boundary of Wisconsin. It is one of the principal branches, has a rapid current, and varies in width from eighty to one hundred feet. The bed is rocky, and it is generally so shallow as to render it difficult to ascend it with canoes, except in times of high water. The banks are thickly studded with white cedar, fir, poplar, tamarack, white birch and pine, for a great extent. There are two portages or falls, about ten miles above its junction with the Menomonee. It rises near Lake Brule. Its name is applied in consequence of the timber near its mouth having been destroyed by fire.

WOLF, or PEWAUGONEE, a large branch of the Neenah, from the north, entering three miles above the Great Butte des Morts, in Winnebago county. It is larger than the Neenah itself at the confluence, and immediately above it expands into a lake, called Pewaugan lake. Its head branches approach the Wisconsin near the Plover portage, so near that persons often take this route from Green Bay to the upper Wisconsin.

Many of the small LAKES of Brown county have not yet been noticed, and received names by which they may be designated in this work. The only one about which anything is definitely known, is

LAKE KATAKITTEkon, or 66 Lac Vieux Desert," at the head of the Wisconsin river (and not of the Montreal, as was supposed), which it is probable may fall within the county of Brown. The middle of this lake was made a point in the boundary of the Territory. On an island in this lake there was an old deserted planting ground of the Indians; hence its name with the French, Lac Vieux Desert. Lake of the Desert, as this is sometimes translated, is an improper name, the country about it being not a desert, but one of great fertility. It occupies a high level above Lakes Superior and Michigan, and abounds in small lakes, which constitute the heads of several large rivers. The Menomonee of Lake Michigan, then Otonagon and

Montreal of Lake Superior, and the Wisconsin and Chippewa, of the Mississippi, all take their rise on the summit in the Katakittekon country. The following extract from Capt. Cram's report relative to this interesting country, is the only information we have in relation to it. "The water of these small reservoirs, and of the streams generally, is cold and limpid. Some of the lakes were observed to contain the speckled trout, such as are generally met with in high latitudes in the United States. The scenery of these lakes is beautiful, and the land adjacent to them is better than is generally believed by those who have not had an opportunity of personal examination. The country is not mountainous, but may be denominated 'rolling.' The growth of timber is tolerably heavy, consisting of white and yellow pine on the borders of the lakes; in some instances of cedar, fir, hemlock, and tamarack; and a little back of the lakes, of sugar maple, white maple, white and yellow birch, poplar, bass and hemlock. The soil is of a nature to be adapted to the culture of wheat, rye, grass, oats, flax, hemp, and potatoes. In some places the soil is rocky, although no very large masses or ledges of rocks were observed. The manufacture of maple sugar is carried on to a considerable extent by the Indians of this region. Many of their sugar bushes' were observed, and from the oldness of the marks upon the trees, the Indians must have known the art of extracting this luxury from the forest from an early date of their history. A very good kind of potatoe (wild?) is raised here, the mode of preserving which was entirely new to us. The potatoes, which are of an oblong shape, and not larger than a man's thumb, are partially boiled, and carefully peeled while hot, without breaking the pulp, and strung like so many beads upon a twine, or tough thread of bark, and then hung in festoons on the ridge-pole of the wigwam, over the smoke of the fire, where they become thoroughly dry. This process renders the potatoe fit for transportation and use during the

severest frosts without injury. The squaws take great interest in preparing this article of food, which is about the only vegetable they cultivate. This district is tolerably well provided with deer, beaver, otter, martin, mink, muskrat, ducks of various kinds, fish, teal, wild geese and partridges. Deer, however, are not so plentiful as further south. Winter usually sets in about the 20th October, in the Katakittekon country: this year from the 20th to the 28th October, the mercury ranged as low as from nine to twelve degrees below freezing, and for several days during the latter part of October, it was continually snowing. On the return of our party, Sandy Lake outlet had become so much frozen as to make it necessary to drag the canoes on the ice; and the ice was making very fast in all the lakes and streams-this in the very last days of October." The Lake Katakittekon is about three miles in its extreme length from north to south, and is very irregular in form.

