F

lameng, François, frän-swä flä-män, French painter: b. Paris 1859. He began his art studies under his father, Leopold Flameng (q.v.), the engraver, and studied subsequently under Cabanel, Hedouin and Jean Paul Laurens. He is an artist of distinguished ability as a figure painter, and among the most striking works of his are: The Girondins Summoned (1879); The Bowlers' (1886); and Grolier and Alus,' which last hangs in the Grolier Club of New York.

Flameng, Léopold, lã-ō-pōl, French engraver: b. Brussels 22 Nov. 1831. He began his studies in 1853, at Paris, where he became domiciled. He acquired great versatility in styles, both old and new, and did illustration work for periodicals and books, frequently for the Gazette des Beaux Arts. His complete mastery of technique, and his artistic breadth of treatment render him one of the best line-engravers

of the day.

Flameng, Marie Auguste, mä-re ō-güst, French painter: b. Jouy-aux-Arches, near Metz, 1843. He has studied under Delaunnay and Puvis de Chavannes. He exhibited for the first time in 1870, and four years later began to paint coast and marine subjects. In this department he continues to maintain a high reputation and his picture in the Luxembourg, 'Fishing Boats at Sea' (1881), is a typical example of his vigorous handling, his fine color tone and briskness of movement in sea and air.

Flamingo, fla-ming'gō, a peculiar webfooted bird of the group Phanicopteri, which may be regarded as intermediate between the storks and the ducks, the long legs and necks giving it a resemblance to the former, while the webbed feet connect it with the latter. There are six species of true flamingoes, widely spread over the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Our North American species (Phoenicopterus ruber), once common all along the southern shores of the United States, but now almost exterminated even from Florida, and ranging southward to the Argentine Republic, is light vermilion with brighter wing coverts. The

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other forms are rosy white (scarlet on the wing coverts) with black wing-quills. All have small goose-like bodies, but the long legs and neck give them a height of four or five feet. Their most extraordinary part is the bill, which is large, swollen and bent upon itself so that the upper half is turned downward when the bird feeds, with its head twisted and crown downward. The edges of both upper and lower jaw are furnished with small transverse plates, which serve, as in ducks, for a sieve, allowing the escape of the mud, but retaining the small worms, crustaceans, mollusks, fishes, etc., on which the birds feed. The upper surface of the tongue is beset on the sides and base with flexible, recurved, horny spines. Flamingoes live and migrate in large flocks, warning one another of danger by a loud trumpeting note, which is the signal for the flock to take wing. When flying, they form a triangle.

inundated marshes, where they spend most of They breed in companies in mud-flats or their time wading about, raising up the mud into a small hillock, which is concave at the top so as to form a nest. In this hollow the female lays her one egg, and hatches it by sitting with her legs doubled up under her. The young, usually two in number, do not fly till they have nearly attained their full growth, though they can run very swiftly and swim with ease almost immediately after their exclusion from the shell. This bird was held in high repute among the luxurious Romans; and Apicius, so famous in the annals of gastronomy, is recorded by Pliny to have discovered the exquisite relish of the flamingo's tongue, and a superior mode of dressing it. When taken young they soon grow familiar, but they are not generally found to thrive in the domesticated state. The European flamingo (P. roseus) is abundant in marshy regions of Spain and southern France, and is found as far south as Cape Colony, and as far east as Lake Baikal. In northwestern India it may be seen in flocks numbering tens of thousands. Another very similar species (P. minor), but of less size and with the chin feathered, is found from Madagascar around the whole circuit of the shores of the Indian Ocean. Three

underwent considerable curtailment by the conquests of the_French_in the west, when part of it became French Flanders, and is now included in departments Nord and Ardennes; and by the conquests of the Dutch in the north, who succeeded in including the most northerly portion of it in the province of Zeeland. The remainder still retains its ancient name, and forms the modern provinces of East and West Flanders, in Belgium (q.v.).

Flanders, East (Fr. Flandre Orientale), a province of Belgium, bounded north by Holland, east by the provinces of Antwerp and Brabant, south by Hainaut, and west by West Flanders; length, north to south, 34 miles; central breadth, east to west, 32 miles; area, 1,158 square miles. The surface forms an extensive plain, sloping gently eastward. It wholly belongs to the basin of the Schelde, which by itself, its tributaries, and canals connected with them, furnishes ample water communication. Its soil, partly of a sandy and partly of a clayey nature, is so industriously and skilfully cultivated that it has the appearance of a vast garden, and presents one of the richest rural landscapes which anywhere_exists. The principal crops are wheat and flax, but almost all the plants which can be grown under the same latitude are cultivated with success. There are no forests properly so called, but owing to the general practice of planting hedge-row trees, there is no want of wood. In general, however, it consists of poplar and other soft-wood trees, and makes only indifferent timber. There are no minerals of any value, but manufactures have made great progress, and all the ordinary, as well as the fine tissues of wool, cotton, and flax, are well and largely made. There are also numerous tanneries, breweries, distilleries, soap-works, roperies, sugar and salt refineries, etc. The trade includes, in addition to these articles, flax, hops, and oil. For administrative purposes the province is divided into six arrondissements - Gand, or Ghent, the capital; Alost, Audenarde, Termonde, St. Nicolas, and Eecloo. Pop. (1901)

1,029,971.

