The Token Economy: A Review and EvaluationAlan Kazdin Springer Science & Business Media, 06.12.2012 - 342 Seiten Applications of operant techniques in treatment and education have proliferated in recent years. Among the various techniques, the token economy has been particu larly popular. The token economy has been extended to many populations included in psychiatry, clinical psychology, education, and the mental health fields in general. Of course, merely because a technique is applied widely does not neces sarily argue for its efficacy. Yet, the token economy has been extensively re searched. The main purpose of this book is to review, elaborate, and evaluate critically research bearing on the token economy. The book examines several features of the token economy including the variables that contribute to its efficacy, the accomplishments, limitations, and potential weaknesses, and recent advances. Because the token economy literature is vast, the book encompasses programs in diverse treatment, rehabilitation, and educational settings across a wide range of populations and behaviors. Within the last few years, a small number of books on token economies have appeared. Each of these books describes a particular token economy in one treatment ,etting, details practical problems encountered, and provides suggestions for ad ministering the program. This focus is important but neglects the extensive scholarly research on token economies. The present book reviews research across diverse settings and clients. Actually, this focus is quite relevant for implementing token economies because the research reveals those aspects and treatment variations that contribute to or enhance client performance. |
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... reinforcement programs have been extended beyond theusual treatmentsettings ... reinforcement techniquesand are reviewed indetail.Finally, legal issues have ... events areused, and ifso,what events,thetype ofcontingencies, and so on.The ...
... reinforcement programs have been extended beyond theusual treatmentsettings ... reinforcement techniquesand are reviewed indetail.Finally, legal issues have ... events areused, and ifso,what events,thetype ofcontingencies, and so on.The ...
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... theevents whichfollow thebehavior. Thenotion ofa contingency isimportant because reinforcement techniques suchas thetoken ... events.The event which follows behavior must be contingent upon behavior.A ... Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement.
... theevents whichfollow thebehavior. Thenotion ofa contingency isimportant because reinforcement techniques suchas thetoken ... events.The event which follows behavior must be contingent upon behavior.A ... Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement.
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... Events which serve as primary reinforcers do not depend upon special training to have acquired their reinforcing ... reinforcing all of thetime. Forexam pie,food willnotreinforce someone whohas just finished alarge meal. However, whenfood ...
... Events which serve as primary reinforcers do not depend upon special training to have acquired their reinforcing ... reinforcing all of thetime. Forexam pie,food willnotreinforce someone whohas just finished alarge meal. However, whenfood ...
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... event that is reinforcing suchas food or money. When a behavior is performed, the individual is praised and reinforced with food. After several pairings ofthe food withpraise, praisealone serves as areinforcer and canbe used toincrease ...
... event that is reinforcing suchas food or money. When a behavior is performed, the individual is praised and reinforced with food. After several pairings ofthe food withpraise, praisealone serves as areinforcer and canbe used toincrease ...
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... events which probably serve as reinforcers. However, at any given time there is noguarantee in advance that a particular event will be reinforcing. Reinforcing events referred to above include stimulior specific environmental events ...
... events which probably serve as reinforcers. However, at any given time there is noguarantee in advance that a particular event will be reinforcing. Reinforcing events referred to above include stimulior specific environmental events ...
Inhalt
Symptoms | |
Token Reinforcement | |
The Excelsior School System | |
Informative Feedback | |
Specification ofthe Contingencies Examples of Token Economies in Three Settings | |
Administration of Consequences | |
Aphasics | |
General Comments | |
Social Reinforcement and Interpersonal Interaction | |
Individualized Contingencies | |
Transfer of Training acrossSituations Techniques to Program Maintenance and Transfer | |
Delaying Reinforcer Delivery | |
Summary | |
Subject and Demographic Variables | |
Leveled Programs | |
Review of Token Economies I | |
Social Behaviors | |
Verbal Behavior and Language Acquisition | |
Job Performanceand Unemployment | |
Other Behaviors | |
Social Skills Adult Offenders | |
Applications with DrugAddicts | |
Comparison Techniques of the Token Economy with Other Treatment | |
Conclusion | |
OntheJob Performance | |
Evaluation ofSocial Extensions of Reinforcement Techniques | |
Right to Treatment | |
Conclusion | |
References | |
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