-Among the papers published in the third number of the third volume, of the Agricultural Journal of the Massachusetts Society, there ap |