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nebria

něb'-ri-a, s. [NEBRIS.]

Entom.: A genus of Carabidae from arctic and temperate regions. The species, of small size, are numerous. Nebria arenaria, bright yellow with black lines, is from the northern coast of Africa. něb -ris, s. [Gr.]

Art: The skin of a fawn, worn by hunters and others. In art it appears as the characteristic apparel of Bacchus, bacchanals, fauns, and satyrs.

něb-u-la (pl. něb ́-u-læ), s. [Latin=a mist, a little cloud, allied to nubes=a cloud; Gr. nephele, dimin. from nephos-a cloud, mist; Ger. nebel= mist, fog.]

1. Astron.: A slight cloudy patch of light, retaining its form unchanged except under keen and long-continued observation. More than five thou sand nebula, or star-clusters closely resembling them, have been found in both hemispheres, and in nearly every constellation. A few, as the great nebule of Orion, Argo Navis, and Andromeda, are visible on very clear nights to the naked eye; the rest are telescopic. When greatly magnified some are found to be composed of many thousand remote stars, others remain only as diffused masses of light. Sir William Herschel divided them into six classes:

(1) Clusters of stars, globular or irregular in form. (2) Resolvable nebula, which look us if they might be resolved into stars under powerful telescopes. (3) Nebula which look quite irresolvable. (4) Planetary nebulæ, circular or slightly oval, like a planetary disk, and often colored.

(5) Stellar nebula, i. e., those having in their middle a condensation of light.

(6) Nebulous stars (q. v.).

The great nebula of Orion surrounds a multiple star, Theta Orionis, consisting of six, apparently revolving round their common center of gravity. It has been found to alter its form very slightly. The late Earl of Rosse and his assistant, Mr. Storey, detected in its densest part multitudes of minute stars, but the bluish light of parts of it has remained irresolvable, and Dr. Huggins has ascertained by means of spectrum analysis that this portion of it is a gaseous body, containing hydrogen, nitrogen, and an unidentified substance. The nebula in Andromeda is different, and may perhaps be wholly resolved into stars.

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něb-u-list, s. [Eng. nebul(a); -ist.] One who holds or supports the nebular hypothesis. něb-u-līze, v. t. [NEBULA.] To reduce [a liquid] into spray for cooling, perfuming, disinfecting, or other purposes.

něb'-u-lōse, adj. [Lat. nebulosus, from nebula =a cloud, mist.]

*1. Ord. Lang.: Misty, cloudy, foggy, nebulous. 2. Bot.: Clouded (q. v.).

něb-u-los-1-ty, s. [Lat. nebulositas, from nebulosus nebulose (q. v.).] *1. Ord. Lang.: The quality or state of being nebulous; cloudiness.

"Matter diffused in a state of heterogeneous nebulosity."-E. A. Poe: Eureka, p. 162.

state of apparently consisting of diffused light. 2. Astron.: The state of being nebulous; the (Used of a luminous appearance around certain stars, of the tails of comets, &c.)

něb-u-lous, a. [Lat. nebulosus, from nebula= cloud, mist; Fr. nébuleux=Ital. & Sp. nebuloso.] I. Ordinary Language:

1. Lit.: Cloudy, misty, foggy, dimmed, hazy. 2. Fig.: Foggy, hazy, bewildered, puzzled, befogged.

II. Astron.: Of, belonging to, or resembling a nebula.

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něb-u-lar, a. [NEBULA.] Of or pertaining to drawn across it. nebulæ.

nebular-hypothesis, s.

Astron. An hypothesis first suggested by Sir William Herschel, though the germs of it may be found in Kant's General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens, printed in 1755. It was developed by La Place, with whose name it came to be associated. The hypothesis assumes that originally all suns were in a nebulous or ultra-gaseous state. The nebulous matter from which they were originally formed was at first scattered pretty uniformly through all space, but ultimately began to gravitate toward certain centers. The particles moving toward these centers not doing so with equal velocities or in the same direction, rotation would be established in the entire nebulous mass, and the spherical form produced. If, by radiation of heat, the condensed body still further contracted, its velocity would increase. If the centrifugal force overcame that of gravity, a ring would be thrown off, which would gradually become globular, in fact it would be a planet with an orbit almost or quite circular, moving in a plane nearly that of the central body's equator and revolving in its orbit in the same direction in which the central globe rotated. Further contraction producing increased velocity, ring after ring would be cast off, till the central body or sun generated a whole system of planets revolving around it. They, in turn, might in the same way produce satellites. La Place believed that the sun thus produced our earth and the other attendant planets. On this hypothesis the rings of Saturn were produced by Saturn himself, and have remained in the annular form instead of

condensing into nearly spherical satellites. Many people supposed that the resolution of various nebule into stars [NEBULA] was necessarily fatal to the nebular-hypothesis, but the discovery that some are not only irresolvable, but can be actually proved by spectrum analysis to consist of glowing gas, has re-established it upon a firmer basis than ever, though the original theory may need revision in points of detail.

*něb-ule, s. [Lat. nebula.] A cloud, dimness. "O light without nebule, shining in thy sphere." Chaucer: Ballade in Commend. of Our Lady. nebule-molding, s.

Arch. An ornament of the zigzag form, but without angles; it is chiefly found in the remains of Saxon architecture, in the archivolts of doors and windows.

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B. As substantive:

Her.: A line of partition of a wavy form. nebuly-molding, s.

Arch.: [NEBULE-MOLDING.] *ně-ca-tion, 8. [Lat. necatio, from necatus, pa. par. of neco-to kill.] The act of killing; murder. něç-ĕs-sär'-i-an, s. [English necessary; -an.] The same as NECESSITARIAN (q. v.)

"The only question in dispute between the advocates for philosophical liberty and the necessarians, is this: whether volition can take place independently of motive?"-Belsham: Philosophy of the Mind, ch. ii., § 1.

něç-és-sär-i-an-işm, 8. [English necessarian; -ism.] The same as NECESSITARIANISM (q. v.). něç'-ěs-sa-rieş, s. pl. [NECESSARY, B. II.] něç'-ěs-sar-i-ly, adv. [Eng. necessary; -ly.] 1. Indispensably; of necessity.

"The other officers which are necessarily required in the commonwealth of Christ."-Tyndal: Works, p. 83. 2. By inevitable consequence; as a necessary consequence or result. the churche of

.

"It necessarily followeth that. Christ hath alway and neuer fayleth yt right understand ing of scripture."-Sir T. More: Workes, p. 148.

3. By fate or necessity; not of free will. něç'-és-sar-i-ness, s. [Eng. necessary; -ness.] The quality or state of being necessary.

něç -ěs-sar-, *nec-es-sar-ie, a. & s. [French nécessaire, from Lat. necessarius needful, from necesse unavoidable, necessary; Sp. necessario.] A. As adjective:

1. Inevitable, such as cannot be avoided; such as must come or be.

"Death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come."

Shakesp.: Julius Cæsar, ii. 2.

