series, each dealing with a single subject or closely related group of subjects, and the bulletin is published at irregular intervals as matter becomes available for publication. By the act to provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii, as amended, it is made the duty of the bureau to collect and present in quinquennial reports statistical details relating to all departments of labor in the Territory of Hawaii, especially those statistics which relate to the commercial, industrial, social, educational, and sanitary condition of the laboring classes.

BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION.

The Bureau of Immigration is charged with the administration of the laws relating to immigration and of the Chinese exclusion laws. It supervises all expenditures under the appropriation for "Expenses of regulating immigration. It causes alleged violations of the immigration, Chinese exclusion, and alien contract labor laws to be investigated, and when prosecution is deemed advisable submits evidence for that purpose to the proper United States district attorney.

CHILDREN'S BUREAU.

The act establishing the bureau provides that it shall investigate and report upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of children and child life among all classes of our people, and shall especially investigate the questions of infant mortality, the birth rate, orphanage, juvenile courts, desertion, dangerous occupations, accidents, and diseases of children, employment, and legislation affecting children in the several States and Territories. The bureau is also empowered to publish the results of these investigations in such manner and to such extent as may be prescribed by the Secretary of Labor.

BUREAU OF NATURALIZATION.

The act approved March 4, 1913, creating the Department of Labor, provided a Bureau of Naturalization, and that the Commissioner of Naturalization, or, in his absence, the Deputy Commissioner of Naturalization, shall be the administrative officer in charge of the Bureau of Naturalization and of the administration of the naturalization laws under the immediate direction of the Secretary of Labor. Under the provisions of the act of June 29, 1906, naturalization jurisdiction was conferred upon approximately 3,500 United States and State courts. The duties of the Bureau of Naturalization are to supervise the work of these courts in naturalization matters, to require an accounting from the clerks of courts for all naturalization fees collected by them, examine and audit these accounts, deposit them in the Treasury of the United States through the disbursing clerk of the department, and render an accounting therefor quarterly to the Auditor for the State and other Departments, to conduct all correspondence relating to naturalization, and, through its field officers located in various cities of the United States, to investigate the qualifications of the candidates for citizenship and represent the Government at the hearings of petitions for naturalization. In its administration of the naturalization laws the bureau obtains the cooperation of the public school authorities throughout the United States, receives reports therefrom of courses in citizenship instruction, and, acting as a clearing house of information on civic instruction, it disseminates the information received throughout the public-school system. It stimulates the preparation of candidates for citizenship for their new responsibilities by bringing them into contact at the earliest moment with the Americanizing influences of the public-school system, and thereby contributes to the elevation of citizenship standards. In the archives of the bureau are filed duplicates of all certificates of naturalization granted since September 26, 1906, as well as the preliminary papers of all candidates for citizenship filed since that date.

WOMEN'S BUREAU.

This bureau was established as a statutory bureau under act of June 5, 1920, "An act to establish in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the Women's Bureau." Its functions are to formulate standards and policies to promote the welfare of wageearning women, to improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency, and advance their opportunity for profitable employment. The bureau has authority to investigate and report to the department upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of women in industry. The director of the bureau publishes the results of these investigations in the manner and to such extent as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe. This bureau, formerly known as the Women in Industry Service, organized in July, 1918, was established by an appropriation in the act providing for the sundry civil ex

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penses of the Government for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, its function being to serve as a policy-forming and advisory body during the war emergency, whose special duty was to develop in the industries of the country policies and methods for the most effective use of women's services in production, and safeguarding such employment from injurious conditions. This service was continued by appropriation during the following year and until it became a statutory bureau by the act of Congress above quoted.

UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE.

The purpose of the United States Employment Service is to foster, promote, and develop the welfare of the wage earners of the United States by so conserving and distributing their industrial activities as to improve their working conditions and advance their opportunities for profitable employment, in harmony with the general good, with the necessities of war, with the just interests of employers, and with the development in practice of the recognized principle of a common responsibility for production and a common interest in distribution.

