pitoline hill3, commanded the highest parts of the city, with which it was connected by the Pons Sublicius. Creuzer, § 25, makes it a question whether it was considered properly to form part of the city even after it had been enclosed within the fortifications. It seems scarcely to admit of a doubt but that it had its name from Janus, § 287, but some have imagined other derivations. 1) See Plin. H. N. 3, 5. 2) Cf. Gell. 16, 17; Fest. in Vaticanus. 3) See Virg. Æn. 8, 355. 45. We have now spoken of Rome as the City of Seven Hills (§ 41), enclosed with fortifications by Servius Tullius, and in the wider extent it attained under Aurelian. Distinct from the walls themselves was the pomœrium (pone v. post murum), which was often extended before the time of Aurelian without any change in the walls themselves'. Dionysius states that the area enclosed by the Servian wall was nearly equal to the area of Athens, but that the city itself extended in a straggling way beyond it. The circuit of the pomœrium was of course different from that of the walls, and moderns are greatly divided concerning them. The passages of Pliny mentioning thirteen miles as the circuit of the walls, and those of Pliny, which assert it to have been fifty, have been variously altered on conjecture, to suit the various theories started 2. It is impossible to ascertain the number of private dwellings (insulæ and domus) contained within the city, and even absurd to attempt to do it, unless it be remembered that it must have been different at different times. Some writers have fixed on the number 48,000, others have thought that calculation too high. In the Description of Rome, by P. Victor, to be found in Thes. Græv. vol. iii., we find the insula and domus in each quarter enumerated separately; the sum total of the former being set down at 46,602, and the latter at 1780. Onuphrius Panvinius (ibid. p. 381) says the insula were 41,912 in number, and the domus 2117. 3 The number of inhabitants of Rome will be variously estimated, according as the slaves and foreigners are excluded or included. No certainty on the subject can be arrived at from what the ancients have left on record. Among modern writers, Lipsius calculates that the population amounted to four millions; Is. Vossius sets it at fourteen millions, calculating from the population of London and Paris. Concerning the census of the population, cf. Beaufort, vol. i. p. 317. 1) Livy, 1, 44, speaking of Servius Tullius, says, Aggere et fossis et muro circumdat urbem ; ita pomoerium profert. Pomorium, verbi vim solam intuentes, postmarium interpretantur esse. Est autem magis circa murum locus ; quem in condendis urbibus quondam Etrusci, qua murum ducturi erant, certis circa terminis inaugurato consecrabant, ut neque interiore parte ædificia manibus continuarentur, quæ nunc vulgo etiam conjungunt, et intrinsecus (extr.?) puri aliquid ab humano cultu pateret soli," etc. Cf. Festus in prosimurium, and Creuz. § 24. Concerning the extension of the pomorium, cf. Tac. Ann. 12, 23: "Et pomerium auxit Cæsar (Claudius), more prisco; quo iis, qui protulere imperium, etiam terminos urbis propagare datur. Nec tamen duces Romani, quanquam magnis nationibus subactis, usurpaverant, nisi L. Sylla et D. Augustus." 2) Cf. Creuz. § 26. 3) De Magnit. Rom. 1. 3. c. 3; and comp. the passage of Aristides there quoted; Richard, Description de l'Italie, vol. 5. pref., ridicules the number proposed by Vossius, as absurd. 4) Obss. de Ant. Romæ magnit. c. 1. 46. Romulus is said to have divided Rome into three parts, called tribes, concerning which see § 142. Servius Tullius made four divisions, still keeping the name tribe, viz. The Palatine, so called from the hill of that name; the Saburran, from the street called the Saburra; the Colline, from its comprising the Quirinal and Viminal hills; the Esquiline, from the Esquiliæ. This arrangement continued till the time of Augustus, who divided the city into fourteen districts, or regions', named as follows: I. Porta Capena; from the gate so called. III. Isis and Serapis, or Isis and Moneta; from the temples of those deities. IV. Via Sacra, or Templum pacis. V. Esquilina; from the Esquiliæ. VII. Via Lata. VIII. Forum Romanum. IX. Circus Flaminius. X. Palatium; from the name of the hill. XI. Circus Maximus. XII. Piscina Publica. XIII. Aventinus; from the name of the hill. The principal streets (vici) of Rome were above four hundred in number. The most noted among them were the Saburra 3; the Vicus Camoenarum; V. Fabricii; V. Albus; V. Ursi Pileati; V. Lanarius; V. Unguentarius; V. Tuscus. They were also called Viæ, but that word, when applied to them, is not to be confounded with the other Viæ, highways, or roads leading to the city from distant places, and some of them passing right through it. For these, see § 48. The narrower streets were called angiportus; streets having no outlet at one end, (culs de sac), fundulæ. Over each region Augustus set two officers, called curators, and over each vicus twenty-four vicomagistri". P. Victor and S. Rufus, in their descriptions of the city, mention two officers in each region, called denuntiatores, or informers. Each vicus had its own chapels sacred to its peculiar deity. 