2. Following as an unavoidable consequence or result; conclusive.

3. Indispensably requisite or needful; essential; such as cannot be done without or dispensed with. "Tis necessary he should die." Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, iii. 5.

4. Acting from necessity or fate; not free; as, a necessary agent.

necessitude

B. As substantive:

I. Ordinary Language:

1. Anything necessary or indispensably requisite; a thing which cannot be done without. (Generally used in the plural.)

"I must unto the road, to disembark
Some necessaries, that I needs must use."
Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, ii. 4.

2. A privy, a water-closet.

II. Law: Such things as, though not absolutely necessary for the preservation or support of life, are or may be considered necessary to the station in life of any particular person. (Paley: Moral Philosophy, bk. vi., ch. xi.)

necessary-truths, s. pl. Such truths as from their very nature cannot but be true.

suff. -ism.] The same as NECESSARIANISM (q. v.). *něç -ĕss-işm, s. [Lat. necesse necessary; Eng. ně-çĕs-si-tär-i-an, a. & s. [Eng. necessit(y);

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Hist. & Philos.: One who holds any of the forms of the Doctrine of Necessity (q. v.). Hobbes may be considered the founder of the English Necessitarians (Leviathan, § 108), and on the continent it was developed by his contemporary Spinoza, and later by Leibnitz, who was opposed by Dr. Clarke, Dean of Salisbury, in his turn opposed by Anthony Collins, the author of a Philosophical Inquiry into Human Liberty, which Dr. Clarke's Boyle Lectures (1720, 1721) were designed to answer. Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758), President of Princeton College, toward the close of his life published An Inquiry into the Freedom of the Will; and Priestley (1733-1804) published his Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated in 1777.

ně-çès-si-tär ́-i-an-işm, s. [Eng. necessitarian;

ism.]

Philos.: The Doctrine of Necessity. [NECESSITY, T (1).]

"Philosophical necessitarianism, on the other hand, merely asserts that certain causes, under certain conditions, must give rise to certain effects."-Modern Review, 1880. p. 823.

ně-çěs -si-tāte, v. t. [Latin necessitas (genit. necessitatis)=necessity.]

1. To make necessary or indispensable; to render unavoidable.

"This consequently necessitates the frequent use of a lower style."-Pope: Homer's Odyssey. (Post.)

2. To compel, to force, to constrain, to oblige. "The contrary to liberty is a person's being hindered or unable to conduct as he will, or being necessitated to do otherwise."-Edwards: On the Will, pt. i., § 5. tně çès-si-ta-tion, s. [NECESSITATE.] The act of making necessary or indispensable; compulsion; the state of being necessary.

"Free from necessitation, I say, no man can be."Hobbes: Of Liberty and Necessity.

*ně-çes -sit-ěd, adj. [English necessit (y); -ed.] Compulsory. (Nabbes: Hannibal and Scipio, p. 2.) *ně-çes -si-tied, adj. [English necessity; -ed.] Driven by want to; wanting; in want of; necessitous.

"If her fortunes ever stood Necessitied to help."-Shakesp.: All's Well, v. 3. ně-çĕs-si-tous, a. [Eng. necessit(y); -ous.] 1. In a state of need or want; pressed with poverty.

"They who were envied, found no satisfaction in what they were envied for, being poor and necessitous.”—Clarendon: Civil War.

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2. Narrow, pinched; as, necessitous circumstances. ně-çĕs -si-tous-ly, adv. [Eng. necessitous; -ly.] In a necessitous manner; in need.

ně-çĕs -si-tous-ness, s. [Eng. necessitous; -ness.] The quality or state of being necessitous or in need; need, want, poverty, necessity, necessitude.

"Where there is want and necessitousness there will be quarreling."-Burnet: Theory of the Earth.

ně-çěs -si-tude, subst. [Latin necessitudo, from necesse necessary.]

1. Necessitousness, need, want, poverty. "The mutual necessitudes of human nature necessarily maintain mutual offices between them."-Hale: Orig. of Mankind, p. 68.

*2. Intimacy, close connection, alliance or relation.

"Between kings and their people . . . there is so great a necessitude."-Jeremy Taylor.

father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, her, thêre; pine, pit, sïre, sir, marîne; gō, pot,

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1. The quality or state of being necessary or body connecting the trunk with the head. It has

unavoidable; unavoidableness, inevitableness.

"I will show you such a necessity in his death." Shakesp.: Othello, iv. 2.

2. The quality or state of being necessary or indispensable; absolute need, indispensableness. "One of his men showed what necessity belonged to it."-Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, iii. 2.

3. Irresistible power or force applied; compulsion, whether physical or moral.

"So spake the fiend, and with necessity,
The tyrant's plea, excused his devilish deeds."
Milton: P. L., iv. 392.

4. In the same sense as II.

"Making a virtue of necessity." Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, iv. 1. 5. The absolute determination of the will by motives.

6. That which is necessary for a purpose; a necessary; something essential or indispensable

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., v. 1.

"These should be hours for necessities, Not for delights." 7. Extreme want or indigence; pinching poverty; pressing need, distress.

"God comfort him in this necessity."

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. I., iv. 3. II. Law: Constraint exercised upon the will, by which a person is impelled or compelled to do an act of which his judgment disapproves, and which (it is presumed) his will, if left to itself, would reject or refuse to do. Of this nature is the obligation of civil subjection, whereby the inferior is constrained by the superior to act contrary to what his own reason would suggest, as when a legislature establishes iniquity by a law, and commands the subject to do an act contrary to morality.

"Another species of compulsion or necessity is what our law calls duress per minas; or threats and menaces, which induce a fear of death or other bodily harm, and which take away, for that reason, the guilt of many crimes and misdemeanors. There is a third species of necessity, viz., when a man has his choice of two evils, and being under a necessity of choosing one, he chooses the least pernicious of the two. Where, for instance, a man, by the commandment of the law, is bound to arrest another for any capital offense, or to disperse a riot, and resistance is made to his authority; it is here justifiable and even necessary to wound or perhaps to kill the offenders, rather than permit the murderer to escape, or the riot to continue."-Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. 2. ¶ (1) Doctrine of necessity: Philosophy:

1. Fatalism, taken in a wide sense, either with or without reference to a Creator and Governor of the universe; the doctrine that everything happens according to fixed laws which cannot be changed.

"Since Priestley there has been no writer of distinction among those who have maintained the Doctrine of necessity, but it has been extensively held by the Unitarians and the Rationalists."-Blunt: Dict. Sects, p. 365.

2. The doctrine that man's will is not free to con

trol his actions, but that these proceed necessarily and inevitably from the direction given to them by the Creator.

3. (See extract under Necessitarianism.)

(2) Logical necessity: That necessity which consists in the circumstance, that something cannot be conceived different from what it is.

(3) Moral necessity: The same as NECESSITY, A, 5. (4) Physical necessity: That necessity which arises from the laws of the material universe.

něck, *necke, *nekke, s. [A. S. hnecca; cogn. with Dut. nek the nape of the neck; Icel. hnakki; Dan. nakke; Sw. nacke; Ger. nacken: O. H. Ger. hnack; Norw, nakke-nape, neck; nakk=a knoll; Fr. nuque the nape of the neck.]

