'Far as an able hand a lance can throw, Or at the lists, or at the fighting foe." Pope: Homer's Iliad, xvi. 718. lit (1), pret. & pa. par. of v. [LIGHT (1), v.] lit (2), pret. of v. [LIGHT (2), v.] lit-a-ny, let-a-nie, *lit-a-nie, s. [O. Fr. letanie (Fr. litanie), from Lat. litania, Gr. litaneia-a prayer, from litaing to pray; Sp. litania, letania; Ital. litanie, letanie.]

1. Ord. Lang.: A solemn form of supplicatory prayer used in public worship.

II. Church History, Ritual, &c.:

1. Roman: There are three forms of litany recognized by the Roman Church as admissible in public worship: (1) The Litany of the Saints, used on the feast of St. Mark, on Rogation Days, on Holy Saturday and Whitsun Eve, and during the Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament. (2) The Litany of the Blessed Virgin-usually called the Litany of Loretto, from its being first sung in the Santa Casa of Loretto-now generally used at Benediction (q.v.). (3) The Litany of the Holy Name of Jesus, consisting of titles of Our Lord, with the invocation "Miserere nobis" (Have mercy on us).

2. Anglican: The first change from the Roman Litany in the direction of its present form was made in 1544. In the Prayer Book of Edward VI. (1549), directions were appended to the Communion office that "Upon Wednesdays and Fridays the English litany shall be said or sung in all places." In the revision of 1552 it was placed where it now stands, with the rubric "To be used on Sundays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and at other times when it shall be commanded by the Ordinary." Grindall in 1571 forbade any interval between Morning Prayer, Litany, and Communion Service; but the Fifteenth Canon of 1604 recognizes the Litany as a separate office. The practice of the present day tends in that direction, and in many churches the Litany is recited on Sunday afternoon, followed by a brief address. When it is said at Morning Prayer, it follows the Third Collect for Grace.

litany-desk, s. In the Church of England a portable desk or prie-dieu, placed in the center of the choir or the chancel facing the communion table, and at which the priest kneels to recite the Litany. Cosin (Notes on Common Prayer) says: The priest goeth out from his seat into the body of the church, and at a low desk before the chancel door, called the faldstool, kneels, and says or sings the litany." [FALDSTOOL.]

litany-stool,. s. The same as LITANY-DESK.

(Halliwell.)

*lit-a-ny, v. t. [LITANY, s.] To recite or chant a litany.

litarģe, s. [LITHARGE.]

lít chì, li-ghi, lit-sghi, lée-chee, s. [Chi nese.]

literal-expression, s.

Math.: An expression in which some of the quantities entering it are expressed by letters. A literal factor is a factor denoted by a letter, or some power of a letter, as a= (1 × a), a2 (=a × a). lit-er-al-işm, s. [Eng. literal; -ism.] The act of adhering to the letter; that which accords with the letter; a mode of interpreting literally. (Milton: Of Divorce, bk. ii., ch. xvii.)

lit-er-al-ist, s. [Eng. literal; -ist.] One who adheres to the letter or literal meaning; one who interprets or understands literally.

lit-ĕr-ǎl'-I-ty, 8. [English literal; -ity.] The quality or state of being literal; literal or original meaning; literalness.

lit-er-al-iz-a-tion, s. [Eng. literaliz(e); -ation.] The act of literalizing or rendering literal; a reducing to literality.

lit-er-al-ize, v. t. [English literal; -ize.] To render literal; to interpret or put in practice according to the literal meaning; to conform to the literal meaning of.

lit-ĕr-al-ly, adv. [Eng. literal; -ly.]

1. In a literal manner or sense; according to the primitive or literal meaning or import of the words; not figuratively or metaphorically. 2. With close adherence to words; word for word; exactly. "My daily bread is literally implor'd." Dryden: Hind and Panther, iii. 107. lit-ĕr-al-ness, s. [Eng. literal; -ness.] 1. The quality or state of being literal; literal meaning.

2. The quality or habit of interpreting or understanding everything literally; want of imagination.

lit-er-a-ry, a. [Lat. literarius, from litera-a letter; Fr. litéraire; Sp. literario; Ital. litterario.] 1. Of or pertaining to letters or learning.

"The child's literary education was directed by Burnet, with the title of Preceptor."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii.

2. Of or pertaining to literature; dealing with learning or learned men.

"Scaped from literary cares." Cowper: Dog and Water Lily. 3. Consisting of letters or writings. "A literary conflict."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 4. Versed in letters or literature; engaged in literature.

5. Consisting in or composed of letters or writings; as, literary property.

6. Intended for the promotion and extension of literature and learning.

ago.

"It is one of the finest literary institutions that any

v.

