on the 7th September, 1303, an attack was made upon him here, by Nogaret and Sciarra Colonna : he was personally maltreated by the latter, and taken prisoner. The townsmen of Anagni rescued him, indeed; but a violent sickness, the consequence of that outrage, forthwith carried him off († 11th October, 1303).34

Not the least injury which the Papal See suffered from the unbounded assumptions of Boniface VIII., was that the Pope's flatterers allowed themselves to be carried away by them to the most offensive statements of his secular supremacy," while the writers of the opposite side were roused to their first investigations about the limits to be set to the Papal power.36 Accordingly, the consid

Du Puy, p. 162.—V. commentis ad hujusmodi rebellionem instigat, Rayn. 1. c. no. 37. Du Puy, p. 161: statuimus, ut citationes auctoritate apostolica in Rayn. 1. c. no. 40. de quibuscunque personis, undecunque et ubicunque sint, cujuscunque status,etiam si imperiali aut regali fulgeant dignitate, praesertim si impediant, ne citationes ipsae ad eos perveniant,-factae in audientia literarum nostrarum aut in aula nostri palatii, postmo. dum affigendae januis majoris Ecclesiae loci, in quo Romana-residebit curia,-arctent citatos, sicut si ipsas personaliter apprehendissent.-Lastly, on the 8th of September, the Bull of dethronement which had been already prepared (in Raynaldus, 1311, no. 44. Du Puy, p. 181. Bulaeus, iv. 57) would have been published, had not Nogaret's fall prevented it.

Bern. Guido in vita Bonif. VIII. in Murat. III. 34 Villani hist. Fiorent. lib. viii. c. 63. i. 672. Even Nogaret (Literae super excusationibus Dom. Guil. de Nog. in Du Puy, p. 249) quotes the saying, He shall die like a dog, as a prediction already current in Boniface's lifetime. After his death it was put into the mouth of his predecessor Celestine, see Matthaeus Westmonasteriensis (about 1377) flores historiarum, p. 447.

Vulpes intravit, tanquam leo pontificavit,

Exiit utque canis, de divite factus inanis.

35 Compare the second part of the work, De Regimine Principum, among the works of Thoma Aquinus, of which books i. and 11. belong to S. Thomas himself: according to the researches of de Rubeis (Thomae opp. ed. Venet. xix. 513), books iii. and iv. were written close after the year 1298. Lib. iii. c. 10: Cum Christo secundum suam humanitatem omnis sit collata potestas, ut patet in Matth. 16, 18, dictam potestatem suo communicavit vicario, cum dixit: go dico tibi, quia tu es Petrus, etc.-Merito summus Pontifex, Romanus Episcopus, dici potest Rex et Sacerdos. Si enim Dominus noster Jesus Christus sic appellatur,-non videtur incongruum suum vocare successorem.-Corporale et temporale ex spirituali et perpetuo dependet, sicut corporis operatio ex virtute animae. Sicut ergo corpus per animam habet esse, virtutem et operationem,-ita et temporalis jurisdictio Principum per spiritualem Petri et successorum ejus -Cap. 16: Rex noster Christus Principes saeculi permisit dominari et eo vivente, et eo moriente, ad tempus, quousque videlicet suum regnum esset perfectum, et ordinatum in suis fidelibus operationibus virtuosis, et eorum sanguine laureatum.-Opportuno igitur tempore, ut manifestaretur mundo regnum Christi compositum, virtus Principis nostri Jesu Christi Principem mundi solici tavit, Constantinum videlicet, percutiens eum lepra, ac ipsum curans supra humanam virtutem. Qua probata in dominio cessit vicario Christi, beato videlicet Sylvestro, cui de jure debebatur, ex causis et rationibus superius assignatis: in qua quidem cessione spirituali Christi regno adjunctum est temporale, spirituali manente in suo vigore.