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

The Public Printer has charge of and manages the Government Printing Office. Directly or through his principal officers he makes all purchases, disburses all money, appoints all officers and employees, wraps, mails, and dispatches publications for public distribution, and exercises general supervision over the affairs of the office.

The Deputy Public Printer acts as chairman of boards to examine and report on paper and material purchased, and also of a board of condemnation. He has supervision over the buildings and property and the care of the stores, and performs such other duties as are required of him by the Public Printer. In case of the death, resignation, absence, or sickness of the Public Printer he performs the duties of the Public Printer.

The chief clerk has direct charge of the personnel of the office, is charged with the detail of all matters in connection with appointments, promotions, or transfers, and has charge of the general correspondence and care of the files.

The purchasing agent has direct charge of all purchases; prepares all schedules of material and supplies and all proposals, and receives the bids; supervises the work of drawing contracts and orders for paper, material, machinery, and supplies; and acts as the legal adviser of the Public Printer in matters relating to the public printing and binding.

The accountant has charge of the keeping of the accounts of the Public Printer with the Treasury Department, of the accounts with the several allotments of the appropriation, of the time of employees, of the property records, prepares for the signature of the Public Printer pay rolls and vouchers requiring the payment of money, renders bills for work done, and keeps all other accounts.

The Congressional Record clerk has charge of the Congressional Record at the Capitol, and acts as the Public Printer's representative in furnishing information and estimates to Senators, Representatives, and Delegates.

The superintendent of work has direct charge of all the manufacturing divisions

of the office.

The assistant superintendent of work (night) has immediate charge of the manufacturing divisions at night.

The foreman of printing and assistant superintendent of work (day) has immediate charge of the composing and foundry sections and branch printing offices. He also assists the superintendent of work in the supervision of the manufacturing divisions during the day.

The superintendent of documents has general supervision over the distribution of all public documents except those printed for the use of the two Houses of Congress and for the executive departments. He is required to prepare a comprehensive index of public documents and a consolidated index of congressional documents, and is authorized to sell at cost any public document in his charge the distribution of which is not specifically directed.

JOINT COMMITTEE ON PRINTING.

The Joint Committee on Printing, consisting of three Members of the Senate and three Members of the House of Representatives, was created by the act of August 3, 1846, and its principal duties are set forth in the printing act approved January 12, 1895. That act gave the committee authority "to remedy any neglect or delay in the public printing and binding." This authority was extended by section 11 of

public act No. 314, Sixty-fifth Congress, empowering the committee "to adopt and employ such measures as, in its discretion, may be deemed necessary to remedy any neglect, delay, duplication, or waste in the public printing and binding and the distribution of Government publications."

The act of 1895 provides that the committee "shall have control of the arrangement and style of the Congressional Record, and, while providing that it shall be substantially a verbatim report of proceedings, shall take all needed action for the reduction of unnecessary bulk.' The committee is also authorized to provide for the publication of an index to the Record. The Congressional Directory, addresses on deceased Senators and Members, the annual abridgment of messages and documents, statue proceedings, and similar publications are prepared under the direction of the committee. The superintendent of documents publishes the index of public documents upon a plan approved by the committee and indexes such single volumes as it shall direct.

The committee is directed by law to establish rules and regulations for the printing of documents and reports in two or more editions. Orders for subsequent editions after two years from date of original order must receive its approval. Thẹ committee directs whether extra copies of documents and reports shall be bound in paper or cloth, and prescribes the arrangement and binding of documents for depository libraries.

The cost of printing any document or report which can not be properly charged to any other appropriation may, upon order of the committee, be charged to the congressional allotment.

The committee may order additional copies printed of Government publications within a limit of $200 in cost in any one instance.

The act of 1895 also provides that the committee shall exercise the following functions in regard to the purchase of paper for the public printing and binding: Fix upon standards of quality, receive proposals and award contracts therefor, appoint a member of the board of paper inspection, determine differences of opinion as to quality, act upon defaults, and authorize open-market purchases.