I. Ordinary Language:

1. Lit. In the same sense as II. 1.

2. Figuratively:

(1) Life; referring to death by hanging or beheading.

"The conspirators became sensible that their necks were in imminent danger."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.

(2) Anything corresponding to or more or less resembling the neck of an animal; as

(a) A long narrow piece of land connecting two larger tracts; an isthmus.

(b) The slender part of a bottle.

(c) An intervening and connecting portion; as, the neck of a bayonet connecting the blade and

socket.

(d) The instep.

"And sturdiest oaks

(2) Of the body: The narrowed portion of the seven cervical vertebræ, nerves, veins, arteries, fascia, and anterior, lateral, and prevertebral muscles.

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6. Machinery:

(1) The jib of a crane.

necrobiosis

*něck, v. t. [NECK, 8.] To behead, to decapitato, "The next [hour] after that shall see him necked" Keats: Cap and Bells, xx. něck'-a-teē, s. [NECK.] A neckerchief. flesh of the neck of cattle, sold at a low rate. něck-beef, s. [Eng. neck, and beef.] The coarse

něck-cloth, neck cloath, s. [Eng. neck, and cloth.] A band of cloth or linen worn by men round the neck.

"Will she with huswife's hand provide thy meat, And ev'ry Sunday morn thy neckcloath plait ?" Gay: Shepherd's Week; Tuesday. něcked, a. [Eng. neck; ed.]

1. Having a neck. Only in composition, as stiffnecked.

2. Applied to ears of corn bent down and broken off by the wind. (Prov.)

něc -ker-a, s. [Named after N. J. Necker, a German botanist.]

Bot.: A genus of Bryacere. It consists of beau

(2) A tubular projection to receive a collar, as tiful mosses found in woods, upon trees and rocks. that on a stove which receives a pipe.

(3) A short shaft

(4) A diminished portion of a shaft where it rests in the bearing.

7. Metall.: The contracted portion of a furnace between the heating or melting chamber and the stack, passing over the bridge.

8. Music: That part of instruments, of the violin and guitar class, which lies between the peg-box and the belly. To its upper surface is attached the finger-board or fret-board. The strings are pressed upon the neck by the fingers in playing. Some necks have frets; the guitar, for instance. 9. Naut.: [GOOSENECK.]

10. Ordnance:

(1) The part joining the knob of the cascabel to the base of the breech, called the neck of the cascabel (2) The small part of a gun where the chase meets the swell of the muzzle.

(1) Neck and crop: Completely. [CROP, 8.] (2) Neck or nothing: At all or any risks.

(3) To tie neck and heels: To forcibly bring the chin and knees of a person together, and keep them in that state for a longer or shorter time.

(4) Neck and neck: Running very close together; very close. (A metaphor taken from racing.)

"After two other neck and neck votes the same evening, the final numbers were 54 against 54."-Earl Stanhope: Life of Pitt, ch. xxii.

(5) A stiff neck:

Script.: Obstinacy in sin.

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1. A strap round a mast carrying leading-blocks. 2. A chain to which the lower ends of the futtockshrouds are secured.

necklace-shaped, a. [MONILIFORM.] necklace-tree, s.

Bot. Ormosia, a genus of papilionaceous plants, tribe Sophores. The seeds, which are red with a black eye, are well adapted for making necklaces.

něck-laçed (a as ě), a. [Eng. necklac(e); -ed.] Having or wearing a necklace; marked as with a

*něck-land, s. [Eng. neck, and land.] A neck or narrow strip of land connecting two larger

tracts.

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*(6) On (or in) the neck of: Immediately after; on necklace. the heels of; following closely on or after. "And in the neck of that tasked the whole state." Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. I., iv. 3. (7) To break the neck of anything: [BREAK, v., II. 42.] (8) To lay on the neck of: To impute to. "Men must lay their murders on your neck." Shakesp.: Othello, v. 2. (9) To harden the neck: To grow obstinate, perverse, or rebellious. down completely; to crush utterly; to oppress. (10) To tread on the neck of: To subdue or put neck-band, s. The part of a shirt which goes round the neck, and to which the collar is attached. *neck-collar, s. A gorget. (Palgrave.) neck-mold, neck-molding, s.

Arch. A small convex molding surrounding a column at the junction of the shaft and capital. *neck-piece, s. An ornament or a defense for the

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"Within forty foot of the gallows conning his neckverse."-Marlowe: Jew of Malta, iv. 4.

2. A means of escape.

3. A verse or saying on the correct utterance of which one's life depended; a shibboleth.

"These words, 'bread and cheese,' were their neck. verse or shibboleth to distinguish them."-Fuller: Church Hist.

něck-weēd, s. [Eng. neck, and weed.]

1. Ord. Lang.: A slang or sportive term for hemp, as furnishing material for halters. 2. Bot.: Cannabis sativa.

něc-ræ-mi-a, s. [Pref. necr(o-), and Gr. haima =blood.]

Pathol.: Death of the blood from mortification. něc-ro-, pref. [Gr. nekros=dead.] (See etym.) ně-cro-bi-a, s. [Gr. nekros=death, and bios= life. Named by Latreille, as the species Necrobia ruficollis, which he discovered when a prisoner in the Grand Séminaire at Bordeaux awaiting transportation to Guiana, was the means of interesting Bory de St. Vincent on his behalf, and obtaining the revocation of his sentence of exile. The whole story will be found in Latreille's Histoire des

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neck-yoke, s. A bar, usually of wood, by which (3) The tapering part of the trunk of a tree. the end of the tongue of a wagon or carriage is sup ported. The breast-straps or chains pass through Bow'd their stiff necks." Milton: P. R., iv. 418. the rings on the hames, or, in the case of carriages, *(4) The turning up, or plait, of a cap. the straps pass around the lower part of the collar. boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.

necrobiotic

něc-ro-bi-ōt'-ic, a. [Eng. necrobio(sis); t connect., and suff. ic.] Pertaining to or characteristic of Necrobiosis (q. v.).

ně-crō'-dēş, 8. [Gr. nekrōdēs=corpse-like.] Entom.: A genus of Silphidae, closely allied to the typical Silpha (q. v.), but with the hind legs larger. N. litteralis breeds in the interior of the carcasses of dead animals, but is not a burying beetle. N. lacry mosa is from Australia.

něc-rō-găm'-ma-rùs, s. [Pref. necro-, and Lat., C., gammarus (q. v.).]

&c.,

Paleont.: A doubtful form from the Upper Silurian, described by Dr. Woodward. If it is an Amphipod, it is the oldest representative of the order.

ně-crol-a-try, s. [Gr. hoi nekroi the dead, and latreia worship.] The worship of the dead; manes-worship (q. v.).