36 Foremost is Egidii de Columna (he came from Rome, and so is also called Egid. Romanus, an Augustine monk, after 1296 Archbishop of Bourges † 1316) quaestio in utramque partem disputata de potestate regia et pontifica, annexed to the two forementioned

eration of these events strengthened the conviction, not only in France, but in other nations also, that secular power was pernicious in the hands of a priest.37

short letters of the Pope and King (see above, note 21 v.) in Goldasti monarchia sancti Romani Imperii ii. 95. He sets himself to answer the question: utrum summus Pontifex plenam jurisdictionem et ordinariam potestatem habeat tam in temporalibus quam in spiritualibus, ita quod omnes Principes temporales subsint ei quantum ad temporalia? and demonstrates, on the other hand, 1, quod utraque potestas spiritualis et temporalis a Deo est instituente et ordinante; 2, quod istae duae potestates distinctae sunt et divisae; 3, quod Deus spiritualem potestatem instituens, nullum contulit ei dominium terrenorum; 4, in quibus terrena potestas sit subjecta spirituali potestati, et in quibus non. 5, Libertas et exemtio Regis Franciae, quare et qualiter nullum superiorem in temporalibus recognoscit.-Yet more diffuse is Johannis de Parrhisiis (a Dominican monk in Paris † 1306) tractatus de potestate regia et papali in Goldast 1. c. p. 108. e. g. cap. viii. quod Papa non habet jurisdictionem a Christo in bonis laicorum, quia Christus non habuit eam. Cap. xi. Evasiones quorundam dicentium, potestatem saecularem esse a Papa et in Papa, cum eorum reprobatione. Cap. xii.-xxi.: Rationes dicentium, Papam habere jurisdictionem in temporalibus bonis, and the refutation of them. Cap. xxii. De donatione Constantini, upon which the curialists grounded their proof, Quod summus Pontifex Imperator est, et dominus mundi, et quod potest Reges constituere et destituere, sicut Imperator. In answer to this it was remarked, among other things, quia dicta donatio nihil valuit propter quatuor, quae in Glossa juris civilis ponuntur (cf. Aegidius de Columna: de ista donatione Constantini dicunt Juristae communiter, quod non valuit multiplici ratione). According to the legal grounds adduced from the Glossa (see above, ◊ 54, note 4) we find further: Quod vero [donatio illa] Deo displicuerit, ex hoc sumitur argumentum quod legitur in vita b. Sylvestri Papae, quod in donatione illa audita est vox angelorum dicentium in aëre : "Hodie in Ecclesia venenum effusum est." Item b. Hieronymus dicit de isto Constantino, quod ab ipso usque in praesens tempus Ecclesiarum rapinae et totius orbis discordia secuta est. Dicit etiam Hieron. de eodem, quod in tantam crudelitatem postea versus est, ut filium suum Crispum interficeret, et uxorem suam Faustam: extremo etiam tempore vitae suae ab Eusebio Nicomediae baptizatus est: et sic bis baptizatus fuit, et amplius in Arianum dogma declinavit, etc.-Besides this, Gaul undoubtedly belonged to the Western empire, but not the Franks, who were descended from the Trojans, and came under Antenor to Pannonia. 37 We have the opinion of two poets of the time on this point. Dante Alighieri († 1321) Purgatory, canto xvi. v. 97 ss., according to Wright's translation. The vision falls in the year 1300, so one can not fail to recognize Boniface VIII., and his acts and endeavors :

Laws are these; but who keeps the laws in view?
For know, the Shepherd who the flock doth lead
Parts not the hoof, although the cud he chew.
And hence it is, the tribe who see their guide
Aim at the good they value most, do feed

On that alone, nor care for aught beside.

Ill guidance, as ye plainly may descry,

Hath led the world in wicked paths astray;

And not your nature's bad propensity.

To Rome, which taught the ancient world good deeds,
Two suns were wont to point the twofold way,
That of the world, and that to God which leads.
The one hath quenched the other,-with the crook,
The sword is joined; and scarce it need be told
How ill the twain such combination brook,

Since one no longer doth the other curb.
Look to the grain, if credit thou withhold,
For by its fruit is known each several herb.

Even in Rome the feeling that Boniface had gone too far was general.38 And when Philip and the French nation continued to

The country washed by Edice and Po

For courtesy and valor once was famed,
Ere Frederick had sustained his overthrow.
Securely there may pass the villain now,

Who dared not erst have shown his face, ashamed

To talk with good men and confront their brow.

Still live these three, in whom the olden time

Reproves the vices of these latter days

And much they wished to reach a happier clime-
Currado da Palazzo, good Gherard,

And da Castel, who in the Frenchman's phrase

Is called more properly the plain Lombard.

Know then-Rome's Church oppressed by too much weight,

Confounding the two governments, hath brought

Herself into the mire with all her freight.*

Ottocar v. Horneck, a Steiermarker, about 1309, Reimchronik, cap. 448 (in H. Pezii scriptt. rer. Austr. III. 446):

Ey Chaiser Constantin,

War tet du dein Sin,

Do du den Phaffen geb

Den Gewalt und daz Urleb,

Daz Stet, Purger und Lant

Undertanig irr Hant

Und irm Gewalt schold wesen?

