conviction, that nothing whatever hitherto known can operate so powerfully to the improvement and happiness of mankind, as the knowledge and practical adoption of the principles disclosed by Phrenology, and particularly of those which are developed in the Essay on the Constitution of Man, above mentioned.'

Mr. Henderson having died on 29th May 1832, his Trustees, after realizing his funds, assigned a sum for publishing an edition of the present work, consisting of two thousand copies, at the price of 2s. 6d. per copy. This was considerably below the cost of production. The publication took place in March 1835, and before the end of May the whole edition was bought up,-chiefly by the class of persons for whom Mr. Henderson had intended it, the greatest sales having taken place in Glasgow, Dundee, Dunfermline, and other manufacturing towns in Scotland, and in Manchester and similar towns in England. A separate and finer impression of one thousand copies, taken from the same types as the Henderson Edition, was bought up at the price of 4s. between May and August, and the demand for the work continues unabated.

Mr. Henderson's Trustees, with every wish to continue to aid the circulation of the work by reducing the price, have not, at present, the means of doing so to a large extent. It is only the surplus of his funds, after paying certain legacies and annuities, that is applicable to the advancement of Phrenology; and as all the annuitants named in the settlement are alive, and likely to live for many years, only a small annual surplus remains; two years' produce of which was devoted to the edition published in March 1835. The Author, however, encouraged by the favorable reception of the book, has endeavored to produce a new edition, considerably enlarged, at a moderate price. The quantity of matter, if printed in an octavo volume of ordinary size and type, would be sold, according to the common rate of publishing, for 10s. ; and if in duodecimo, at 7s. 6d. By employing a condensed yet clear stereotype, a part of the expense of which has been contributed by the trustees, it has been found possible to offer the present edition at 4s., a price which, it is hoped, will continue it within the reach of the industrious classes.

7th August, 1835.

PREFACE.

THIS work would not have been presented to the Public, had I not believed that it contains views of the constitution, condition, and prospects of Man, which deserve attention; but these, I trust, are not ushered forth with any thing approaching to a presumptuous spirit. I lay no claim to originality of conception. My first notions of the natural laws were derived from a manuscript work of Dr. Spurzheim, with the perusal of which I was honored in 1824, and which was afterwards published under the title of ' A Sketch of the Natural Laws of Man, by G. Spurzheim, M. D.' A comparison of the text of it with that of the following pages, will show to what extent I am indebted to my late excellent and lamented master and friend for my ideas on the subject. All my inquiries and meditations since have impressed me more and more with a conviction of their importance. The materials employed lie open to all. Taken separately, I would hardly say that a new truth has been presented in the following work. The parts have nearly all been admitted and employed again and again, by writers on morals, from the time of Socrates down to the present day. In this respect, there is nothing new under the sun. novelty in this work respects the relations which acknowledged truths hold to each other. Physical laws of nature, affecting our physical condition, as well as regulating the whole material system of the universe, are universally acknowledged to exist, and constitute the elements of natural philosophy and chemical science: Physiologists, medical practitioners, and all who take medical aid, admit the existence of organic laws: And the sciences of government,

The only

legislation, education, indeed our whole train of conduct through life, proceed upon the admission of laws in morals. Accordingly, the laws of nature have formed an interesting subject of inquiry to philosophers of all ages; but, so far as I am aware, no author has hitherto attempted to point out, in a systematic form, the relations between those laws and the constitution of Man; which must, nevertheless, be done, before our knowledge of them can be beneficially applied. Dr. Spurzheim in his 'Philosophical Principles of Phrenology,' adverted to the independent operation of the several natural laws, and pointed out some of the consequences of this doctrine, but without entering into detailed elucidations. The great object of the following Treatise is to exhibit several of the most important natural laws, and their relations and consequences, with a view to the improvement of education and the regulation of individual and national conduct.

