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able extent, and shipped on the lake to market. ral, the soil is of good quality, and wherever tested, it is found to yield all the usual crops in great abundance. It abounds in copious springs of pure water, and three small lakes exist in the western and southern parts of the county. One small lake in township eighteen, range twenty-three, was named English lake by the surveyors, because one of their party, named English, fell into the lake while engaged in making the public surveys.

The village of MANITOWOC, at the mouth of the river of the same name, consisting of some twenty or thirty buildings, is a place of some importance as the depot of the lumber made on the river above. A lighthouse has been erected here by the government, and in 1843 a pier was constructed for the accommodation of lake vessels at private cost. The interest and safety of the lake navigation require a permanent harbor at this point, which it is hoped will soon be constructed by the general government.

MANITOWOC RAPIDS is the name of a village four miles above Manitowoc at the lake shore, thirty-four miles from Green Bay, twenty-nine miles from Sheboygan Falls, and eighty miles from Milwaukee. The rapids here, at the head of navigation of the river, afford a very extensive water power, which is taken advantage of to manufacture pine lumber and shingles to a great extent, to be shipped on Lake Michigan.

NESHETO is another village of this county, situated at the head of navigation of the West Twin river, where there is also a water-power and saw-mills. It is eight miles above the mouth of the river.

In 1840, there were in this county 11 horses, 81 neat cattle, 90 swine, one flouring mill, and six saw mills; and the products during the year 1839 were 225 bushels of wheat, 1,750 bushels of oats, 175 bushels of Indian corn, 1,900 bushels of potatoes, 67 tons of hay, 2,900 pounds of maple sugar, and 2,000 barrels of fish.

The MANITOWOC RIVER, or "river of spirits," is the largest and principal stream in the county. It originates in two main branches called the north and south branches, which have their origin near the two extremities of Lake Winnebago, and unite at the west line of this county. It drains about four hundred square miles of surface, and is navigable four miles, to the foot of the rapids. From this point there is a series of rapids extending twelve miles, with an aggregate fall supposed to be about one hundred and forty feet. Above this point the current is gentle, and the stream is navigable for canoes to within a few miles of Lake Winnebago.

A canal has been proposed along this river to Lake Winnebago, for the purpose of bringing the trade of the country, lying in that vicinity, and west of it, to Manitowoc, instead of Green Bay. The distance is about forty miles, and the summit, according to the survey of Captain Cram, on the north branch, is eighty-five and a half feet above Lake Winnebago, and about two hundred and forty-five feet above Lake Michigan, requiring a lockage (should the summit be cut down seventeen and a half feet, to the level of the head marsh, in township twenty, range nineteen) of two hundred and twenty-eight feet on the east side, and sixty-eight feet on the west side of the summit; or thirtyseven locks, of eight feet lift, each within forty miles. It is supposed that an abundant supply of water can be commanded on the summit.

The EAST AND WEST TWIN RIVERS are two streams rising in Brown county, and running in a southerly direction nearly parallel with each other (of nearly equal size), and entering Lake Michigan six miles northeast from the mouth of Manitowoc. They unite their waters just before they enter the lake. The East Twin runs nearly its whole course almost exactly parallel with the lake shore-a circumstance observed in many other streams. Like the

other tributaries of Lake Michigan, they have rapids a few miles above their mouth.

The SHEBOYGAN RIVER runs through the southwest corner of this county, and the head waters of Memee creek occupy a portion of the south tier of townships. Calvin's creek, a small tributary of Lake Michigan, four miles south of Manitowoc, and Point creek, seven miles from Manitowoc, are all that have received distinct names. There are two large branches of the Manitowoc, from the north, not yet named.

Post-offices have been established at Manitowoc, Manitowoc Rapids, and Twin rivers.

SHEBOYGAN COUNTY.

The county of SHEBOYGAN is bounded on the north by Manitowoc county; east by Lake Michigan; south by Washington county; and west by Fond du Lac county, embracing townships thirteen, fourteen, fifteen and sixteen, in ranges twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two and twenty-three east of the fourth principal meridian. It is twenty-four miles long from north to south, and has an average width of twenty and one-fourth miles. The area is, therefore, five hundred and ten square miles, of which about fifteen are covered by the waters of the Sheboygan lake, occupying the northwest corner township. The length of the coast line is twenty-six and one-eighth miles. This county was set off from Brown, in 1836, and organized for county purposes, in 1839. For judicial purposes it is united with Fond du Lac county; but is to be fully organized in 1846. The population in 1840 was one hundred and thirty-three; and in 1843 it was two hundred and twenty-one, and it is now supposed to be twelve hundred.

There are no prairies or openings; the whole country being covered by dense forests. Among the trees are found pine, to a considerable extent, which is manufactured into

lumber at the Sheboygan Falls, near the mouth of the river, and shipped on Lake Michigan.

The SHEBOYGAN RIVER rises on the high grounds near the southern extremity of Lake Winnebago, in Fond du Lac county, and running through Sheboygan lake, makes a sudden bend to the north, into Manitowoc county, and then turning to the south east, enters Lake Michigan near the centre of Sheboygan county. The original Indian name of this river it is almost impossible for any white man to pronounce (Shawb-wa-way-gun), and its meaning is, "the river that comes out of the ground." Whether it has any part of its course under the ground, as is often the case in limestone countries, and as this name would seem to indicate, is not known. It drains about three hundred and eighty square miles of surface. At the crossing of the United States road, about six miles above the mouth, there is a rapid or fall, affording abundance of water power, which is already improved. A town has been commenced here called "Sheboygan Falls."

MULLET RIVER is a considerable branch of the Sheboygan, entering on the south side, one mile above the Falls, and ONION RIVER enters immediately at the Falls. This last has a southerly direction for some distance, to a place noted as the "Salt Licks," and then turns completely around and runs north. Whether these salt licks indicate the existence of salt water or springs in the vicinity, remains to be determined. The rocks found here, and throughout the county, are limestone, similar to that found throughout the eastern portion of the Territory. The MEMEE CREEK is another instance of that remarkable parallelism so often observed in the rivers and streams of Wisconsin. It rises in Manitowoc county, and runs south between the Sheboygan river and the lake shore, and nearly parallel with each. It enters the lake three miles north of Sheboygan, having made a sudden turn to the northeast a few miles above its junction. BLACK CREEK runs nearly its

whole course (about six miles) parallel with the lake shore, and only about half a mile from it. It enters the lake three miles south of Sheboygan.

In 1840, there were in this county 4 horses, 59 neat cattle, 83 swine, one grist-mill and two saw-mills; and the products of the preceding year were estimated to be 548 bushels of wheat, 985 of oats, 75 of buckwheat, 170 of Indian corn, and 1,808 of potatoes; 62 tons of hay, 910 pounds of maple sugar, 420 barrels of fish, and eight thousand five hundred dollars worth of lumber.

There are five small lakes in this county, that are named on the maps, and four others not named.

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The town of SHEBOYGAN is situated on the shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Sheboygan river, and is the port at which the commercial business of this county is mostly done. The value of the business done at this point, as stated by Col. Abert, is as follows:

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Since 1841, no statements of the amount of business have been published. The town now contains about three hundred inhabitants, and will soon become one of the most important points on the lake shore in the Territory. A temporary pier has been built to accommodate the shipping; and a good road opened between this place and Fond du Lac, thirty-five miles, for which the sum of three thou

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