LAKE SHOWANNO is the name of a lake near the head of Wolf river, from which there is a portage to the Oconto river, of Green Bay.

GREEN BAY, which derives its names from a fancied deeper green color of its waters than usual, may be considered as a lake connected with Lake Michigan, at the "Porte du Morts," or Death's Door. At this point there are several islands, the largest of which, called the Potawatomee island, is twenty-eight miles in circumference, and about five miles in diameter. Rock island (53-8 miles in circuit) lies near the northeast corner of it, and Detroit and Plum islands lie between it and the main shore at the south. Detroit I. is four miles long, half a mile wide, and nine and one-fourth miles around. Chambers' island is near the middle of Green Bay, and may be considered as belonging to Michigan. It is four miles long and two broad, and contains a lake or pond about a mile in length. STURGEON BAY, and LITTLE STURGEON BAY, are two small arms of Green Bay, on the east side, about half

way between the town of Green Bay and Death's Door. At this point gypsum, or plaster of Paris, has been found, and probably exists in sufficient quantities to become important, and may hereafter be worked to advantage. Near the southern extremity of the bay, there is a small island called GRASS ISLAND, lying opposite a point on the west side, a little north of Duck creek, called Grass Point; and "POINT AU SALLE" is a similar point on the east side of the bay.

MANITOWOC COUNTY.

This is a lake county, next south of Brown, being bounded on the north by Brown county, or the north line of township number twenty; on the east by Lake Michigan, or rather by the Territorial line in the middle of that lake; on the south by Sheboygan county, or the south line of township number seventeen; and on the west by Calumet county, or the west line of range twenty-one. It has a length from north to south of twenty-four miles, and an average breadth of twenty miles, and consequently an area of four hundred and eighty square miles. The coast line is twenty-eight and one fourth miles. This county was set off from Brown, and its boundaries defined in 1836, but was not organized as a separate county until 1839; and it is not yet fully organized, being attached to Fond du Lac county for judicial purposes. The population in 1840 was two hundred and thirty-five, and in 1842 it had only increased to two hundred and sixty-three, but since that time a considerable addition has been made to the population, so that it is now estimated at about six hundred, The principal settlements are at the Manitowoc Rapids, near the mouth of that river, and at Neshoto, on the West Twin river.

The whole county consists of timbered land-being usually hard wood, as beech, maple, bass-wood, &c., except along the margin of the principal streams, where pine predominates. Pine lumber is manufactured to a consider

able extent, and shipped on the lake to market. In general, the soil is of good quality, and wherever tested, it is. found to yield all the usual crops in great abundance. It abounds in copious springs of pure water, and three small lakes exist in the western and southern parts of the county. One small lake in township eighteen, range twenty-three, was named English lake by the surveyors, because one of their party, named English, fell into the lake while engaged in making the public surveys.

The village of MANITOWOC, at the mouth of the river of the same name, consisting of some twenty or thirty buildings, is a place of some importance as the depót of the lumber made on the river above. A lighthouse has been erected here by the government, and in 1843 a pier was constructed for the accommodation of lake vessels at private cost. The interest and safety of the lake navigation require a permanent harbor at this point, which it is hoped will soon be constructed by the general government.

MANITOWOC RAPIDS is the name of a village four miles above Manitowoc at the lake shore, thirty-four miles from. Green Bay, twenty-nine miles from Sheboygan Falls, and eighty miles from Milwaukee. The rapids here, at the head of navigation of the river, afford a very extensive water power, which is taken advantage of to manufacture pine lumber and shingles to a great extent, to be shipped on Lake Michigan.

NESHETO is another village of this county, situated at the head of navigation of the West Twin river, where there is also a water-power and saw-mills. It is eight miles above the mouth of the river.

In 1840, there were in this county 11 horses, 81 neat cattle, 90 swine, one flouring mill, and six saw mills; and the products during the year 1839 were 225 bushels of wheat, 1,750 bushels of oats, 175 bushels of Indian corn, 1,900 bushels of potatoes, 67 tons of hay, 2,900 pounds of maple sugar, and 2,000 barrels of fish.