But although my purpose is practical, a theory of Mind forms an essential element in the execution of the plan. Without it, no comparison can be instituted between the natural constitution of man and external objects. Phrenology appears to me to be the clearest, most complete, and best supported system of Human Nature, which has hitherto been taught; and I have assumed it as the basis of this work. But the practical value of the views to be unfolded does not depend entirely on Phrenology. The latter, as a theory of Mind, is itself valuable, only in so far as it is a just exposition of what previously existed in human nature. We are physical, organic, and moral beings, acting under the sanction of general laws, whether the connection of different mental qualities with particular portions of the brain, as taught by Phrenology, be admitted or denied. Individuals, under the impulse of passion, or by the direction of intellect, will hope, fear, wonder, perceive, and act, whether the degree in which they habitually do so be ascertainable by the means which it points out or not. In so far, therefore, as this work treats of the known qualities of Man,

it may be instructive even to those who contemn Phrenology as unfounded; while it can prove useful to none, if the doctrines which it unfolds shall be found not to be in accordance with the principles of human nature, by whatever system these may be expounded.

Some individuals object to all mental philosophy as useless, and argue, that, as Mathematics, Chemistry, and Botany, have become great sciences, without the least reference to the faculties by means of which they are cultivated, so Morals, Religion, Legislation and Political Economy have existed, have been improved, and may continue to advance, with equal success, without any help from the philosophy of mind. Such objectors, however, should consider that lines, circles, and triangles,—earths, alkalis, and acids, -and also corollas, stamens, pistils, and stigmas, are objects which exist independently of the mind, and may be investigated by the application of the mental powers, in ignorance of the constitution of the faculties themselves,-just as we may practise archery without studying the anatomy of the hand; whereas the objects of moral and political philosophy are the qualities and actions of the mind itself: These objects have no existence independently of mind; and they can no more be systematically or scientifically understood without the knowledge of mental philosophy, than optics can be cultivated as a science in ignorance of the structure and modes of action of the eye.

I have endeavored to avoid religious controversy. The object of Moral Philosophy,' says Mr. Stewart, 'is to ascertain the general rules of a wise and virtuous conduct in life, in so far as these rules may be discovered by the unassisted light of nature; that is, by an examination of the principles of the human constitution, and of the circumstances in which man is placed.'* By following this method of inquiry, Dr. Hutcheson, Dr. Adam Smith, Dr. Reid, Mr. Stewart, and Dr. Thomas Brown, have, in succession,

* Outlines of Moral Philosophy, p. 1.

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produced highly interesting and instructive works on Moral Science; and the present Treatise is a humble attempt to pursue the same plan, with the aid of the new lights afforded by Phrenology. I confine my observations exclusively to Man as he exists in the present world, and beg that, in perusing the subsequent pages, this explanation may be constantly kept in view. In consequence of forgetting it, my language has occasionally been misapprehended, and my objects misrepresented. When I speak of man's highest interest, for example, I ùniformly refer to man as he exists in this world; but as the same God presides over both the temporal and the eternal interests of the human race, it seems to me demonstrably certain, that what is conducive to the one, will in no instance impede the other, but will in general be favorable to it also. This work, however, does not directly embrace the interests of eternity. These belong to the department of theology, and demand a different line of investigation: I confine myself, exclusively to philosophy.

Since the first Edition of this work appeared, on 9th June 1828, additional attention has been paid to the study of the laws of Nature, and their importance has been more generally recognised. In 'A Discourse on the Studies of the University, by Adam Sedgwick, M. A., &c.' of which a third edition was published at Cambridge in 1834, the author remarks, that 'we are justified in saying, that, in the moral as in the physical world, God seems to govern by general laws.' 'I am not now,' says he, 'contending for the doctrine of moral necessity; but I do affirm, that the moral government of God is by general laws, and that it is our bounden duty to study these laws, and, as far as we can, to turn them to account.' If there be a superintending Providence, and if his will be manifested by general laws operating both on the physical and moral world, then must a violation of these laws be a violation of his will, and be pregnant with inevitable misery.' 'Nothing can, in the end, be expedient for man, except it be subordinate to those