Flanders, West (Fr. Flandre Occidentale), a province of Belgium, bounded north and northwest by the German Ocean, west-southwest and south by France, southeast by the province of Hainaut, east by East Flanders, and northeast by Holland; greatest length, north-northeast to south-southwest, 54 miles; greatest breadth, 48 miles; area, 1,249 square miles. The surface is generally flat, but a few low hills occur in the south and east, and a range of sand hills or downs lines the greater part of the coast. The most important crops are flax, both abundant in quantity and excellent in quality; oats, barley, hops, oil-seeds, tobacco, madder, and chicory. The cattle, of all sorts, are of excellent breeds; and fish, poultry, and game abound. The most important branch of industry is linen, ordinary and damask. Great quantities of lace also are made, and there are numerous breweries, distilleries, tanneries, dye-works, oil-works, soapworks, salt and sugar refineries, etc. The province is divided into eight arrondissements Bruges (the capital), Courtrai, Ypres, Furnes, Thielt, Roulers, Ostend, and Dixnude. Pop. (1901) 805,236.

Flandin, Eugène Napoléon, nä-po-la-ôn e-jen flän-dăn, Italian painter and archæolo

gist: b. Naples, Italy, 15 Aug. 1809; d. Tours, France, 1876. He published: 'Etudes sur la Sculpture Perse' (1842); Etudes sur la Perse moderne) (1842); Relation du voyage in

Perse (1843). In 1843-5 he traveled with Botta through the country of the Tigris, and illustrated his fellow traveler's Monuments de Ninive,' with drawings of the sculptures of Khorsabad. He finally made a full artistic exposition of Oriental life in his elaborately illustrated work, 'L'Orient' (1856); and also wrote 'Histoire de chevaliers de Rhodes' (1854).

Flan'drau, Charles Macomb, American writer of fiction: b. Minnesota 1870. He is the author of 'Harvard Episodes'; The Diary of a Freshman.'

the Mennonite Anabaptist sect. They arose in Flan'drians, or Flemings, a subdivision of the 16th century, and were rigid in their procedure. In 1630 A.D. the majority of them entered into a union, confirmed in 1649, with their more moderate brethren, who were often called Waterlanders.

Flandrin, Jean Hippolyte, zhon e-pō-lēt flän-drăn, French historical and portrait painter: b. Lyons 23 May 1809; d. Rome, Italy, 21 March 1864. He worked under Ingres, and from him he imbibed that love of severe and definite form and that classical feeling which he used for his own ends in his religious painting. In 1832 he won the Prix de Rome by his 'Recognition of Theseus'; and before his five years' residence in Italy was completed he had produced his 'St. Clair Healing the Blind,' now in the cathedral of Nantes. Henceforward he was mainly occupied with decorative monumental work, though he also executed many admirable portraits. In 1842 he began his great frescoes of Christ Entering Jerusalem, and Christ Going up to Calvary, in the sanctuary of the Church of St. Germain-des-Près, Paris, deeply impressive works, which already entitled their painter to rank as the greatest religious painter of the century. The choir of the same church he adorned (1846-8) with figures of the He also decorated Saints and the Virtues. the Church of St. Paul at Nîmes (1847-9), the Church of St. Martin d'Ainay at Lyons (1855), and painted the frieze of St. Vincent de Paul, in Paris, with a noble series of saints and martyrs. In 1855 he began his last great work of subjects from the Old and New Testaments, in the nave of St. Germain-des-Près, consisting of which some were left uncompleted at his death, at Rome, 21 March 1864. His 'Lettres et Pensées,' with a memoir and a catalogue of his works, were issued 1865. See 'Lives,' by Poncet (1864); Montrard (1876).

Flandrin, Jean Paul, zhon pol, French painter: b. Lyons 8 May 1811; brother of the portrait and historical painter Hippolyte Flandrin (q.v.), and a landscape painter whose compositions are of an ideal character and represent a survival of the classical school of Poussin and Claude.

Flan'nan or Flan'nen Islands, or The Seven Hunters, a group of small rocky islands in Scotland, in the Outer Hebrides, included in the county of Ross and Cromarty, about 15 miles west-northwest of Gallon Head. They are frequented by large numbers of seabirds, and sheep used to be pastured on some of