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ices. There was no Superintendent of Public Instruction provided for, and educational provisions were generally defective. Topeka was made the temporary capital, twenty votes being cast for it, and sixteen for Lawrence. The first General Assembly was to locate the permanent seat of government. There can be no convention to form a new Constitution, nor can this be amended until after 1865. The Constitution was to be submitted to the people on the 15th of December, 1855 for their ratification or rejection. At the same time the general banking law was to be voted upon, and if adopted was to stand as a part of the Constitution. In case the Constitution was ratified at the election, the Executive Committee should call an election for State officers and for Representative in Congress. The first General Assembly was to meet on the 4th of July, 1856. Election districts were arranged, rules and regulations for the election the 15th of December were prescribed by the Convention. The Territorial Executive Committee, appointed on the 19th of November, was empowered to superintend the State organization at the coming elections, to issue scrip, not to exceed twenty-five thousand dollars, to meet all necessary expenses, and the first Assembly was to provide for the redemption of this scrip. Late on Saturday night, (November 10th,) the members of the Convention subscribed their names to the Constitution in the following order :*

Robt. Klotz, merchant, Pa.; Pawnee, Dem., Pa., 35.
M. J. Parrott, S. C., Leavenworth, Dem., Ohio.

M. W. Delahay, lawyer and editor, Md., Leavenworth, Dem., Ala., 37.

W. R. Griffith, teacher, Ia., Rep., Bourbon Co., Pa. G. S. Hillyer, farmer, Ohio, Grasshopper Falls, Whig, Ohio, 35.

*Explanation-The words and abbreviations opposite each name designate successively as follows: 1. profession; 2. nativity: 3, residence at time of convention; 4, politics: 5. State emigrated from to Territory; 6, age,

William Hicks, farmer, Pa., Dayton, Dem., Ind., 33.
S. N. Latta, lawyer, Ohio, Leavenworth, Whig, Iowa, 39.
John Landis, farmer, Ky., Doniphan, Dem., Mo., 28.
H. Burson, farmer, Virginia, Bloomington, Whig, Ill., 36.
W. Stewart, farmer, Ky., Ocena, Dem., 42.

J. M. Arthur, farmer, Ind., Sugar Creek, Dem., Ind., 38.
J. L. Sayle, farmer, Ill., Kickapoo, Rep., Iowa, 37.
Caleb May, farmer, Ky., Ocena, Dem., Mo., 40.

S. McWhinny, farmer, Ohio, Prairie City, Dem., Ill., 45.
A. Curtiss, lawyer, N. Y., Bloomington, none, Ky., 32.
A. Hunting, physician, Mass., Manhattan, Rep., R. I., 61.
R. Knight, clergyman, England, Lawrence, Free State,
Mass., 43.

O. C. Brown, farmer, N. Y., Ossawattomie, Free Soiler, N. Y., 44.

W. Graham, physician, Ireland, Prairie City, Democrat, Tenn., 39.

Morris Hunt, lawyer, Ohio, Lawrence, Whig, Ohio, 27. J. H. Nesbit.

C. K. Holliday, lawyer, Pa., Topeka, Dem., Pa., 28. David Dodge, lawyer, N. Y., Leavenworth, Democrat, N. Y., 25.

J. A. Wakefield, lawyer, S. C., Bloomington, Whig, Iowa, 59.

W. Y. Roberts, farmer, Pa., Washington, Dem., Pennsylvania, 41.

G. W. Smith, lawyer, Pa., Franklin, Whig, Pa., 50. J. G. Thomson, saddler, Pa., Topeka, Dem., Pa., 55. G. A. Cutler, physician, Tenn., Doniphan, Free Soiler, Mo., 23.

J. K. Goodin, lawyer, Ohio, Clear Lake, Dem., Ohio, 31. J. M. Tutton, clergyman, Tenn., Bloomington, Democrat, Mo., 33.

Thomas Bell.

R. H. Crosby, merchant, Maine, Ocena, Rep., Min., 21. P. C. Schuyler, farmer, N. Y., Council City, Rep., 50.

C. Robinson, physician, Mass., Lawrence, Independent, Mass., 37.

M. F. Conway.

J. S. Emery, lawyer, Maine, Lawrence, Democrat, N. Y., 26.

J. H. Lane, lawyer, Ky., Lawrence, Dem., Ind., 33.

CHAPTER XIX.

VARIOUS EVENTS.

The emigration from the free States was very large during the spring and summer. More than five hundred came in under the auspices of the New England Emigrant Aid Societies. Pennsylvania sent many of her industrious, persevering and enterprising children. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa, poured in an energetic and sturdy class of pioneers. Many went far back into the Territory, and selected choice sites for their homes.

The various towns laid out the fall before received their respective proportions of the incoming population. Many new town sites were located, but none of these ever acquired any importance. New and more substantial buildings were erected; large hotels, saw mills, churches and school houses were prepared for the accommodation of the public.

There might be many amusing items written relative. to the laying out and settlement of Kansas towns. Each one had its "blowers" and drummers along the Border. Here would be one expatiating on the merits of Leavenworth, another of Lawrence, while a third would prove to a demonstration that Pawnee would be the emporium of the West. Towns were laid out, represented on paper, their praises sounded, which never had any existence only on paper, and were known as "paper towns." Doniphon, Delaware, Kickapoo, Lecompton and Tecumseh maintained a struggling infancy, and then perished. The towns of Kansas

grew slowly at first, and it was not until the troubles subsided that their growth was accelerated.

Many of the new emigrants were utterly unfit for the arduous life on the frontier. They were chiefly young men of no fixed habits of life, who had come as on a pleasing adventure to the land of which there was then so much talk. They seemed never to have thought of the many hardships, privations and denials concomitant with a new country; so on arriving here and not finding the advantages and luxuries, they returned in disappointment, cursing the country as barren of all the comforts of life. Others came from cities, and were alike unaccustomed to the inconveniences to which they found themselves necessarily subjected, while another class came merely to prospect, with the expectation of emigrating if suited with the country. These classes of new comers generally made but transient stays in the Territory. They hurried back to their old pleasant homes, feeling that there were but few charms for them in pioneer life. Those of them who dared to weather the hardships to which they found themselves exposed, only procrastinated their return. The troubles and sickness which soon broke out, repaid their temerity with fresh suffering, and, sometimes, with mourning. The consequence was that very many of the eastern emigrants, this spring and summer, found no permanent lodgment upon our prairies, but migrated back to their old peaceful and congenial abodes.

To add to the many hardships with which settlers in a new country have to contend, disease spread among them. The summer being an exceedingly dry one, it was difficult to obtain water. Few wells had been dug, and the only water that could be secured in many instances, was taken from stagnant pools in the beds of creeks, covered with a yellow slime. Hard labor, improper diet, unwholesome drink and general filthiness invited the visits of epidemics. Cholera and fever vied with each other in ravaging the unhappily situated people of their only enjoyment-health.

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