"Were it true that necrolatry was not rooted in the primitive Aryan mind....it would be strange that, though superficial, it was so difficult to extirpate.". Herbert Spencer: Prin. of Sociol., i. (App. l.)

něc-rō-lē-mur, s. [Pref. necro-, and Lat. lemur (q. v.)]

Paleont.: A fossil genus of Lemuridae, from the Miocene of France.

něc-ro-lite, s. [Pref. necro-, and Gr. lithos=a stone; Ger. necrolith.]

[English

Min.: The same as KYACOLITE (q. v.). néc-rô-lăg-Yc, néc-rồ-lòg -ic al, a. necrolog(y); -ic, -ical. Of or pertaining to a necrology; of the nature of a necrology.

ně-crol-o-gist, s. [Eng. necrolog(y); -ist.] One who writes a necrology or obituary notices; one who gives an account of the dead.

ně-crol-o-gy, 8. [Prof. necro-, and Gr. logos a discourse: Fr. nécrologie. A register of the names of members of societies, &c., deceased within a certain time; an account of deaths; an obituary or collection of obituary notices.

něc-ro măn-çer, *nig ́-rô-măn-çer, *nyg-romaun-cer, s. [Eng. necromane(y); -er.] One who practices necromancy; a sorcerer, a wizard. "A consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard, or a

necromancer." "-Deut. xviii. 11.

něc-ro măn çing, a. & s. [Eng. necromanc(y); ing.]

A. As adj.: Practicing necromancy.

B. As subst. The art or practices of a necromancer; necromancy.

něc -rô-măn-çy, *nig-ro-man-cie, *nig-roman-cy, *nig-ro-maunce, *nyg-re-maunce, nyg-ro-man-cye, s. [Old Fr. nigromance, from Low Lat. nigromantia, a corrupt. of necromantia, from Gr. nekromanteia necromancy; from nekros, and manteia = prophecy, divination; mantis=a prophet, a seer; Fr. nécromancie. The word was spelled by the Latin medieval writers whose Greek was little or none, nigromantia, from an erroneous idea that it came from Lat. niger=black. By the black," however, they meant the dead. In a vocabulary published A. D. 1475, this definition is given: "Nigromantia dicitur divinatio facta per nigros." From this confusion with Lat. niger black, necromancy came to be called the "black art" (q. v.).]

1. The art of revealing the future by means of a pretended communication with the dead; sorcery; the black art.

2. Enchantment, magic.

"This palace standeth in the air,
By necromancy placed there."
Drayton: Nymphida.

něc-ró-măn-tic, a. & s. [Gr. nekros=dead, and mantikos=prophetic.]

A. As adj. Of or pertaining to necromancy; performed by necromancy.

"And let her bring her necromantic book." Drayton: Duke of Suffolk to Queen Margaret. B. As subst.: Conjuration, magic, tricks. "With all the necromantics of their art." Young: Night Thoughts, viii. 346. něc-ro-măn'-tic-al, a. [Eng. necromantic; -al.] The same as NECROMANTIC (q. v.).

něc-rô-măn-tic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. necromantically.] By means of necromancy or the black art; by magic or sorcery.

"Some diabolical exorcisms necromantically per formed."-Gregory: Posthuma, p. 199.

něc-ron-ite, s. [Gr. nekros=a corpse; suff. -ite (Min.).]

Min. A whitish or bluish cleavable orthoclase (q. v.), which gives out a fetid odor when struck. Found in granular limestone in Maryland

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ně-croph ́-a-ga, s. pl. [Pref. necro-, and Greek phage in=to eat.]

Entom.: A name adopted by many modern entomologists for Latreille's Clavicornes. It contains a number of families, which have scarcely anything in common, except the practice of feeding on decay. ing animal or vegetable matter.

ně-croph-a-gan, s. [NECROPHAGA.] Entom.: A beetle belonging to the group Necroph aga (q. v.).

ně-croph-a-goŭs, a. [Mod. Lat. necrophag(a); Eng. adj. suff. -ous.

*1. Ord. Lang.: Eating or feeding on the dead. 2. Zool. & Entom.: Belonging to or characteristic of insects or other animals which feed on decaying

carcasses.

"These insects are the most necrophagous of the stirps."-Westwood: Modern Class. of Insects, i. 137. *ně-croph ́-il-işm, s. [Pref. necro-; Gr. phileō to love, and Eng. -ism.] An unnatural love of or appetite for the dead, manifesting itself in various ways, as exhuming corpses to look at, kiss, or mutilate them. It has a tendency to develop itself into a species of cannibalism.

tně croph-I-lus, s. [Pref. necro-, and Greek philos-loving.]

Entom.: An insect described by Roux under the name of Necrophilus arenarius, and by him made a genus of the family Hemerobiidae. It is now supposed to be the larva of Nemoptera coa. [NE MOPTERA.]

něc-ro-phō-bi-a, *něc'-ro-phō-bỹ, s. [Pref. necro-, and Gr. phobeō to fear, phobos=fear.] 1. Ord. Lang.: A horror of dead bodies. 2. Med.: An exaggerated fear of death, a symp. tom accompanying certain diseases. ně-croph'-or-us (pl. ně-croph-or-i), s. [Pref. necro-, and Gr. phoros a bearer, phero to bear, to carry.]

Entom.: Burying-beetles (q. v.), sometimes called Gravediggers. The elytra are shortened and truncated at the tip, leaving the abdomen exposed. The species are numerous, chiefly confined to the north temperate zone.

ně-crop-o-lís, s. [Pref. necro-, and Gr. polis=a city; Fr. nécropole.] A city of the dead; a name often given by the ancients to their cemeteries, which in many cases were very extensive. The term is now frequently applied to any cemetery.

něc-rop-sy, s. [Pref. necro-, and Gr. õpsis sight, view.] A viewing or examination of a dead body. ně-cror-nis, s. [Pref. necr (o)-, and Gr. ornis=a

bird.]

Palæont.: A genus of scansorial birds, probably related to the Musophagidae, from the Miocene beds of France. (Wallace.)

něc-ro-scop'-ic, něc-ro-scop'-ic-al, a. [Pref. necro-, and Gr. skopeō to observe, to view.] Per taining or relating to post-mortem examinations.

ně-crōsed', a. [NECROSIS.] Affected with or suffering from necrosis; as, a necrosed bone. ně-cro-sis, 8. [Gr.=deadness, from nekroō=to make dead; nekros-dead.]

Pathology:

1. Animal: Dry gangrene, slow mortification of a part without previous softness; spec., the mortification or death of a bone. [GANGRENE, Lucifer match disease.]

2. Veget.: The drying-up of a branch of a tree, commencing with the bark and then extending to the wood; canker.

*ně-crot -o mỹ, 8. [Gr. nekros = a corpse, and tome a cutting; temno to cut.]

Morbid Anat. The dissection of bodies for the purpose of studying the arrangement and structure of the different parts.

něc-tăn-dra, s. [Gr. něktos swimming, floating (?), and aner (genit. andros) = a man.]

