South Carolina appeared at Washington to demand the immediate removal of federal troops from the forts in Charleston harbor.

There were not wanting many who still hoped for peaceable adjustment. Innumerable compromise resolutions were presented in Congress. The one which for a time seemed most likely to succeed, known as the Crittenden Compromise, proposed a number of amendments to the Constitution, practically conceding all that the South had ever claimed. Even Seward was willing to vote for an irrepealable amendment protecting slavery in the States in which it already existed. In February a peace congress, comprising delegates from twenty-one States and presided over by ex-President Tyler, met at Washington and recommended elaborate amendments; while Congress itself, March 2, voted to submit an amendment forever restraining that body from interfering with slavery in any State.

But the movement for secession went forward systematically. On January 9 Mississippi seceded, followed by Florida on January 10, Alabama on January 11, Georgia on January 19, and Louisiana on January 26. On the 8th of February a congress of representatives from the five seceded States met at Montgomery, Alabama, and adopted a provisional constitution, replaced in March by the permanent constitution of the Con

federate States of America. The President of the new government was Jefferson Davis, lately Senator from Mississippi. As fast as the States announced their withdrawal from the Union, they seized the federal property within their limits, the total amount taken over being estimated at $30, 000,000. With the secession of Texas, in February, about half of the regular army of the United States was surrendered to the authorities of the State.

Lincoln went to Washington ten days before his inauguration, escaping a plot to assassinate him as he passed through Baltimore, and remained quietly at a hotel until Buchanan's term had ended. The burden of his conversations with those who called upon him was the necessity of saving the Union, and the hope that the final appeal to arms might be avoided. With events progressing as they were, perhaps he himself did not yet know what his policy would be, but he meant to appease the South and prevent disruption if such were possible. On the 4th of March, with all the troops that General Scott could muster guarding Pennsylvania Avenue, he rode to the capitol, took the oath of office, read his inaugural address, and returned to the White House to take up, sadly but courageously, the supreme task of saving the Union.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

The period covered by this volume is dealt with at length in three comprehensive histories: H. von Holst, Constitutional and Political History of the United States (8 vols., new ed. 1899); J. B. McMaster, History of the People of the United States (7 vols., 1883-1910), to 1850; and J. Schouler, History of the United States (6 vols., 1894-99). To these are to be added the first two volumes of J. F. Rhodes, History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 (7 vols., 18931906). Six of the volumes in the American Nation, a cooperative work edited by A. B. Hart, form practically a continuous narrative: F. J. Turner, Rise of the New West; W. MacDonald, Jacksonian Democracy; W. P. Garrison, Westward Extension; A. B. Hart, Slavery and Abolition; T. C. Smith, Parties and Slavery; F. E. Chadwick, Causes of the Civil War. Nicolay and Hay's elaborate Abraham Lincoln (10 vols., 1890) is a comprehensive history as well as a biography.

The American Statesmen series, American Crisis Biographies, and Great Commanders series are important but very uneven collections. To these should be added W. Birney, James G. Birney and his Times (1890); O. G. Villard, John Brown (1910); G. T. Curtis, Daniel Webster (2 vols., 1870) and James Buchanan (2 vols., 1883); D. Mallory, Life and Speeches of Henry Clay (2 vols., 1843); C. Colton, Life and Times of Henry Clay (2 vols., 1846); A. Johnson, Stephen A. Douglas (1908); F. J. and W. P. Garrison, William Lloyd Garrison (4 vols., 1885-89); G. W. Julian, Joshua R. Giddings (1892); T. D. Jervey, Robert Y. Hayne (1909); H. Bruce, Life of General Houston (1891); J. S. Bassett, Andrew Jackson (2 vols., 1911); H. A. Garland, John Randolph (2 vols., 1850); F. W. Blackmar, Charles Robinson (1902); F. Bancroft, William H. Seward, (2 vols., 1900); W. W. Story, Joseph Story (2 vols., 1851); E. L. Pierce, Charles Sumner (4 vols., 1877-93); S. Tyler, Roger B. Taney (1872); P. A. Stovall, Robert Toombs

(1892); A. G. Riddle, Benjamin F. Wade (1886); T. W. Barnes, Thurlow Weed (1884); J. W. DuBose, William L. Yancey (1892).

Of the collected writings of American statesmen the most important are: James Buchanan, Works, edited by J. B. Moore (12 vols., 1908-11); John C. Calhoun, Works (6 vols., 1853-55) and Correspondence (Report of Amer. Historical Assoc., 1899, vol. II); Henry Clay, Works (6 vols., 1863); Millard Fillmore Papers, edited by F. H. Severance (Publications of Buffalo Hist. Society, vols. X, XI); James Monroe, Writings, edited by S. M. Hamilton (7 vols., 1898-1903); W. H. Seward, Works, edited by G. E. Baker (5 vols., 185384); Daniel Webster, Works (6 vols., 1851).

The literature of autobiography and reminiscence is very extensive, including among its more significant items John Quincy Adams's Memoirs (12 vols., 1874-77), T. H. Benton's Thirty Years' View (2 vols., 1854-56), Amos Kendall's Autobiography (1872), James K. Polk's Diary (4 vols., 1910), N. Sargent's Public Men and Events (2 vols., 1875), and Winfield Scott's Memoirs (2 vols., 1864).

Important special aspects of the period are treated in E. Stanwood, History of the Presidency (1898); H. J. Ford, Rise and Growth of American Politics (1898); D. R. Dewey, Financial History of the United States (3d ed., 1907); F. W. Taussig, Tariff History of the United States (5th ed., 1910); E. L. Bogart, Economic History of the United States (1908); J. W. Foster, A Century of American Diplomacy (1900); D. F. Houston, Critical Study of Nullification in South Carolina (1896); W. E. B. DuBois, Suppression of the African Slave Trade (1896).

The following collections of documents are useful: J. D. Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents (10 vols., 1896-99); A. Johnston and J. A. Woodburn, American Orations (4 vols., 1896-97); W. MacDonald, Select Documents, 1776-1861 (1898). Of the Lincoln-Douglas debates there are several editions.