1) Tac. Ann. 15, 40. 2) Cf. Suet. Aug. 30. 3) Juven. 3,5: "Ego vel Prochytam præpono Suburræ." Mart. 12, 18, calls it "clamosa." 4) So called from the barbarous act of Tullia, recorded Liv. 1, 48. 5) Hor. Sat. 2, 3, 228: “Tusci turba impia vici." 6) See Suet. Aug. 30; cf. Liv. 34, 7. 7) Cf. Græv. Inscriptt. p. 250, 251. 47. An account of the remarkable places and objects contained in Rome itself, may not unfitly be considered as a distinct branch of Roman antiquities. To it belongs a description of the city gates: these were thirtyseven in number in the time of Pliny the elder, but in the reign of Justinian there remained only fourteen1 Antiquarians are not yet agreed whether the original square-shaped city had three or four2. Their names, supposing them to have been four, are said to have been Romanula, Mugonia, Trigonia, and Carmentalis (from Carmenta, the mother of Evander)-not to mention other names. Among the thirty-seven of the time of the elder Pliny, most of which appear to have been named from the roads passing through them, were the P. Capena (also called Triumphalis), Cœlimontana, Esquilina, Tiburtina, Viminalis, Collina, Pinciana, Flumentana (Flaminia), Carmentalis, Triumphalis (distinct from the Capena), Janiculensis, Portuensis, and Trigemina. The sites of many of them can now only be conjectured. The bridges were eight in number, but these are not now all in existence. To begin from the lowest, they stood as follows: the Sublicius, between the Aventine hill and the Janiculum, which was the most ancient of all, and had originally been formed of wooden rafters (è sublicis); the Palatinus (Senatorius), which was the first one came to on proceeding from the Forum towards the Janiculum; the Fabricius 3 and Cestius, by which one crossed over into the island on one's way to the Janiculum; the Janiculensis; the Vaticanus (Triumphalis, Aurelius); the Ælius, leading to Adrian's mound; and the Milvius, which lay without the city, beyond the Flaminian gate. 2) Cf. 1) See Plin. 3, 5, 9; Procop. de Bello Goth. 1. p. 194. Nard. R. Vet. I, 3. 3) Hor. Sat. 2, 3, 36: "A Fabricio non tristem ponte reverti." 4) This was also called the Æmilian bridge, Juven. 6, 32: "quum tibi vicinum se præbeat Æmilius pons." 48. The highroads had their names, some from the towns to which they led, others from the persons by whom they were constructed. Within the city they were paved with stone, outside it with gravel'. Along them were placed stones inscribed with the distances. from the most important places along their extent, thus M. P. XX. These were all reckoned from the Columna Milliaria (§ 50), within the city; and hence the expressions ad primum, ad centesimum ab urbe lapidem, and the like. In explanation of the construction of roads we meet with the words statumen, rudus, nucleus, dorsum: statumen, the foundation, or lowest layer; rudus, a composition of rubble, or gravel and lime, laid over the statumen; nucleus, the layer next under the surface; dorsum, the ridge, or raised part of the centre2. The remains of Roman roads still to be seen, show that they were of wonderful firmness and consistency. Among the more celebrated were the Appia, the Tiburtina, and the Flaminia. Military roads formed a class apart. The Fora, or public squares, were numerous, in proportion to the vast extent of the city. Some of them were places of resort for the despatch of public business, and most of these were adorned with porticoes. The most celebrated of all was the Forum Romanum, which is called by way of distinction the Forum simply. Next to it were the Forum Cæsaris (Julium) and the Forum Trajani. Some served for markets, as the F. Olitorium, where herbs were sold; F. Boarium, for oxen; F. Suarium, for swine; F. Piscarium, for fish; F. Pistorium, for bread. There were also open spaces called campi, or fields, being covered with grass or turf, not paved, and serving as places of resort for amusement, sports, and exercises, military or others. Onuphrius says they were seventeen in number, Creuzer reckons them to have been E |