a. Actually long vowels are marked without reference to syllabic quantity, and all vowels (in the words when first presented) not marked long are supposed to be naturally short, although the syllable may be long by position. The pronunciation will of course depend on the rules learned from the grammar. []. All matter in square brackets is etymological. [Gr. Αίολος]. A Greek word in brackets preceded by Gr. indicates that the Latin word is borrowed from the Greek one given. [?]. The interrogation in brackets marks a doubtful etymology; after a word or suggestion it indicates, as usual, a doubt, or a suggestion not yet generally received. tservo. A dagger marks a stem, or, in some cases, a word not found in Latin, but which must once have existed. Such stems and words are printed in different type. VFER.-The radical sign is used for convenience to indicate a root. By this is meant the simplest Latin form attainable by analysis; though, strictly speaking, a root is impossible in Latin, as roots had ceased to exist, as such, ages before Latin was a separate language. as if. The words as if indicate that a word is formed according to such an analogy, though the actual growth of the word may have been different. cf. -- Compare, either for resemblance, contrast, or etymological kinship. wh. which. (+).—The plus sign indicates derivation by addition of a termination; the process originally, of course, was one of composition. reduced. The word reduced indicates the loss of a stem vowel either in composition, derivation, or inflection. strengthened. The word strengthened indicates a vowel change by which the length of a root vowel is increased; as div., †Dyau, ✔snu, †nau. weakened. - The word weakened means that a vowel has descended the vowel scale; as from a to o or e, o to e or i, etc. Italics. Matter in italics is for translation; in Roman, is explanatory only. VOCABULARY. NOTE. - This vocabulary is not intended to serve as a key, but only to show the ideas which the Romans attached to the words given, and to suggest such English expressions as will serve for translation after the ideas are discovered. In using it, therefore, the pupil should acquaint himself with the idea, and if no suitable expression in English occurs to him, he may then look farther to find one suggested. If the collocation of ideas is one that is strange to him, he may also look farther to see in what peculiar turns the Romans used such a collocation. But he should never be content to find the translation merely, or even first. What he must get is the idea, and then find, in his own vocabulary, or through some suggestion, an appropriate expression in his own language. ā, interj., see ah. ā, prep., see ab. ab (ā, abs), [gen. or abl. of same stem as aró], prep., away from (cf. ex, out of), from off. — Esp. in a series of events after (from one to another). — Fig. of source, from. With the passive, to denote the agent, by. - With different conn. of ideas from Eng., on, in, in respect to, for: a dextra, on the right; materno a sanguine, on the mother's side; insignis ab arte, famous for his skill. - In comp. as adv., from, -p.p., abditus, retired, concealed, hidden. -n. pl., abdita, hidden ways. abdūco, -cere, -xi, -ctum, [ab duco], v. tr. 3, lead away. - Less exactly, take away, withdraw. abeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [ab-eo], v. intr. irr., go away, go off. - Fig., pass, turn, be lost: in flammas, burst. abiés, -etis, [?], n. 3 f., fir (tree or wood). abigõ, -ere, -ēgī, -āctum, [ab- ablātus, p.p. of aufero. I abrumpo, -ere, -rūpi, -ruptum, [ab-rumpo], v. tr. 3, break off, break away, break (off).