15. At the end of the street on the right-hand side there

ready to fight

mother ill in bed

18. Not in daydreams, not at play, not in watching others, but at hard work on our own part

II. Add to the following subjects and predicates words and phrases that will answer the questions in parenthesis:

1. John went (complete the simple sentence, supplying where

and when).

2. He played (complete the simple sentence, supplying how

and what).

3. They discussed (complete the simple sentence, supplying

what and why).

4. What did he have (complete the simple sentence, supplying where and when).

5. It rained (complete the simple sentence, supplying how and

when).

6. I love (complete the simple sentence, supplying who and

why).

7. He must not neglect (complete the simple sentence, sup

plying what and when).

8. They arrived (where, how, when, why).

9. The teacher scolded (who, why, when, where).

10. He came (when, where, why).

11. At last I have (what, where, who).

12. I left (where, what, when).

13. He discovered (how, what, when).

14. The man lost (who, what, how) and went (where, when, why).

15. They have placed (what, where, why).

16. She likes (what, why).

17. We must study (what, when, where, why).

III. Answer the following questions by means of complete but simple statements:

1. Where were you yesterday?

2. What subject do you like best?

3. How did you learn to write so well?

4. Why do you study?

5. When shall I see you?

6. How do you form a thought?

7. What is meant by a sentence?

8. What do you understand by Unity?

9. Who gave you that pin?

10. Why does he ride in the park?

IV. Separate the following into sentences, placing a period at the end of each complete statement and capitalizing the next. Then make a list of phrases, classifying them according to some plan. Make a list also of the single words that modify or explain the main thought, and classify them:

There were three boys in the park that afternoon one of them wore a red suit and carried a red flag the other two were dressed in white they were playing war and were shouting at one another in the midst of a war dance presently a policeman came into view he was calmly sauntering up and down paying little attention to the young soldiers they started one after the other around their imaginary tent in hot pursuit of an imaginary enemy to their utter surprise and fright they ran headlong into the officer they were too much overcome to recover themselves they threw themselves on the ground in pretence of defeat their little imaginary game of war was concluded appropriately by their imaginary deaths at the hands of a very imaginary enemy.

Tell in

V. In each of the following sentence thoughts point out the subject, the predicate, and the explainers or modifiers. each case what word these modifiers explain :

1. The dog jumped and barked on the return of his master. 2. They received him openly but refused to buy his books. 3. In the basket are three red apples.

4. How can you go without some one to help you?

5. There are three boys in the room all the time.

6. We have just returned from a beautiful trip on the river.

7. Yesterday he went to the city for his mother.

8. The pupils and the teachers of the school are going to spend the day in the park examining the flowers and enjoying the pure fresh air.

9. He will remember the affair to the end of his life.

10. There is a monument at the entrance of the park, on the west side of the city.

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE

The Need for Compound Sentences. In the course of our thinking we often find that we have two or more closely related thoughts of equal importance. One refuses to be subordinated to the other, or the others, and hence they must

occupy equal places in the single sentence which expresses them. When this is the case, we make use of a form of expression called the Compound Sentence. If, for instance, we see two men in the park this morning, one riding and the other walking, we cannot adequately express our thought concerning them in a simple sentence. Our sentence thought is made up of two thoughts of equal value, and we must therefore use some such expression as this:

Mr. A rides for his health, but Mr. B walks.

We are thinking of two different men and of two different modes of benefiting the health. In both cases the one is as important as the other, and it would be inaccurate to express either "riding" or "walking" by means of a phrase.

Definition of a Compound Sentence. Thus our thinking or idea-forming processes are sometimes very simple and have a number of subsidiary ideas attached to them by means of words and phrases; and sometimes they are compound, that is, sometimes they consist of two or more thoughts of equal rank. Each one of these thoughts must have a subject and predicate of its own for its adequate expression. In other words, a compound sentence is a sentence thought consisting of two or more simple sentence thoughts equally related to each other and joined together by coördinate connectives, sometimes called "connectives of equality."

Thought Relationships in Compound Sentences. There are nine chief relationships of thought which can exist between simple sentences compounded into compound sentences, and for each of these the language supplies us with proper connecting words. In certain cases, however, as will be seen, the nature of the connection is clear without a conjunction, and no connecting word is needed. The mastery of the compound sentence depends, then, entirely upon

two things: namely, clear thinking which will show exactly the nature of the relationship between the two thoughts which are to be connected, and a knowledge of the proper words to show this connection. For the first, think accurately; for the second, study the table which follows. You will be surprised to find how often a lack of precision in your speech and writing has been due to the use of an "and" or a besides," when you meant "but or "yet." 1

66

THE NINE RELATIONSHIPS

1. Addition: As in, I went to the theater and there I saw Richard Mansfield."

The conjunctions most useful here are: and, likewise, moreover, besides, also, furthermore.

2. Contrast: As in, "The deer scaled the mountain, but the dog followed him."

The conjunctions most useful are: but, still, yet, nevertheless, however, notwithstanding, on the other hand.

3. Alternation: As in, "Either you must go or I must lose my train."

The conjunctions most useful are: either... or, neither... nor, whether . . . or.

1 Such connectives are sometimes grouped in four different classes; namely;

Additive or copulative coördinate conjunctions: and, likewise, moreover, besides, also.

Adversative or contrasting coördinate conjunctions: but, still, yet, nevertheless, however, notwithstanding.

Final or concluding coördinate conjunctions: so, hence, thus, therefore, consequently; (and the coördinate conjunctional phrases, as a result, in fine, as a consequence); also, when not used to subordinate, for. Correlative coördinate conjunctions:

1. Alternative correlatives: whether . . . or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor.

2. Copulative correlatives: both ... and, not only... but also, and...

therefore.