The Public Printer is required by law to advertise for bids for material, other than paper, under the direction of the committee, and to make a return to it on all such contracts awarded by him. The committee may authorize the Public Printer to make certain open-market purchases of material, and, by resolution, it has required him to obtain its approval on all purchases of machinery and equipment in excess of $1,000 in any one instance.

Maps and illustration plates for Government publications are purchased under the direction of the committee whenever the probable cost exceeds $1,200; or, whenever the exigencies of the public sevice do not justify advertisement, the committee may authorize immediate contracts for lithographing and engraving.

Printing for the Patent Office is required by law to be done under such regulations and conditions as the committee may prescribe.

Section 11 of public act No. 314, Sixty-fifth Congress, requires all printing, binding, and blank-book work for the Government to be done at the Government Printing Office on and after July 1, 1919, except such classes of work as shall be deemed by the Joint Committee on Printing to be urgent or necessary to have done elsewhere than in the District of Columbia for the exclusive use of any field service outside of said District.

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846, under the terms of the will of James Smithson, an Englishman, who in 1826 bequeathed his fortune to the United States to found, at Washington, under the name of the "Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the "increase and diffusion of knowledge among men. The Institution is legally an establishment, having as its members the President of the United States, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and the President's Cabinet. It is governed by a Board of Regents consisting of the Vice President, the Chief Justice, three Members of the United States Senate, three Members of the House of Representatives, and six citizens of the United States appointed by joint resolution of Congress. The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is its executive officer and the director of its activities.

Through the Hodgkins fund, the income of $100,000 of which is for the increase and diffusion of knowledge in regard to the nature and properties of atmospheric air in connection with the welfare of man, grants have been made, publications issued, and medals and prizes awarded.

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The Institution, in cooperation with the Library of Congress, maintains a scientific library which numbers 350,000 volumes, consisting mainly of the transactions of learned societies and scientific periodicals.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The United States National Museum is the depository of the national collections. It is especially rich in the natural history of America, including zoology, botany, geology, paleontology, archeology, and ethnology, and has extensive series relating to the arts and industries, the fine arts, and American history. Under "history is included the war collections which have been accumulated during the past two years with the cooperation of the War and Navy Departments. This collection embraces at the present time between thirty and forty thousand objects, such as field guns, machine guns, small arms, tanks, trucks, airplanes and accessories, models of naval vessels, uniforms and insignia of all kinds of the United States soldier and the Allies, engineering and medical apparatus, and a large collection of captured material of many of the above classes.

NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART.

The National Gallery of Art contains the George P. Marsh collection of etchings, engravings, and books on art; the Charles L. Freer collection, comprising numerous paintings, etchings, etc., by Whistler and other American artists, and many examples of Japanese and Chinese art; the Harriet Lane Johnston collection, including a number of portraits by British masters; the Ralph Cross Johnson collection of paintings by Italian, French, English, Flemish, and Dutch masters; and the William T. Evans collection of paintings by contemporary American artists.

INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE SERVICE.

The International Exchange Service is the agency of the United States Government for the exchange of scientific, literary, and governmental publications with foreign Governments, institutions, and investigators. It receives and dispatches about 600,000 pounds of printed matter annually.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.

The Bureau of American Ethnology is engaged in the collection and publication of information relating to the American Indians and the natives of Hawaii.

ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.

The Astrophysical Observatory investigates solar radiation and other solar phenomena. The work of this observatory is carried on partly in Washington and partly at a station on Mount Wilson in California.

NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.

The National Zoological Park has an area of 167 acres, and is located in the Rock Creek Valley, 2 miles north of the center of Washington. Its collection comprises about 1,500 animals.

INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE.

The International Catalogue of Scientific Literature publishes an annual classified index to the literature of science. The organization consists of a central bureau in London and 33 regional bureaus established in, and supported by, the principal countries of the world. That for the United States is supported by an annual appropriation from Congress, administered by the Smithsonian Institution.

THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

(Formerly International Bureau of American Republics.)