Gaistlicher Zuchte-Pesem

1st nu ze scharff worden.

Du soldest in dem Orden

Die Phaffen haben lan,

Als sein Sand Peter began:

Daz wer hoher Miete (reward) wert.

Waz woldestu daz Swert

Den Phaffen zu der Stol geben,

Die damit nichts chunnen leben,

Noch ze Recht chunnen walten,

Lazzen und behalten,

Als man mit dem Swert sol?

Daz chunnen si nicht wol,

Sie habent ez vergramaziert (received with grand merci),

Und daz Reich veriert (destroyed)

Maniger Ern und Gewalt,

Deu ym vor waz beczalt.

Constantin nu sich an,

Hetets Du ze Latran

Den Pabst den Salter (Psalter) lazzen lesen,

Und den Chaiser gewaltig wesen,

Als er vor deinen Zeiten was,

So wer unser Spiegel-Glasz,

Akersz (Acre or Ptolemais) deu werd Stat,

Nicht verlorn so drat (quickly).

30 Albericus de Rosate (Jurist at Bergamo † 1354) tells us in his Lectura super Cod. lib. vii. tit. 39: De quadriennii praescriptione 1. 3. Bene a Zenone: Audivi a fide dignis, quod tempore Bonifacii VIII. quidam Cardinalis de ordine Cisterciensium, homo maximae reputationis et scientiae, quadam festivitate dum sermocinaretur in conclusione dix

* I have substituted this translation, made from the original by Ichabod Charles Wright, M.A., published in London, 1836, for that of K. Streckfuss. Halle, 1825. 8. quoted by the author.-T.

press for a Council,39 Benedict XI. found himself so much the more induced to repeal gradually all the decrees issued by his predecessor against France.40

But after the death of Benedict XI. († 7th July, 1304) the French party among the Cardinals, after a long conclave, contrived to manage that Bertrand d'Agoust, archbishop of Bordeaux, who had already delivered himself over into Philip's hands by a secret compact, should ascend the Papal throne as Clement V. (5th June, 1305). Thus the Papal See fell under the influence of France, and began a fresh career.

41

it, quod per eosdem passus et gradus, per quos Ecclesia ascenderat in temporalibus, descenderet usque ad extremam paupertatem Sylvestri, et quod ad hoc adduxit validas rationes et auctoritates divinae Scripturae.

39 Compare la supplication du pueuble de France au Roy contre le Pape Boniface le VIII., not long after the death of the last mentioned (Bulaeus, iv. 15. Du Puy, p. 214): A vous, tres-noble Prince, nostre Sire par la grace de Dieu Roy de France, supplie et requiert le peuple de vostre Royaume, pourcequ'il li appartient, que ce soit fait, que vous gardiez la souveraine franchise de vostre Royaume, qui est telle, que vous ne recognessiez de vostre Temporel Souverain en terre hors que Dieu, et que vous faciez declairer, si que tout le monde le sache, que le Pape Boniface erra manifestement et fist peché mortel notoirement, en vous mandant par lettres Bullées, qu'il estoit vostre Souverain de vostre Temporel, et que vous ne pouvez prevendes donner, ne les fruits des Eglises cathedrales vacans retenir, et que tous ceux qui croyent le contraire, il tenoit pour Hereges. Item, que vous faciez declairer, que l'en doit tenir ledit Pape pour Herege,-pourcequ'il ne veut cette erreur rapeller, ayant dit moult de fois, qu'en cette creance vivroit et mourroit, et que ja pour nul homme ce ne rappelleroit, etc. An interesting historical proof that the priesthood and temporal sovereignty have always been distinct. Ce fut grand abomination a ouir, que ce Boniface, pourceque Dieu dist à saint Pierre “ce que tu lieras en terra, sera lié au ciel," cette parole de spiritualement, entendit mallement, comme Boulgare, quant au Temporel, se il mit un homme en prison temporelle, le mist pour ce Dieu en prison en ciel. At the end: pourquoi il pert raisonnablement, qu'il fut Herege, et en cette herreur mourut, et s'aucun vouloit ledit Boniface excuser de tout cest esclandre, etc. -Parquoy que aucun autre ne preigne exemple à faire ainsi, et pourceque la peine de luy face paour aux autres,-vous noble Roy sur tous autres Princes defenseur de la foy, destructeur des Boulgres, pouez et devez et estes tenus requerrer et procurer, que ledit Boniface soit tenus et jugiez pour Herege, et punis en la maniere, que l'en le pourra et devra, et doit faire apres sa mort: si que vostre souveraine franchise soit gardé, etc. 40 See all the Bulls issued with this view in Du Puy preuves, p. 207.

