He was a man whom we loved and will miss.

It is best to observe the rule, never use and who, and which, or and that unless a who, which, or that has preceded in the sentence.

EXERCISES

:

I. Correct the following sentences, and point out the error in each :1. He not only observed some boisterous behavior but also that some were actually pounding on the tables.

2. The man elected is one of high integrity and who will do all he can for the people and I am glad I voted for him.

3. I saw the statues of the lions entering the library and going up the steps inside the building I noticed the bust of Apollo with my hat off.

4. I looked up and saw Mr. B coming into the room with a frown on his face and who began immediately to speak from the platform in a high voice.

5. He took the prize with ease which turned his head and made him very haughty.

6. They lost their little terrier at the fair in the city with a red ribbon on its neck.

7. They awarded Jim the prize which so annoyed John that not only would he not speak to him but also went out of his way to avoid him.

8. Whoever it was that went into that door which had just been painted by the man who wore the long beard was simply covered with paint.

9. I studied my German very hard which caused my teacher to commend me and who said I would pass.

10. In reading history, Cromwell appears sometimes as a tyrant, sometimes as a hero.

Emphasis. By Emphasis in the sentence we mean the placing of ideas so that their relative importance will be seen most easily. The main idea should be given the emphatic

place, which is at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.

To say

I unqualifiedly condemn the man who sells his vote

is much looser and much weaker than

The man who sells his vote I unqualifiedly condemn.

The latter statement is emphatic because of the placing of the more important idea last.

Climax. Again, for Emphasis, a series of words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence should be arranged in order of climax. Not

To survive or perish, live or die, sink or swim,

To sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish,

is the climactical order and therefore the emphatic one. Sometimes orators reverse this order, because they are concerned with sounds as well as with thoughts. A high sounding word, though of comparatively little importance compared to others in the group, may stand last and thus steal the emphasis from the word of bigger meaning. Every one knows that crimes are much worse things than misdemeanors, yet Edmund Burke impeached Warren Hastings for "high crimes and misdemeanors," not for "misdemeanors and high crimes."

Explanatory Expressions to be kept from Positions of Emphasis. Of course such merely explanatory expressions as "I fancy," "however that may be," "I expect," "they say," must always be kept in subordinate position in sentences in order not to mar the Emphasis. The emperor is dead, they say," is not emphatic.

Repetition.

A very effective means to Emphasis is well

devised repetition. This will keep constantly before the reader's mind the thought which the writer or speaker wants to impress upon it. This sentence from Dickens' Little Dorrit illustrates the use of repetition for the purpose of emphasizing the effect of a hot August day:

Strangers were stared out of countenance by staring white houses, staring white walls, staring white streets, staring tracts of arid road, staring hills from which the verdure was burnt away. The repetition of "staring" here serves a definite purpose and properly emphasizes it. But to use such expressions as "immediately and at once," "he lost and therefore failed to win," "the sky was cloudy and overcast," is rather to weaken the impression we desire to make than to emphasize it.

Subordinate Thoughts to be kept in Subordinate Clauses. A frequent cause of lack of emphasis is an error in distributing the thought of a sentence. If a subordinate idea is placed in the principal clause of a complex sentence, it will have too much emphasis, and the main thought will have too little.

Notice how

Narrowly escaping death, I sprang up the steps, is strengthened when written

Springing up the steps, I narrowly escaped death.

Variety. Under Emphasis belongs the subject of Variety in sentences. It sometimes happens that a sentence is unified, coherent, and emphatic, but yet, by an awkward repetition of some word or phrase, becomes monotonous to the reader or hearer. We have such a wide range of choice in diction and expression that we should not often be guilty of this fault. Sometimes we may have to change the construction of a sentence to avoid the monotony; sometimes

merely changing a word will be sufficient. But it can always be avoided.

People voted promptly, but when the vote was counted, it was found that they had voted ignorantly,

should read

People voted promptly but when the returns were taken, it was found that they had cast their ballots ignorantly.

There were three birds in the plum tree and there were two in the oak tree,

should read

There were three birds in the plum tree and two in the oak.

As stated above, well-devised repetition for the purpose of Emphasis is permissible always, and it cannot be said to be in violation of the law of Variety. But for general expression we should enrich our vocabulary and our expressional forms as much as possible in order to escape condemnation for monotony.

Summary. Finally, mastery of the sentence, in all of the different departments which we have discussed, can be summed up in one general counsel:Show truly and accurately the relation between the ideas and the part thoughts which you are combining into statements. Do this and your expression will be Unified, will be Coherent, and will be Emphatic. When you are sure of yourself in the sentence, short, long, simple, compound, complex, loose, or periodic, then you have the very finest equipment for beginning to work out those longer units of thought which we are now to take up.

SUMMARY EXERCISES (GROUP II)

I. Criticize the Unity, Coherence, Emphasis, and Variety of the following sentences; then rewrite them in better form :

1. We gathered together all the sticks and, when piled up and nicely arranged, put a barrel against them.

2. He is one of the greatest actors in the world and he is an Italian and will play here this fall.

3. I drew on my fur overcoat which was given me by my uncle which was very warm.

4. He asserted that all books must be returned to-morrow morning and all who had them should be prompt in doing it.

5. After having won the race the judges said that the prize had been forgotten but he would receive it by mail.

6. He entertained us for many hours telling us his experiences and adventures in the Southern seas which we listened to keenly.

7. He was a hard, earnest worker; however, he succeeded very well in everything he undertook.

8. Staggering through the street he saw as he entered the building a drunken man.

9. The lesson assigned by the teacher was repeated again and we both understood the written work as well as the portion to be read.

10. He said "and so forth" are the laziest words in the language which I thought were very true.

11. On the afternoon of the game I called for him to accompany me but he was not ready and I waited for an hour for him which seemed an age, but finally we got started and the game was half over but we had a good time anyway.

12. We examined the pocketbook which he found while he was down town where he had been sent by his mother who wanted some silk and it contained more than one hundred dollars in bills which surprised us.

13. He promised to return everything he had taken promptly.