Athenians why they paid no respect to a power who had ever been friendly to them, and was still willing to promote their welfare. In_consequence of this remonstrance, after the defeat of the Persians, a temple was dedicated to Pan beneath the Acropolis, and his favour was propitiated by annual sacrifices and torch races'. He is not mentioned either by Homer or Hesiod, but in the Homeric Hymns2 Hermes is said to have been enamoured of the nymph Dryops, who 'Bore him a son monstrous to look upon : Two-horned, goat-footed, noisy, full of glee. The nurse sprung up and fleeing left the babe, For she was filled with terror when she saw His visage grim with shaggy hair o'ergrown.' Hermes, however, proud of his boy, wrapped him up in the skin of a mountain-hare and carried him to the celestial abodes, where he was welcomed with delight by the immortals, especially by Dionysus, and received the name of Pan, because he pleased all. Πᾶνα δέ μιν καλέεσκον, ὅτι φρένα πᾶσιν ἔτερψε. According to other more recent authorities, he was the son of Zeus and Thymbris, of Zeus and Callisto, of Penelope and Hermes transformed into a goat, of Penelope and all her suitors, &c.3 The name (which is probably derived from Táw, 'to tend flocks,' 'to feed') evidently suggested the last of these genealogies, and led later writers4 to assert that this god was a symbol of the Universe or of Universal nature, an idea to which Milton alludes in the lines, 'while Universal Pan, Knit with the Graces and the Hours in dance, All wild voices heard echoing through the hills, strange and unearthly sounds of every description, and sudden inexplicable alarms 5 were attributed to Pan, and hence the terms Пaveia, deiμa Пaviκóv, 'Panici terrores,' &c., employed by the Greek and Roman writers, from whom the word panic has been adopted in our language 6. 1 Herod. 6. 105. 2 Hymn 17. 3 Apollod. I. 4, I, Schol. Theocrit. 1. 3. See also Hemsterh. ad Lucian. t. I. p. 270. Hymn. Orphic. 10. 5 See Eurip. Rhes. 36, and Schol. and Valer. Flacc. 3. 46. 6 Compare remarks on Faunus in the introduction to this Extract. We find in Silius Italicus, 13. 326, a very minute and lively description of Pan, when he was despatched by Jove to save Capua from the vengeance of the Romans. 7. Pholoe (Mauro bouni) is a mountain on the N. W. of Arcadia, and together with the lofty range of Erymanthus (Olonos) of which it is a continuation, forms the boundary between Arcadia and Elis. The city Stymphalus (Kiona) and the Stymphalis Palus (Zaracca) were situated at the N. E. corner of Arcadia. The lake was the scene of one of the labours of Hercules, who was required to dislodge and drive away the countless multitudes of birds which thronged its thickly wooded banks'. The Ladon which rises in the north of Arcadia, and, after a considerable course, falls into the Alpheus above Olympia, is in many respects remarkable. We are told2 that it was the most beautiful of all the Grecian streams, that its banks were the scene of the adventures of Daphne, that one of its tributaries, the Arvanius, produced fishes which sung like blackbirds, and that near the town of Clitor, situated on another tributary of the same name, there was a fountain which inspired all who drank of its waters with a distaste for wine. Ov. Met. 15. 322 'Clitorio quicumque sitim de fonte levarit, Vina fugit, gaudetque meris abstemius undis.' The Ladon is mentioned again in the Fasti 5. 89 'Arcades hunc, Ladonque rapax, et Maenalos ingens and again when narrating the transformation of Syrinx, Met. I. 702. Nonacris (Naukria) was an ancient city near the sources of the Ladon; it was chiefly celebrated for the rivulet of Styx, which fell drop by drop from a precipitous rock above the town. This water was said to possess many marvellous properties; it was a deadly poison to all living creatures; vessels of glass, china, or earthenware were broken by its force; those of horn, bone, and ordinary metals were 1 Apollod. 2. 5, Pausan, 8. 22, Ov. Met. 9. 186. 2 Pausan. 8. 20. 3. Pausanias tells us gravely, however, that although he saw the fish caught, and waited until sunset, when they were said to be most vocal, he heard them utter no sound. Other authors assign this property to the fish of the Ladon itself, others to those of the Clitor. See Athenaeus 8. 3. dissolved, even gold itself became corroded: the only substance which resisted its power was a horse's hoof, and consequently, cups made of this were alone capable of containing it'. Ovid tells us that the Naiad Syrinx was 'Inter Hamadryadas celeberrima Nonacrinas,' and gives the epithet of 'Nonacrina' to the Arcadian heroines Atalanta and Callisto. Cyllene (Zyria) which rises immediately above Stymphalus, is the loftiest of the Arcadian mountains, and was the birthplace of Hermes 2 (Mercury), so Virg. Ae. 138 'Vobis Mercurius pater est, quem candida Maia Hence Cyllenius 3' and 'Cyllenia proles 4' for Mercury, 'Cyllenius ignis 5' for the star of Mercury; and Ovid gives the name of 'Cyllenea testudo' to a particular manner of dressing the hair so as to resemble a lyre, which was the instrument invented by Mercury. The 'Parrhasii' we have had before. See note on 12. 