Bot: A genus of Lauraceae, from South America and the West Indies. It consists of large trees with alternate leaves and corymbs or panicles of perfect flowers.

něc-tar, s. [Lat., from Gr. nektar.] I. Ordinary Language:

1. Lit.: In the same sense as II. 2.

"More sweet than nectar, or ambrosiall meat." Spenser. Connet 89.

2. Fig.. Any very sweet or delicious drink, as a beverage made of sweet wine and honey, or of sweet wine and half-dried grapes.

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nectarous

after the stamens and pistils have taken up all they need. It attracts bees and other insects dusted with pollen, which renders important aid in fertilizing the seed.

nectar-birds, s. pl.

Ornith.: The name given by Swainson to the genus Nectarinia (q. v.).

něc-tär'-ĕ-al, a. [Eng. nectar; -eal.]

1. Ord. Lang.: Of or pertaining to nectar; nectarean. "Thy nectareal fragrancy."

Crashaw: To the Name above every Name. 2. Bot. Pertaining to the nectary of a plant; nectarial.

něc-tär-e-an, adj. [Eng. nectar: ean.] Per taining to or resembling nectar; very sweet and delicious.

"Choicest nectarean juice crown'd largest bowls." Guy: Wine. něc ́-tared, a. [Eng. nectar; -ed.]

1. Imbued or mixed with nectar; sweet as nectar. "The vine tree great with grapes, With nectar'd liquor strives to kisse Embracing elms."

Stirling: Tragedy of Crasus, ch. v.

2. Filled with nectar.

"Nectared lavers strow'd with asphodel." Milton: Comus, 838. něc-tär-ě-ous, a. [Lat. nectareus, from nectar.) Pertaining to or resembling nectar; sweet as nectar.

"Then, in the nostrils of the slain she pour'd Nectareous drops."-Pope: Homer's Iliad, xix. 40. něc-tär-e-ous-lỷ, adv. [Eng. nectareous; -ly.} In a nectareous manner.

něc-tär-e-ous-ness, s. [Eng. nectareous; -ness.} The quality or state of being nectareous.

něc-tär-I-al, a. [Eng. nectary; -al.] Pertaining to the nectary of a plant.

něc-tar-if-er-ous, a. [Lat. nectar-nectar. and fero to bear, to produce.]

1. Producing nectar; as, a nectariferous glandule. 2. Having a nectary. nectariferous-tube, s.

Bot. The swelled part at the tip of the pedicel in Pelargonium.

něc-tar-i-ly'-ma, s. [Gr. nektar=nectar, and lyme=impurity (?).]

Bot: The name given by Sprengel to the filaments found on the inner surface of some flowers as Menyanthes.

něc'-tar-ine, a. & 8. [Eng. nectar; -ine.] *A. As adj.: Sweet as nectar; nectareous. "Nectarine fruits."-Milton: P. L., iv. 332 B. As substantive:

Hort.: A smooth-skinned variety of Peach(Amyg‐ dalus persica). It has a delicious fruit.

něc-tar-in-I-a, s. [Mod. Lat., from Gr. nektar nectar (q. v.).]

Ornith. Honey-sucker, Sun-bird, a genus of Passerine birds founded by Illiger. There are sixty species ranging over the whole Ethiopian region; Nectarinia ignicauda is the Fiery-tailed, N. cha lybera the Collared, N. afra the Greater Collared, N.javanica the Javan, and N. famosa the Malachite Sun-bird. N. cyanocephala is the Blue-headed Honey-sucker.

něc-tar-in-1-1-dæ, něc-tar-In-I-dæ, s. pl. [Mod. Lat. nectarinia); Lat. fem. pl. adj. suff. -ida.]

Ornith. Honey-suckers, Sun-birds (q. v.), a family of Insectivorous Honey-suckers, often adorned with brilliant metallic plumage, and bearing a super ficial resemblance to the American bumming-birds. They abound in the Ethiopian, Oriental, and Aus tralian regions as far east as New Ireland, and south to Queensland. There are sixteen genera and 122 species. (Wallace.)

něc-tär-1-um, s. [NECTARY.]

*něc -tar-ize, v. t. [Eng. nectar; -ize.] To miz or imbue with nectar; to sweeten. (Cockeram.) něc-tar-o-stig'-ma, s. [Gr. nektar (genit. nektaros), and stigma.] [STIGMA.]

Bot.: The name given by Sprengel to what Linnæus called a nectarium.

něc-tar-o-the-ca, s. [Gr. nektar (genit. nektaros), and theke a box.]

Bot.: A spur, calcar, or hollow tube at the base of a petal secreting honey, as in some orchids. něc'-tar-ous, a. [Eng. nectar: -ous.] Sweet as nectar, nectareous; resembling nectar.

2. Bot. & Chem.: The sweet juice which collects in the nectaries of various flowers. It consists of a mixture of cane sugar and uncrystallizable sugar. It is the remainder of the saccharine matter left father; we, wět, here, camel, her, thêre;

fate, făt, färe, amidst, what, fâll,

"A stream of nectarous humor issuing flowed Milton: P. L., vi. $32. Sanguine."

pine, pit, sïre, sir, marîne; gō, pot,

nectary

nec-tar-ý, něc-tär'-I-ŭm, s. [Mod. Lat. nectarium, from nectar: Fr. nectaire; cf. also Gr. nektarion-an unidentified plant.]

Bot.: A term used by Linnæus, at first for any part of a flower which secreted nectar, i. e., honey, but afterward extended by him to any accessory portion of the flower, even though it had no honey. něc-tō-, pref. [Gr. něktos=swimming.] Nat. Science: Aquatic; used for swimming. něc-to-căl-y-çine, s. [Mod. Lat. nectocalyx (genit. nectocalycis); Eng. adj. suff. -ine.] Of or pertaining to a nectocalyx (q. v.). něc-tō-că-lỹx (pl. něc-tō-căl ́-ỹ-çēş), s. [Pref. necto-, and Eng., &c., calyx (q. v.).]

Zool. The swimming-bell or disc of a Medusa, or Jelly-fish. The margin is produced inward to form a species of shelf running round the margin of the mouth of the bell; this distinguishes the nectocalyx from the somewhat similar umbrella of the Lucernarida.

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2. To be bound; to be un ler necessity or obligation. "As virtuously given as a gentleman need to be."Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. I., iii. 3.

Need is commonly used as an auxiliary with other verbs, especially in interrogative and nega tive sentences, with the force of obligation, or necessity; as, You need not come; Need he go? tneēd -dom, s. [Eng. need; -dom.] A state of want or need.

need-er, s. [Eng. need: -er.] One who needs or wants. (Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 1.)

need -fïre, s. [Lit. friction fire, from need-to

knead; A. S. gnidan to rub; Dan. gnide; Swed. gnida.]

Anthrop.: A quasi-sacrificial rite, probably a sur vival of some form of sun-worship, having for its object the protection of cattle from murrain. The Mirror (June 24, 1826) records the performance of this rite by a farmer near Perth.

