German emigrants on Lake Winnebago, nine miles from Taycheeda.

There are four post-offices in this county: Ceresco, Fond du Lac, Waupun, and Taycheeda.

In the eastern range of townships there are nine small lakes, only two of which are named on the maps-Crooked Lake, on section fifteen, township thirteen, range nineteen; and Long Lake, in township fourteen, which is two and a fourth miles long, and only half a mile wide.

The town system of government has been adopted in this county, and the towns organized are:

CALUMET, townships sixteen and seventeen, east of Lake Winnebago.

CERESCO, township sixteen, in range fourteen.

LIME, township fourteen, in range sixteen.

MOTEMON, township fourteen, in range fourteen.

ROSENDALE, township sixteen and the north half of fifteen in range fifteen, and the west half of sixteen.

WAUPUN, township fifteen in range fourteen, and township fourteen, and the south half of fifteen, in range fifteen. FOND DU LAC embraces the remainder of the county.

CALUMET COUNTY

Is bounded on the north by Brown, east by Manitowoc, south by Sheboygan and Fond du Lac, and on the west by Winnebago counties; or on the north by the line between townships twenty and twenty-one; on the south by the line between townships sixteen and seventeen (in range twentyone) and the south line of the Indian reservation, produced into Lake Winnebago; and on the west by the line between ranges seventeen and eighteen. It is twenty-four miles long from north to south, and eighteen miles wide. The area is three hundred and ninety-six square miles, including about eighty-one miles of the water of lake Winnebago.

Calumet county was set off from Brown, in 1836, and organized as a separate county in 1842; but in 1843 it was

reduced to the grade of a town, and made part of Fond du Lac county, under the name of Manchester. It is now restored to its former dignity, but remains attached to Fond du Lac county for judicial purposes.

The population, in 1840, was two hundred and seventyfive; in 1842, it was four hundred and seven. It is now

estimated at eight hundred.

This county embraces the Stockbridge and Brother-town Indian reservation, whose farms, with their neat houses, substantial fences and well cultivated fields, will compare favorably with those belonging to other farmers of this country. They constitute a majority of the inhabitants of the county.

A high rocky ridge runs through the county, nearly parallel with the lake shore, from the east side of which the Sheboygan and Manitowoc rivers take their rise; and through one or the other of these valleys, a very direct communication with Lake Michigan may at no distant day be opened by the construction of a railroad or canal. The soil in this county is rich, and well covered with timber, of which basswood constitutes an unusually large proportion. The rocks found in this place are limestone and occasionally sandstone; and there are said to be some indications of coal. The scenery, especially about the lake, is described as very beautiful and picturesque.

According to the census of 1840, there were then in Calumet county, 16 horses, 255 neat cattle, and 438 swine; and the products of 1839 are stated at 1,192 bushels of wheat, 194 of barley, 432 of oats, 2,619 of Indian corn, 3,803 of potatoes, and 231 tons of hay.

There are two very small lakes in this county.

The post-offices established are three; at Calumet, Pequot, and Stockbridge.

The only streams of any considerable size are the north and south branches of the Manitowoc, which run in nearly opposite directions, and unite near the east line of this county.

The township system of government is adopted.

All north of the division between the two reservations is in the town of Stockbridge, and all south of that line in the town of Manchester.

WINNEBAGO COUNTY

Is bounded on the north by Brown, or north line of township twenty; on the east by Calumet, or east line of range seventeen; on the south by Fond du Lac, or south line of township seventeen; and on the west by Marquette and Brown counties, or by the west line of range fourteen. It is a regular square of twenty-four miles each way, and containing, therefore, five hundred and seventy-six square miles, from which, however, we may deduct, as covered with water, as follows:

Winnebago county was separated from Brown and Fond du Lac counties in 1840, and organized for county purposes in 1842. In 1840, its population was one hundred and thirty-five; and in 1842, it had only increased to one hundred and forty-three. It is now supposed to be about five hundred.

The situation of this county, on the Neenah river, at the junction of Wolf river, a large stream which must at some future day bring down a large surplus of agricultural products, and being bounded on Lake Winnebago, one of the most beautiful and interesting, as well as the largest of the interior lakes of the Territory, must render it as important as many other counties. The character of the soil, timberprairies, water, and other things usually considered in making a selection of a new home in the West, will compare

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favorably with any other county in the Territory. The underlying rock is limestone.

The ancient struggle between the French and the Sauk and Fox Indians, by which the former sought to secure a free passage across the country to the Mississippi river, was terminated by a decisive action which took place in this county, as described in this work, page 21.

There are three post-offices: at Oshkosh, Buttes des Morts, and Neenah.

In 1840, agreeably to the census, there were in Winnebago county 39 horses, 184 neat cattle, 147 swine, 1 gristmill, and 1 saw-mill. In 1839, the products were 362 bushels of wheat, 445 of oats, 21 of buckwheat, 1,090 of Indian corn, 1,980 of potatoes, 209 tons of hay, 4,400 pounds of maple sugar, 3 barrels of fish, $8,950 worth of skins and furs, and 15 pounds of tobacco.

The county seat is at OSHKOSH, at the entrance of the Neenah into Lake Winnebago.

LAKE WINNEBAGO, from which this county derives its name, is twenty-eight miles long, and ten miles wide, in its greatest dimensions, and covers an area of about two hundred and twelve square miles. The Neenah river enters it near the middle, and leaves it at the northwest angle, by two channels, enclosing Doty's island, by which it is connected with the Little Butte des Morts lake. These channels are known as the Winnebago rapids. "The water," says Capt. Cram, " is hard, and when not violently agitated is quite pellucid, but becomes turbid during long and severe blows; and has a depth sufficient for the purposes of navigation. On the northern extremity the shore is low, having a narrow sandy beach, for an extent of about eight miles. On the east side the shore presents a remarkable feature for an extent of fifteen miles, in a wall composed of rocks laid together, as if placed there by the hand of art. A similar wall pertains to portions of the western shore, but with less continuity than is observed on the east shore. The wall generally

rises about five feet above, and extends into the lake under the water, for some hundreds of feet. Above the wall on the east side, there immediately succeeds a table of excellent land, covered with a growth of heavy timber; and still further back the ground rises into a high ridge, in which limestone and sandstone are found in great abundance. On approaching the southern extremity of the lake, however, the stone and timber disappear, and the land becomes a rich grassy prairie, coming quite to the water's edge." The wall above described probably owes its origin to the expansive force of the ice in winter, by which the rocks in the shallow water near the shore are annually moved towards the shore, until they are finally thrown up into a ridge or wall, as is seen on the Pewaukee, and other lakes in Milwaukee county. There is a small island (about a mile in length) near the west shore, called Garlic island. For the protection of navigation on this lake a pier has been commenced under the authority of Congress, at Clifton, near the northern extremity of Lake Winnebago, for which an appropriation of five hundred dollars was made. It is estimated by Capt. Cram that the surface of this lake is about one hundred and sixty feet above the level of Lake Michigan.

PewauGONEE LAKE is an expansion of Wolf river, about ten miles in length, commencing a short distance above its junction with the Neenah.

GREAT BUTTE DES MORTS LAKE is an expansion of the Neenah river, four and a half miles above Lake Winneba"go; three and a half miles in length, and from one to two miles in breadth.

LITTLE BUTTE DES MORTS LAKE is another expansion of the Neenah, immediately below Winnebago rapids; about four and a half miles long, and one mile wide.

These two last lakes (Buttes des Morts, or "Hills of the Dead") are named from hills or mounds said to have been formed of the dead bodies of the Indians slain in some bat