10. II. It will be seen from the various readings that many MSS. have aquarum' instead of 'equarum.' If we prefer the former, we may understand either the fountains and streams of the Arcadian Highlands, or the waters of the deep; for Pan loved to wander on the sea-shore, and is hence termed ἁλίπλαγκτος by Sophocles, ἄκτιος by Theocritus 8, while Aeschylus thus describes Psyttaleia, 'An isle there is in front of Salamis Of narrow bounds, to ships inhospitable, Along whose sea-wash'd beach dance-loving Pan ..... 13. Evander. See Introduction to 12. 15. Pelasgis. By the 'Pelasgi' we are to understand in general that ancient and widely-diffused tribe which was the common parent of the Greeks and of the earliest civilized inhabitants of Italy. All authors agree in representing Arcadia as one of their principal seats, where they long remained pure and undisturbed. 16. Flamen was the name given to a priest devoted to the 1 Pausan. 8. 17, 18. 2 Homer. Hymn. in Merc. 3 Virg. Ae. 4. 252; * 258. service of some one god; although, as appears from this passage and from the account of the Robigalia, p. 90, that they occasionally performed certain sacrifices in honour of other divinities. The most important were the Flamen Dialis, who had a seat in the senate in virtue of his office, the Flamen Martialis, and the Flamen Quirinalis. The derivation of the word is altogether uncertain. Varro and Festus agree in connecting it with 'filum (quasi filamen),' supposing it to refer to a thread or band worn round the head. Thus the former, L. L. 3. 15 'Flamines quod in Latio capite velato erant semper ac caput cinctum habebant filo, Flamines dicti 1.' Aulus Gellius has a whole chapter (10, 15) on the Flamen Dialis, his duties and privileges. 19. Discurrere, 'to run to and fro,' 'to separate and run in different directions.' The word is frequently used of soldiers dispersing to plunder, thus Livy 25. 25 'Inde, signo dato, milites discurrerunt;' and again cap. 31 'in tanto tumultu, quantum capta urbs in discursu diripientium militum ciere poterat.' Virgil employs it to denote the division of the Nile into several branches 'Et diversa ruens septem discurrit in ora' G. 4. 292. 20. Subitas...feras, 'the startled wild beasts;' 'the wild beasts springing suddenly from their lairs.' 21. This is the first explanation of the ceremonies of the Lupercalia. The Luperci ran naked through the streets in imitation of their patron god, who found that clothes were an incumbrance in his rambles among the hills. The second cause assigned is, that the practice was intended to represent the rude habits of the primitive Arcadians, who were strangers to all the arts and usages of civilized life, who appeased their hunger with herbs and roots, quenched their thirst by drinking the waters of the spring out of the hollow palm of their hands, and lived beneath the canopy of heaven without houses and without garments. The third reason is contained in a ridiculous story connected with the amours of Pan, and the poet having thus exhausted his foreign lore, concludes with a home-sprung legend, which he offers as a fourth solution of the problem. 31. Caestibus. The 'caestus' was a sort of gauntlet or boxing-glove made of numerous strips of hide, which were 1 See also Fest. in verb., Serv. Virg. Aen. 8. 664. bound round and round the hands and half way up the arms, and loaded with lead to render the blow more crushing. Every one is familiar with the match between Dares and Entellus (Virg. Ae. 5. 362), and descriptions of similar contests will be found in Valerius Flaccus 4. 261, and Statius Theb. 6. 760. The 'caestus' does not appear to have been ever used by the Romans, and hence many believe this couplet, which is omitted in some MSS., to be spurious. Missi pondere saxi. This is manifestly the same with our own national game of ‘putting the stone.' 39. Fabii. See the Introductions to this Extract and the preceding one. 16. LVPERCAL. FAS. II. 381. THE origin of the ceremonies practised at the Lupercalia having been discussed, the poet proceeds to investigate the etymology of the word 'Lupercal.' 2. Diem tali nomine, &c., i. e. what circumstance gave the name 'Lupercalia' to this festival. 3. Ilia. The mother of Romulus is known by the names of 'Ilia,' or 'Rhea,' or 'Silvia,' and frequently the two last are joined into 'Rhea Silvia.' 3, 4. Partu ediderat. Simply, 'hath brought forth.' 7. Recusantes, 'reluctant.' 9. The same tradition with regard to the Tiber has been preserved by Livy also, 1. 3, 'Pax ita convenerat ut Etruscis Latinisque fluvius Albula, quem nunc Tiberim vocant, finis esset,' and again he enumerates among the kings of Alba, 'Tiberinus qui in traiectu Albulae amnis submersus celebre ad posteros nomen flumini dedit.' 12. Valles. The hollow between the Palatine and the Aventine in which the Circus Maximus was formed, was called the ‘Vallis Murtia,' thus Claud. 1. Consul. Stilich. 2. 404 'Ad caelum quoties vallis tibi Murtia ducet Nomen, Aventino Pallanteoque recessu.' 6 15. At nunc est vox admirantis.' Plane sic Met. 10. 632 'At quam virgineus puerili vultus in ore!' G. 20. Praecipiti tempore, 'dangerous,' 'hazardous.' 25. Vagierunt. Vagire' and 'vagitus' are the 'voces |