"When a murrain has broken out and the herds have něc tō-gā -lē, s. [Pref. necto-, and Gr. galē a suffered much harm, the farmers determine to make a wenzel.] needfire. On an appointed day there must be no single Zool. A genus of Soricide, from Thibet, contain-flame of fire in any house or any hearth. From each house straw, and water, and brushwood must be fetched, ing a single species, Nectogale elegans. The toes are webbed, and there are adhesive pads on the hole bored through it; in this a wooden windlass is stuck, and a stout oak-post driven fast into the ground, and a under surface of the feet, which enable the animal well smeared with cart-pitch and tar, and turned round to preserve its hold on smooth stones at the bottom so long that, with the fierce heat and force, it gives forth of rushing torrents. fire. This is increased with straw, leath, and brushwood, and the cattle and horses hunted with whips and sticks two or three times through it."-E. B. Tylor: Early Hist. Mankind (ed. 1878), p. 256.

něc-to-sǎc, s. [Pref. necto-, and Eng. sac (q. v.).] Zool. A term proposed for the interior of the nectocalyx (q. v.).

něc-tri-a, s. [Greek něktris, fem. of něktes a swimmer (?).]

Bot. A genus of Ascomycetous Fungi, sub-order Sphæriacei. They have naked bright-colored perithecia. Nectria cinnabarina is common on the dead twigs of currant bushes.

ně-çyd-a-li'-næ, s. pl. [Mod. Lat. necydal(is); Lat. fem. pl. adj. suff. -inc.]

Entom.: According to Swainson, a sub-family of Lepturida.

ně-çyd-a-lis, s. [Lat. necydalus; Gr. nekydalos the larva of the silkworm.]

Entom.: A genus of longicorn beetles, founded by Linnæus and modified by Fabricius, &c. The abdomen is long, narrow, and contracted. They feed on flowers. Necydalis major is the typical species; it has very short and abruptly-terminated elytra. It is found in continental Europe.

*něd -der, *ned-dyr, s. [A. S. næddre.] An adder.

něd -dy, s. A dimin. from Ned, the familiar abbreviation of Edward.] An ass, a donkey.

née (pron. nå), pa.

need-ful, *nede ful, *neod-ful, *ned-fol, adj. [Eng, need; •full).]

*1. Full of need or necessity; in want, or distress; needy, distressful.

"Thou art the poor man's help and strength, for the
needful in his necessity."-Coverdale: Isaiah xxv. 3.
2. Necessary; absolutely or urgently requisite..
The needful: That which is wanted; specif.,
ready money, cash. (Slang.)
need-fully, adv. [Eng. needful; -ly.] Neces-
sarily; of necessity.

"He more needfully and nobly prove
The nation's terror."

Crashaw: Hymn in Epiphany.
need -ful-ness, s. [Eng. needful; -ness.] The
quality or state of being needful; necessity.
need -1-1ỹ, nede-ly, *ned-ly, *need-i-lie, adv.
[Eng. needy -ly.]

1. In need; in poverty; in distress.
2. Of necessity; necessarily; needs.
"Needilie great inconuenience must fall to that people."

-Holinshed: Richard II. (an. 1393.)

neēd -1-ness, *ned-i-nesse, s. [English needy; -ness.] The quality or state of being needy or in

pa. par. of naitre to or a. [Fr., fem. of the need; poverty, distress.

born.] Born, by birth; a word sometimes placed before a married woman's maiden name, to show the family to which she be longs.

need, *nede, *neod, s. [A. S. nýd, niéd, neád, néd cogn. with Dut. nood; Icel. naudh: Dan. & Sw. nod; Goth. nauths; Ger. noth; O. H. Ger. not; Russ. nyjda.]

1. A state requiring supply or relief; a state in which something is urgently needed; pressing occasion for something; urgent want, necessity.

"I spake with vehemence; and promptly seized
Whate'er abstraction furnish'd for my needs
Or purposes." Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii.

2. Want of the means of subsistence; indigence, necessity, poverty, destitution.

"Need and oppression starveth in thine eyes." Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, v. 1. 3. An emergency, an exigency, a strait; a position of difficulty, distress, or danger.

"Which in his greatest need will shrink from him." Shakesp.: Richard III., v. 2.

4. Urgent necessity, compulsion.

"I have no need to beg.”—Shakesp.: Richard II., iv. need-be, s. Something indispensable or absolutely necessary.

"There is a need-be for removing."-Carlyle: Fr. Revol., pt. iii., bk. í., ch. iv.

need-not, s. Something unnecessary or super

fluous.

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"Their medinese and pouertie is such."-Stow: Henry VIII. (an. 1527.)

nee-dle (as nēdl), *ned-el, *ned-le, *neelde, Icel. nál; Dan. naal; Sw. nal; Ger. nadel; O. H. *nelde, s. [A. S. needl; cogn. with Dut. naald; Ger. nádela; Goth. nathla. From the same root as O. H. Ger. náhen; Ger. nähen to sew; Lat. neo; Gr. neō to spin.]

I. Ord. Lang.: A pointed instrument of steel for carrying a thread through any material. It usually passes through the fabric and drags the thread after it, but it is otherwise with eye-pointed needles. In a wider sense the term is applied to instruments of iron, steel, bone, wood, &c., used for interweaving or interlacing thread or twine in embroidery, knitting, netting, &c. The earliest needles were of bone; those of ancient Egypt were of bronze. Needles are known as sharps, betweens, and blunts, according to the relative fineness of their points.

"It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God."-Mark x. 25.

II. Technically:

1. Arch.: A piece of timber laid horizontally, and supported on props or shores under some superincumbent mass to serve to sustain it temporarily, while the part underneath is undergoing repair. 2. Blasting: A tool for pricking the cartridge, to make connection between the charge and the prim3. Geog. (pl.): Cliffs which rise to a great height, tapering upward from a narrow base. Applied specially to the Needles, off the Isle of Wight, England, and to a like formation in California on the Santa Fé railroad.

cell, chorus,

ing.

4. Hoisting: A beam projecting from a building, with a pulley at its outer end, the fall worked by a crab inside the building.

5. Hydr.: One of a set of vertical square bars of wood in a timber frame in a weir. These stand close together, and close the sluice-way. They may be removed separately to open a way for the water. çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this;

needle-setter

6. Min. A needle-shaped crystal. 7. Nautical:

(1) The seaman's and sailmaker's needles are seaming, bolt-rope, and roping needles; they are three-sided.

[ASTATIC, DIPPING-NEEDLE.] (2) The polarized steel of a mariner's compass.

8. Sewing-mach.: The eye-pointed instrument for carrying thread through the cloth.

9. Surg. A name given to sundry long and sharppointed surgical instruments used for sewing up wounds, couching for cataracts, acupuncturing, &c. 10. Teleg.: A magnetized needle used in the needle-telegraph (q. v.).

eye to receive a lifting-wire in a Jacquard loom. 11. Weaving: A horizontal piece of wire with an

To get the needle: To become irritated or annoyed. Needle-ore = Aikinite; Needle-stone = Aragonite, Needle-ironstone, Needle iron-ore Göthite; Natrolite: Needle-spar=Aragonite; Needle-zeolite = Natrolite.

need.e-bar, s.

