108. mulcebant, fanned, caressed (properly, stroked).

109. mox, soon (after flowering). — fruges, grain, the "kindly fruits of the earth," not fruit in the ordinary modern sense.

110. nec renovatus, not renewed, i.e. without lying fallow. negative belongs only with renovatus. — cānebat, grew white.

The

112. mella: i.e. in the Golden Age honey dropped spontaneously from the leaves without the toil of bees. For the plural, see on v. 100.

113. postquam . . . misso, when, after Saturn was banished, etc. (the relative clause ends with erat). Saturnus was an old Italian god of the crops (satus, sero), but was identified by the later Romans with the Greek Kronos, father of Zeus, who was dethroned and sent to Tartarus by his son.

114. sub Jove: the reign of stern law, under Jupiter, follows that of peace and innocence. subiit: contrary to rule the last i is long. This seems to be a relic of an earlier usage (§ 354, a, 3, N.), and is especially common in iit, petiit, and their compounds (G. 708, 4); cf. Virg. Æn. viii. 362, x. 67.

115. auro, aere: one would expect aurea and aenea (sc. prole).

116. contraxit, shortened (cf. v. 107); the changing seasons are the first sign of nature's loss.

117. inaequales, changeable.

118. spatiis: abl. of manner. — exegit, led out (i.e. to its end), completed.

119. fervoribus: plural; cf. otia, v. 100, mella, v. 112.

120. ventis abl. pependit shows that glacies refers to icicles. 122. cortice, improperly used for liber, the fibrous inner bark.

123. semina Cerealia, seeds of grain; cf. arbuteos fetus, v. 104. Ceres gave grain to mankind, and taught them agriculture.

128. venae . . . aevum, upon an age of worse vein (i.e. metal). A

vein of ore or metal in a mine was called vena.

129. verum, truthfulness (§ 189, a; G. 204, N.2; H. 441, 2).

130. fraudesque: in poetry que is frequently added to the first of a series of words, when the other members of the series are connected by It should be omitted in translation.

que.

131. amor . . habendi, the guilty love of gain.

132. vela, etc., in consequence of the love of gain, which drove men to brave the dangers of the sea. Foreign commerce, now regarded as the source of civilization, was anciently held in disesteem by the poets.

133. quaeque carinae, = et carinae quae; cf. quae glandes, v. 106. — diu steterant, see v. 94.

134. ignotis: the seas, like the winds (v. 132), were as yet unknown

to the sailors.—insultavere: the meaning is double. They danced upon the waves, and despised the danger.

135. communem humum, the soil, before common (free to all), like sunlight and air; lumina and auras are put in the acc. like humum though the sense is: ceu lumina solis et aurae sint.

136. limite: the limes was a boundary-path between two farms described by the agrimensor in laying out the public lands.

137. segetes poscebatur humus, crops were demanded of the earth, or more literally, the earth was asked for crops (§ 239, c, R.; G. 339, N.1; H. 374, 1). — debita, due, because the earth owes the planter a return for his seed.

138. itum est, men penetrated (§ 146, d; G. 139. quasque opes = opesque quas (§ 201, c, e;

208, 2; H. 301, 1). G. 622). - recondiderat, she [the earth] had hidden. - admoverat, had brought near to. Stygiis umbris (dat. § 228; G. 347; H. 386), the shades of Styx: the realms of the dead, conceived to be under the earth.

141. ferrum, aurum: these were a part of the opes.

142. prodit bellum, war comes forth, as a consequence of the appearance of iron and gold. — utroque, with both (abl. of instrument): gold, as well as iron, is one of the "sinews of war."

144. vivitur, men live; cf. itum est, v. 138. — hospes (for the quantity, see § 348, 9, exc. 2; G. 709, 2, exc. 1; H. 581, vi. 1), guest-friend (i.e. guest or host). This word refers to a peculiar relation between persons of different countries who were bound to furnish hospitality to each other. 145. non socer a genero: these words would make every Roman think of Caesar and Pompey.

146. imminet, broods over.— exitio, dat. (§ 228; G. 347; H. 386). — conjugis, mariti, both limit exitio.

147. novercae, step-mothers. The evil practice of divorce among the Romans, and the domestic misery that came from it, made the cruelty of step-mothers proverbial. — lurida, dark. The association of poison with dark mixtures is old and general. Blue and poison are associated in Sanskrit and Greek.-aconita: plural; cf. otia, v. 100 (see also § 75, c; G. 204, N. 5, 6).

148. inquirit, questions (of fortune-tellers: he is impatient for his inheritance). — ante diem, before the time, i.e. before his father's natural death would leave him his inheritance. - patrios annos = patris annos; cf. arbuteos fetus, v. 104.

149. virgo Astraea, the maid Astræa, goddess of justice. She took her place in the heavens as the constellation Virgo. — madentes terras, the earth reeking.

150. ultima caelestum: Astrea was the last of the gods to leave the earth. Formerly all the gods had dwelt on earth, but the depravity of man forced them to withdraw.