—p.p., abruptus, broken. [ad-†cando, cf. candeo], v. tr. 3, light, kindle, set on fire. — P.P., accēnsus, in flames. accēnsus, p.p. of accendo. abscēdõ, -ere, -ēssī, -ēssum, [abs-accerso cedo], v. intr. 3, withdraw, depart. — Esp., revolt from (dat.). abscindo, -ere, -scidī, -scissum, [ab-scindo], v. tr. 3, cut or tear off; sever, divide, separate. abscondo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, [abs-condo], v. tr. 3, hide away, hide. Hence, swallow. abstuli, [abs-tuli], perf. of aufero. absum, -esse, āfui, āfutūrus, [ab-sum], v. intr. irr., be away, be off, be far, be distant, be wanting, not be there, not be among (dat.), be unknown (poena metusque), be absent, be far from (helping one): tantum abest, so far is it, etc.-pres. p., absēns, absent. absūmo, -ere, -psī, -ptum, [ab sumo], v. tr. 3, (take away), consume, exhaust, waste (lit. and fig.). abundē, [old abl. of tabundus (ab-unda)], adv. (overflowingly), in full measure, abundantly. abundo, -āre, -āvī, -ātum, [abundo-, cf. abunde], v. intr. 1, overflow. Less exactly, abound. ac, see atque. - Acastus, -i, [Gг. "Aкασтos], m., son of Pelias, king of Iolcus, engaged in the Calydonian hunt. Acca, -ae, [?], f., Acca Laurentia, wife of Faustulus, who cared for Romulus and Remus. (arcesso), -ere, -īvi, -itum, [?], v. tr. 3, fetch, summon, send for. accinctus, p.p. of accingo. accingõ, -ere, -nxi, -nctum, [adcingo], v. tr. 3, gird on. Also, gird (with a thing). — Pass., gird on (to one's self, abl.), arm one's self. Hence, gird one's self, arouse one's self.— p.p., accinctus, girded, armed. accipio, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum, [ad-capio], v. tr. 3, take, receive, accept. Hence, hear. accipiter, -tris, [unc. stem (akin to ocior) †petris, akin to peto], m., a hawk. Accius, -i, [cf. Acca], m., L. Accius, a Roman tragic poet. acclinis, -e, [ad-clinis, √CLI (cf. Kλívw), + is], adj., leaning (on something), reclining, lying down, drooping. acclivis, -e, [ad-clivus, weakened], adj., sloping, ascending. acclivus, -a, -um, [ad-clivus], adj., ascending. accommodo (adc-), -āre, -āvī, -ātum [ad-commodo], v. tr. I, fit to, fit on, fit (on). accumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubitum, [ad-cumbo], v. intr. 3, recline (esp. at dinner). acer, -eris, [?], n., maple (tree or wood). accēdo, -ere, -ēssī, -ēssum, [ad-acer, -cris, -cre, [√AC+ rus, weak cedo], v. intr. 3, come to, approach, join; (from mercantile use ?) be added to (cf. accession): eōdem, be added to the same account. accendo, -ere, -cendi, -cēnsum, ened], adj. (sharp). — Fig., fierce, wild, active, bitter, hot: non acer, not too hot. acernus, -a, -um, [acer + nus], adj., of maple, maple- (as adj.). acerra, -ae, [?], f., casket, box (for | Actaeōn, -ōnis, [Gr. 'Akralwv], m., son of Autonoe, daughter of Cadmus, torn to pieces by his dogs. Actaeus, -a, -um, [Gr., 'AkтAĴOS], adj., belonging to the region Acte. m, Hence, Attic. actor, -ōris, [√AG (ago) + tor], (stem of acus, lengthened) + o], m., a river of the lower world. -Hence, the lower world. - Personified, the god of the river. Achillēs, -is (-ī, or -ei), [Gr. 'Axıλ-acus, λeús], m., son of Peleus and the sea-goddess Thetis, the greatest Grecian warrior in the Trojan war. Achivus, -a, -um, [as if Gr. 'AxelFós], adj., Achæan. — Less exactly, Grecian. Acis, -idis, [Gr. "Akis], m., son of aconitum, -1, [Greek], n., poison. -ūs, [√AC+us], f., (sharp thing, point), needle. acutus, -a, -um, [p.p. of acuo], adj., (sharpened), sharp, pointed, sharp-pointed. Transf., shrill: VOX. ad, [case of unc. stem, cf. ěti], adcommodo, see accommodo. dico], v. tr. 3, adjudge to.— Hence |