1. Knitting: In a stocking-frame, a bar in which the needles are fitted with their leads. 2. Sewing-mach.: The reciprocating bar to the end of which the needle is attached. needle-beam, s.

Civil Engin.: A transverse floor-beam of a bridge, resting on the chord or girders, according to the construction of the bridge.

needle-bearer, needle-carrier, s.

Surg. A porte-aiguille forming a handle for a needle.

needle-book, s. Pieces of cloth or flannel, like the leaves of a book, protected by book-like covers, used for sticking needles into.

needle-carrier, s. [NEEDLE-BEARER.] needle-case, s.

1. A needle-book (q. v.).

2. A case in which to keep needles. needle-chervil, s.

Bot.: Scandix pecten-veneris.

needle-file, s. A long, round, narrow file used by jewelers.

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1. A draftsman's instrument for holding a pricking-through needle. 2. [NEEDLE-FORCEPS.]

*needle-house, *nedylhows, s. A needle-case. needle-instrument, s.

Surv.: An instrument which owes its accuracy and value to the magnetic needle only, such as the plain or the Vernier compass or the Vernier transit. needle-ironstone, s. [NEEDLE, 8., ¶.]

needle-loom, 8. A form of loom in which the weft is carried by a needle instead of a shuttle. The usual form of loom for the manufacture of narrow wares, such as ribbons, tapes, bindings, &c. *needle-money, s. (See extract.)

"I could wish, for the honor of my countrywomen,

that they had rather called it [Pin-money] needle-money, which might have implied something of good house

wifery."-Addison: Spectator, No. 295.
needle-ore, 8. [NEEDLE, 8., ¶.]
*needle-point, s. A sharper.
needle-pointed, a. Pointed like a needle.
needle-setter, s.

Sewing-mach.: An attachment allowing the needle to be set in its bar, so that the eye shall be at the proper distance from the end of the bar, in order that the loop may be properly formed and at the right place for the hook or shuttle beneath the fabric.

sin, ag; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.

needle-shaped

needle-shaped, a.

Ord. Lang. & Bot.: Linear, rigid; tapering to a very fine point from a narrow base, as the leaves of Juniperus communis.

needle-shell, s. The sea-urchin. needle-spar, 8. (NEEDLE, 8., ¶.] needle-stone, s. [NEEDLE, 8., T.]

needle-telegraph, s. A telegraph in which the indications are given by the deflections of a magnetic needle, whose normal position is parallel to a wire through which a current of electricity is passed t will by the operator.

needle-threader, s. A device to assist in passing the thread through the eye of a needle. There are various forms.

needle-woman, s. A woman who earns her living by sewing; a seamstress. needle-work, s.

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needle-worker, s. One who works with a needle; a needle-woman.

needle-wrapper, s. A needle-book (q. v.). needle-zeolite, s. [NEEDLE, 8., ¶.] needle (as nē dl), *ne-dle, v. i. & t. [NEEDLE, 8.] A. Intransitive:

*1. To work with a needle: to sew; to embroider. 2. To shoot (in crystallization) into the form of

needles.

B. Transitive:

1. To form (crystals) like needles.

2. To vex, to annoy. (Colloq, or slang.)

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*needs'-ly, adv. [Eng. needs; ly.] Necessar- fracture, conchoidal; color, white to red-rose: ily, of necessity.

"And needsly to the southern fields wilt gad." Drayton: Pastorals, Ecl. vi. neēd -, *ned-i, *ned-y, a. [Eng. need; -y.]

1. In need or necessity; necessitous, distressed, poor, indigent.

opaque; feel, greasy. Analyses discordant, but the mean agrees with the formula HMgAl Sis017. Belongs to the group of clays.

něft, s. [Etym. doubtful.] neft-oil, s.

Chem.: A mineral oil extracted from shale found

"The bread of the needy is the life of the poor." in Hungary and the Caspian Sea. It contains forty

Fryth: Works, p. 81.

*2. Necessary, needful, requisite.

"Stored with corn to make your needy bread.” Shakesp.: Pericles, i. 4. *need-y-hood, s. [Eng. needy; -hood.] A state of want, need.

"Flour of furze-balls, that's too good,
For a man in needyhood."

Herrick: The Beggar to Mab.

per cent. of crude paratiin.

*ne-gant, s. [Lat. negans, pr. par. of nego=to deny.] One who denies. "The affirmants were almost treble so many as were the negants."-Strype: Cranmer, bk. ii., ch. iv. ně-ga-tion, *ne ga-ci-on, s. [Fr., from Lat. negationem, acc. of negatio=a denying, a refusal, from negatus, pa. par. oɓnego-to deny, from ne= not, and aio to say.]

1. Ord. Lang.: A denial; a declaration that neēm, *nîm, s. [Bengalee, Hind., &c.] (See com- something is not, or has not been, or will not be. pound.) (The opposite to affirmation.)

neem-tree, s.

Bot.: Melia azadirachta, or Azadirachta indica, an Indian tree having unequally pinnate leaves with oblique leaflets, the flowers in panicles, the Ovary three-celled. Neem trees planted around bungalows are said to be favorable to health. Be ing considered sacred, the wood is made into idols in India; it is also used for ship-building, furnisaccharine sap or toddy which is an excellent ture, &c. The young trees, when tapped, yield a stomachic. An oil from the pericarp is burned in lamps and used in soap-making; it is antiseptic and anthelmintic, and is used also in leprosy. Dr. Maxwell has found it as efficacious as cod-liver oil in consumption and scrofula. The gum is stimulant, the bark is astringent, tonic, and antiperiodic; it is useful in intermittent and other fevers. The Hindus eat the leaves, when parched, in curries, and make them into poultices for glandular tumors, Exhib. Report.) Called also Margosa tree. or apply them as a pulp in small-pox. (Calcutta neep, s. [A. S. nap; Icel. næpa; Lat. napus.] A turnip.

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*need -led (led as eld), a. [Eng. needl(e); ed.] licked by a dog or cat; nothing whatever. (Scotch.)

1. Lit.: Worked or executed with a needle.

"The trickling ornament and needled arts." Brookes: Jerusalem Delivered, bk. ii.

2. Fig.: Vexed, annoyed. needleful (as nē dl-fül), s. [Eng, needle; -full).] As much thread as is usually put into a needle at one time.

need -ler, *neldere, s. [Eng. needl(e); -er.] 1. Lit.: One who works with a needle; a sewer; an embroiderer.

"Hike Hakeneyman, and Houwe the neldere."
P. Plowman, p. 106.

2. Fig.: A sharper, a niggard. need -less, *nede-les, a. [Eng. need; -less.] *1. Not in want; having no need; in want of nothing.

"Weeping in the needless stream.”
Shakesp.: As You Like It, ii. 1.