41 Compare the account given by the writers of the day Ferreti Vicentini (about 1328) hist. suorum temporum in Muratori scriptt. rer. It ix. 1014, and Giovanni Villani († 1348) histor. Fiorentine lib. viii. c. 80 in Muratori xiii. 415 ss.

II. ECCLESIASTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PAPACY.

§ 60.

PAPAL JURISPRUDENCE.

Spittler's Werke, herausg. v. K. Wachter, i. 305 (Fragm. aus einem zweiten Theile d. Gesch. d. kan. Rechts). J. J. Lang, Gesch. u. Institutionen des Kirchenrechts, i. 215. Eichhorn's Kirchenrecht, i. 322. Dess. deutsche Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte (4te Aufl.), ii. 247. Richter's Kirchenrecht (2te Aufl.), s. 135. [Sugenheim, Geschichte d. Kirchenstaats, 1854. Phillips, Kirchenrecht, 3te Auflage, 1855; cf. Niedner, Kirchengesch.].

The old canon Law was quite displaced at this period by the new Papal rights built upon the foundation of the Pseudo-Isidorian principles. After that the Decretals had been intermingled with the Canons by several systematical compilers,' and thereby acquired equal authority with them on all points; the Benedictine2 Gratian at Bologna, the abode of legal knowledge at that time, essayed a concordantia discordantium Canonun libb. iii.3 (1150),* which naturally enough decided throughout in favor of the new Papal Law. By means of this work, the canon Law, together

1 On these see Ballerini de ant. collect. canonum P. iv. c. 13 ss. (in Gallandii sylloge ed. Magont, i. 640), v. Savigny's Gesch. d. rom. Rechts im Mittelalter, 274. Aem. L. Richter's Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Quellen des can. Rechts. Leipzig, 1834. H. Wasserschleben's Beitrage zur Gesch. d. vorgratianischen Kirchenrechtsquellen, Leipz. 1839. Among them Burchard, bishop of Worms († 1025), is remarkable for his Decretorum libb. xx., and Ivo, bishop of Chartres († 1115), for his Decretum, and the Pannormia, an abridgment from it (against Theiner uber Ivo's vermeintl. Decret. Mainz, 1832, according to whom the Decretum is the work of some later author, see Wasserschleben, s. 47). 2 According to Spittler's Beitrage, s. 4. a Camaldulensian.

* Commonly called the Decretum Gratiani, see Spittler, s. 12.

+ According to the Glossa ad c. ii. qu. 6 c. 31 (which is even found in one of the most ancient Glossers, Hugo, bishop of Ferrara († 1210), see Gerhardi Groot sermo in Kist en Royaards Archief voor kerkelijke Geschiedenis, ii. 312): anno Dom. MCL. ut ex Chronicis patet.

For the history of the Decretal, see J. H. Boehmeri diss. de varia decreti Gratiani fortuna, published in his Corpus jur. can. Tom. i. (Spittler's) Beiträge zur Geschichte Gratians und seines Decrets, in Abele's Magazin für Kirchenrecht und Kirchengesch. St. i. (Leipz. 1778. 8.) s. 1. ff. (Sarti) de claris Archigymnasii Bononiensis professoribus (ed. M. Fattorini. PP. ii. Bonon. 1769 and 72) P. i. p. 247 ss.-On Gratian's mistakes, false and mutilated quotations, reception of forged documents, see Antonii Augustini (Archbishop of Tarragona) de emendatione Gratiani dialogorum libb. ii. Tarrac, 1587. 4. (cum not. St. Baluzii et G. Mastricht, in Gallandii de vetustis canonum collectionibus dissertationum sylloge, ed. Magont. ii. 185). The principal work is C. S. Berardi Gratiani canones genuini ab apocryphis discreti, corrupti ad emendatiorum codicum fidem exacti, etc. Taurini. Tomi iv. 1752. 4. Jod. le Platt diss. de spuriis in Gratiano canonibus (in Gallandii syll. ii. 801). J. A. de Riegger diss. de Gratiani collectione canonum, illiusque