The Pan American Union is the official international organization of the 21 Republics of the Western Hemisphere, founded and maintained by them for the purpose of exchanging mutually useful information and fostering commerce, intercourse, friendship, and peace. It is supported through their joint contributions, each nation annually paying that part of the budget of expenses which its population bears to the total population of all the Republics. Its general control reposes in a

governing board made up of the diplomatic representatives in Washington of the 20 Latin-American Governments and the Secretary of State of the United States, the latter being ex officio chairman thereof. Its executive officers are a Director General and an Assistant Director, elected by the board. They in turn are assisted by a trained staff of editors, statisticians, compilers, trade experts, translators, librarians, and clerks. It is strictly international in its scope, purpose, and control, and each nation has equal authority in its administration with each other nation. Its activities and facilities include the following: Publication in English, Spanish, Potuguese, with separate editions, of an illustrated monthly bulletin, which is a record of the progress of all the Republics; publication of handbooks, descriptive pamphlets, commercial statements, maps, and special reports relating to each country; correspondence covering all phases of Pan American activities; distribution of every variety of information helpful in the promotion of Pan American commerce, acquaintance, cooperation, and solidarity of interests. It also sets the date, selects the place of meeting, and prepares the programs for the regular Pan American conferences and is custodian of their archives. Its library, known as the Columbus Memorial Library, contains nearly 50,000 volumes, including the official publications, documents, and laws of all the Republics, together with 25,000 photographs, a large collection of maps, and 160,000 subject-index cards. Its reading room has upon its tables the representative magazines and newspapers of Latin America. Both are open to the public for consultation and study. It occupies and owns buildings and grounds facing Seventeenth Street, between B and C Streets, overlooking Potomac Park on the south and the White House Park on the east. These buildings and grounds, representing an investment of $1,100,000, of which Mr. Andrew Carnegie contributed $850,000 and the American Republics $250,000, are dedicated forever to the use of the Pan American Union as an international organization. The Pan American Union was founded in 1890, under the name of the International Bureau of American Republics, in accordance with the action of the First Pan American Conference, held in Washington in 1889-90 and presided over by James G. Blaine, then Secretary of State. It was reorganized in 1907 by action of the Third Pan American Conference, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1906, and upon the initiative of Elihu Root, then Secretary of State. At the fourth conference, held at Buenos Aires in 1910, its name was changed from the International Bureau of American Republics to the Pan American Union. All communications should be addressed to the Director General Pan American Union, Washington, D. C.

INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION.

The original act to regulate commerce, approved February 4, 1887, provided for a commission consisting of five members. By various amendatory and supplementary enactments the powers of the commission have been increased and the scope of the regulating statute materially widened. Among the more important of these enactments are the acts of March 2, 1889; the Elkins Act, approved February 19, 1903; the Hepburn Act, approved June 29, 1906; the Mann-Elkins Act of June 18, 1910; the acts of August 24, 1912, and May 29 and August 9, 1917; and the transportation act, 1920. The number of commissioners was increased under the act of June 29, 1906, to 7 members; under the act of August 9, 1917, to 9 members, and under the transportation act, 1920, to 11 members.

The commission appoints a secretary (who is its general administrative and executive officer), an assistant secretary, a chief counsel, and such attorneys, examiners, special agents, and clerks as are necessary to the proper performance of its duties. The act to regulate commerce applies to all common carriers engaged in the transportation of oil or other commodities, except water, and except natural or artificial gas, by means of pipe lines, or partly by pipe lines and partly by railroad, or partly by pipe lines and partly by water, and to telegraph, telephone, and cable companies (whether wire or wireless) engaged in sending messages from one State, Territory, or District of the United States to any other State, Territory, or District of the United States, or to any foreign country, and to common carriers engaged in interstate transportation of passengers or property wholly by railroad (or partly by railroad and partly by water when both are used under a common control, management, or arrangement for a continuous carriage or shipment); also to express companies and sleeping-car companies, to bridges, ferries, car floats, and lighters, and all terminal and transportation facilities used or necessary in the interstate transportation of persons and property, and all instrumentalities and facilities used in connection with the transmission of intelligence and messages by the use of electric energy.

The act to regulate commerce requires all rates to be just and reasonable and prohibits unjust discrimination and undue or unreasonable preference or advantage in

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