2. Not necessary; not requisite; unnecessary. "The attempt was made; 'tis needless to report How hopelessly."-Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi. need -less-lỷ, adv. [Eng. needless; -ly.] In a needless manner; without need or necessity; unnecessarily.

neēd -less-ness, s. [Eng. needless; -ness.] The quality or state of being needless; unnecessariness. "The needlessness of their endeavors."-Bishop Hall: Christian's Assurance of Heaven.

*need-ling, s. [Eng. need; -ling.] One in want

or need.

"A gift to needlings is not given but lent." Sylvester: The Schisme, 467. *need -ly, *nede-ly, adv. [English need; -ly.] Needs, of necessity, necessarily.

"Nedely som word hire must asterte."

Chaucer: C. T., 6,550. need 1, a. [Eng, need!(e); y.] Pertaining to or resembling a needle; prickly, bristling.

"His black needly beard."-Blackmore: Lorna Doone, ch. xxiii.

tneēd -ment, s. [Eng. need; -ment.] Something needed or wanted; a necessary, a requisite. "His little bag of needments, the linen. few other indispensable things."-Mrs. Oliphant: Harry Jocelyn, ii. 3.

and a

need -na, v. [See def.] Need not. (Scotch.) needs, nedes, *needes, *nedys, adverb. [A. S. nédes, neádes (genit. of neád, néd need), the es being an adverbial ending.] Of necessity, neces sarily, indispensably, inevitably. (Generally with must.)

ne'er-do-well, a. & s.

A. As adj.: Never likely to do well or reform; past mending or reformation.

B. As subst.: One who is never likely to do well; one past all hopes of reformation or mending. nees-ber-rý, s. [NASEBERRY.]

*neêşe, *nese, *neeze, v. i. [Dut. niezen; Ger, £w.nysa.] To sneeze (q. v.). niesen O. Icel. hnjósa; Icel. hnerra; Dan. nyse;

"He went up and stretched himself upon him; and the child neesed seven times, and opened his eyes.”—2 Kings iv. 35. (1611.)

*neēşe, s. [NEESE, v.] A sneeze (q. v.) neĕşe-wort, s. [SNEEZEWORT.]

*neeş -Ing, *nes-ing, *nes-inge, s. [NEESE, v.] A sneezing.

"By his neesings a light doth shine, and his eyes are like the eyelids of the morning."-Job xli. 18. (1611.) në ĕx-ě ǎt reg -no, phr. [Lat. let him not go out of the kingdom.]

Law: A writ to restrain a person from leaving the country, originally applicable to purposes of state; now an ordinary process of courts of equity, resorted to for the purpose of obtaining bail or security to abide a decree.

*nē-fănd, *ně-făn-doŭs, a. [Lat. nefandus= not to be spoken or uttered: ne=not, and fandus fut. part. of for to speak.] Not to be spoken,

uttered, or mentioned; abominable.

"The most nefandous high-treason against the Majesty on high."-Cotton Mather: A Discourse on Witchcraft (ed. 1689), p. 9.

ně-fär -I-ous, a. [Lat. nefarius, from nefas that which is contrary to divine law, impiety.] Wicked in the extreme; abominable, infamous, atrocious. ně fär 1-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. nefarious; -ly.] In a nefarious manner; with extreme wickedness; abominably, atrociously.

"Thus nefariously rob'd and despoiled of his honor."— Wood: Athenæ Oxon., p. 891.

ně-fär -I-ous-ness, s. [Eng. nefarious; -ness.] The quality or state of being nefarious; extreme wickedness; atrociousness.

*nē -făst, a. [Lat. nefastus.] Wicked, unlawful, detestable, vile.

"Monsters so nefast and so flagitious"-Lytton: Car

tons, pt. x., ch. i.

něf -le-dief-fite, s. [Etym, doubtful.]

Min.: An amorphous mineral resembling litho marge. Hardness, 115; specific gravity, 2335;

"But I founde therin no answere appoynted to be made to them whyche receyved that ordre, neyther by afyrmacion nor yet negation.”—Bate: Apologie, p. 23. 2. Logic: (Sce extract.)

"Negation is the absence of that which does not naturally belong to the thing we are speaking of, or which has no right, obligation, or necessity to be present with it; as when we say a stone is inanimate, or blind, or deaf, that carpenter or a fisherman is unlearned, these are mere is, has no life, nor sight, nor hearing; or when we say a negations."-Watts: Logic, pt. i., ch. ii., § 6.

Conversion by Negation:

Logic: [CONTRAPOSITION.]

ně-gå-tion-1st, s. [Eng, negation; -ist.] One who denies the truth and, by implication, the beneficent effects of Christianity, or of any other religion named.

"In everything characteristic of the creed of Christendom he was a thoroughgoing negationist. He admitted neither its truth nor its utility."-Literary World, Feb. 3, 1882.

něg-a-tive, *neg-a-tif, a. & s. [Fr. négatif; from Lat. negativus; from negatus, pa. par. of nego to deny Ital. & Sp. negativo.] A. As adjective:

I. Ordinary Language:

1. Containing, declaring, or implying denial or negation; negatory. (The opposite to affirmative.) "I see no inconvenience that may insue either of the affirmative or negative opinion."-Holinshed: Description of Ireland, ch. ii.

2. Implying or expressing refusal; refusing assent; expressing the answer no to a request; as, He gave me a negative answer. *3. Denying, refusing.

"If thou wilt confess, Or else be impudently negatire."

Shakesp.: Winter's Tale, i. 2 4. Containing assertions or marked by omissions which involve denial or tend in the direction of denial without directly denying or controverting; indirect; the opposite to positive; as, a negative argu

ment.

"We have negative names, which stand not directly for positive ideas, but for their absence, such as insipid; silence, nihil, &c."-Locke: Human Understanding, bɛ. 11., ch. viii.

5. Having the power of restraining or withholding by refusing consent; having the power or right of veto.

"Denying me any power of a negative voice as king, they are not ashamed to seek to deprive me of the liberty of using my reason with a good conscience.”—King

Charles: Eikon Basilike.

II. Phot.: Applied to a picture in which the lights and shades are exactly the opposite of those in nature. [B. II.2.]

B. As substantive:

I. Ordinary Language:

1. A proposition by which something is denied ; a negative proposition; an opposite or contradictory term or conception.

"The positive and the negative are set before the mind for its choice, and it chooses the negative."—Edwards: Freedom of the Will, pt. i., § L

2. A word expressing or implying denial or refusal; as, no, not.

3. The right or power of restraining or withholding by refusing consent; the right or power of veto;

a veto.

4. That side of a question which denies or refuses; a decision or answer expressing or declaring negation or refusal.

"It is generally held in the negative.”—South· Sermons, vol. v., ser. 4.

II. Technically:

1. Elect.: The metal or equivalent placed in opposition to the positive in the voltaic battery. The negative may be coke, carbon, silver, platinum, or copper, and forms the cathode (q. v.). fate, făt, färe, amidst, what, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, her, thêre; pine, pit, sire, sir,

marîne; gō, põt,

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