151-162. The Giants, sons of Earth and Heaven, attack the gods, but are defeated. From their blood springs a wicked race of men.

153. struxisse montes, piled the mountains.

154. Olympus, Pelion, Ossa, mountains of Thessaly.

155. Ossae: dat. instead of abl. with ex or de (§ 229; G. 347, R.5; H. 386, 2).

156. corpora, i.e. of the giants.

157. natorum, her sons.

160. et illa, i.e. as well as the earlier race of men.

162. scires, you might have known (§ 311, a; G. 258; H. 485); cf. putes, v. 242.

163. quae: refers to the depravity of man as described in the preceding lines. For the use of the relative, see § 180, ƒ, 201, e; G. 610, r.1; H. 453.- pater Saturnius, Jupiter.

164. facto recenti (abl. abs.), since the deed was recent. — vulgata (belonging to convivia), made known (spread abroad).

165. Lycaoniae, of Lycaon (cf. arbuteos fetus, v. 104). He had offered Jupiter human flesh to eat; see v. 210 and the following. — referens, revolving, thinking over.

166. animo (with concipit), in his soul. dignas Jove, worthy of Jove, i.e. in accordance with his greatness. -iras (pl.); see note on otia, v. 100, and aconita, v. 147.

167. concilium, sc. deorum, senate.

168. caelo sereno (abl. abs.), when the sky is clear.

169. Lactea, nominative in form, as being the simple name, a mere word, in no grammatical relation. This word, however, is in apposition with nomen.

170. hac, by this (§ 258, g; G. 389; H. 420, 1, 3). —superis (dat.), for the gods.-magni Tonantis, of the great Thunderer, i.e. of Jupiter. 171. dextra laevaque (sc. parte), on the right and left (§ 258, f; G. 385, N.1; H. 425, 2).

172. celebrantur, are thronged. The figure is taken from the custom of Roman nobles, whose halls (atria) were visited in the morning by their clients and dependants.

173. plebs, i.e. the lower gods (di minorum gentium); opposed to potentes caelicolae clarique (cf. deorum nobilium, v. 171), the twelve great gods of Olympus (di majorum gentium). The gods are divided into classes like the people of Rome. - diversa locis, i.e. only the great

-a

live here; locis is abl. of specification (§ 253; G. 397; H. 424).fronte, in front, as one goes up the street (§ 260, b; G. 390, 2, N.6; H. 434, 1). 174. penates = households.

176. Palatia: this word had not yet acquired its modern meaning of palace, but meant the dwelling of Fig. 1. Augustus, on the Palatine hill. Augustus is thus, by a daring flattery (audacia), compared with the king of the gods. — dixisse: the perfect does not differ in sense from the present, and seems to be used in great part on account of its metrical convenience.

and Gyas, who were brothers of the Titans, but aided Jupiter against the

rebellious deities (see Iliad, i. 399–406). — caelo, dative, following inicere; to cast their hundred hands upon the captive sky.

185. ab uno corpore, from a single class (of divinities), contrasted with the present rebellion of the whole human race.

187. qua, wherever. - Nereus, an ancient sea divinity, especially associated with the calm depths: here put for the sea.

188. per, in oaths and prayers, by. - flumina: pl. for sing.

189. Stygio luco (loc. abl.) in the grove of Styx ("Gloom"), the river which bounds the entrance to the world below. The oath by the Styx was the most awful and binding that could be taken by the gods. all other means. 190. cuncta - temptata,

Fig. 3.

sc. sunt.

Faun.

=

191. ne. trahatur, lest the sound (lit. clean) part be drawn [into the same disease].

193. faunique: the enclitic -que is here used as long in imitation of Homer, who makes the Greek Te long. It is probably made so by the pause at the end of the word, or, as it is sometimes called, by casura. This occurs generally in the second foot of the verse, and only when a second -que follows. The Fauni and Silvani — Italian nature divinities are here joined with the Greek Satyrs. They were fabulous creatures, types of the wild life of the forest. They are represented, like the Greek Pan, with horns, goats' legs and feet, and pointed hairy ears. (See Fig. 3.)

194. quos quoniam: the Latin relative is often used where our idiom requires the demonstrative and some connective particle (§ 201, e; G. 610; H. 453). — dignamur, deem worthy.—honore, governed by dignamur, which like its primitive dignus takes the ablative (§ 245, a; G. 397, N.2; H. 421, iii. N.2).

195. certe, at least. — sinamus, hortatory subjunctive.

196. an, very commonly used in argumentative questions, as here, where the thing asked is obviously absurd. — illos, opposed to mihi.

197. mihi, against me, following struxerit (§ 229, c; G. 358; H. 385, 4, 3). — qui habeo, § 204, a; G. 614; H. 445. —struxerit (§ 326; G. 586; H. 517).

199. ausum... deposcunt, they demand (for vengeance) him who has dared such things. A regular meaning of deposco. The use of the participle for a relative clause is forced and poetic.

200. saevit, for saeviit. Notice the indicative with cum, used to