A. As adj.: Little.

**Thi sorghe is al to lite."-Shoreham, p. 32.

B. As subst.: A little piece or portion. liter, li-tre, s. [Fr., from Low Lat. litra, from Gr. litra-a weight, a pound.] The French standard measure of capacity in the decimal system. It is a cube, each side of which measures 3937 inches, and it contains 61028 cubic inches, or 2:113 pints.

liter-al, *lit-ter-all, a. & s. [Fr., from Lat. literalis literal; litera a letter; Sp. & Port. literal; Ital. litterale, letterale.]

A. As adjective:

1 According to the primitive meaning or better; not figurative or metaphorical; formally, plainly, and clearly expressed.

"It hath but one simple litterall sense whose light the owles can not abide.”—Tyndall: Works, p. 1.

2. Following the letter or exact words; close, not free.

"The present method of teaching the learned languages, which is commonly by literal translations."Goldsmith: The Bee, No. 6.

3. Consisting of or expressed by letters; as, literal

notation.

boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat,

A. As adj.: Versed or instructed in letters or literature; learned, accomplished, lettered, literary. "Surely this is the proper function of literate elegancy."-Mountagu: Devout Essays, pt. i., tr. 19, § 3. B. As substantive:

1. One engaged in literary pursuits; a literary man.

2. One who has received an education in a college or university, but who has not graduated; a candidate for holy orders who has not studied at a university. (Eng.)

land."-Beresford Hope: English Cathedrals, ch. i. "The literate may become the typal incumbent of Eng

lit-ĕr-a-tim, adv. [Lat.] Literally; letter for letter. (Generally in the phrase verbatim et literatim=word for word and letter for letter.)

lit-ĕr-a-tō (pl. lit-er-ā-ti), s.. [Italian.] A learned man. (Usually in the plural.)

"This system has been adopted by the literati."—Goldsmith: Polite Learning, ch. viii.

lit-er-a-tor, s. [Lat., from litera a letter; Fr. littérateur: Ital. litteratore.]

1. A dabbler in literature; a petty schoolmaster. "Those husbands who succeed legally to the office which the young literators had pre-occupied."-Burke: Letter to a Member of the National Assembly.

*2. A man of letters; a literary man.

chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this;

lithia

lit-er-a-ture, s. [French, from Lat. literatura from_litera a letter; Sp. literatura; Ital. litterutura.] 1. Learning, letters; knowledge of or acquaintance with letters or books.

2. The collective body of literary productions, embracing the entire results of knowledge and faucy preserved in writing; also the whole body of literary productions or writings upon a given subject, or in reference to a particular science or branch of knowledge; the collective literary productions of any country or period.

"The preposterous partiality which the present age has shown to the frippery and the tinsel of French literature."-Eustace: Italy, vol. ii., ch. x.

of style or expression, as poetry, essays, or history, 3. The class of writings distinguished for beauty in distinction from scientific treatises and works which contain positive knowledge; belles-lettres. 4. The literary profession; the profession of a man of letters.

*lit-ĕr-a-tus, s. [Latin.] A man of letters or learning.

lith, s. [A. S. lith; cogn. with Dut. lid; Dan. lid; Icel. litter; Goth. lithus; Ger. glied.] A joint of the human body; a member, a límb, a division. lith-a-gogue, a. & s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and agōgos-leading, drawing; agō to lead, to draw.] A. As adjective:

Med.: Having the power or quality of expelling stone from the bladder or kidneys.

B. As substantive:

Med.: A medicine or preparation intended to expel stone from the bladder or kidneys.

lith -arge, s. [Lat. lithargyrus; Gr. lithargyros litharge (see def.), from lithos-stone, and argyros silver.]

Chem.: Lead protoxide (q. v.).

lith -ate, lith -I-ate, s. [Eng. lithic; -ate.] Chem. A salt of lithic acid (q. v.). [URATE.] lithe, *lythe, a. [A. S. lidhe (for lindhe)=lithe, mild, gentle; O. L. Ger. lithi; O. H. Ger. lindi; Icel. linr.] 1. Mild, gentle, soft, calm, agreeable. 2. Flexible, pliant, limber, lissom.

"With ten young and comely daughters,
Tall and lithe as wands of willow."

Longfellow: Hiawatha, xii. *lithe (1), v. t. [LITHE, a.] To make smooth; to soften. *lithe (2), *lith-en v. t. & i. [Icel. hlýtha, from hljóth a hearing, silence.]

A. Trans.: To listen to; to hearken to; to give

ear to.

B. Intrans.: To listen, to hearken.

lithe -ness, 8. [English lithe, a.; -ness.] The quality or state of being lithe; limberness, lissom

ness.

*lith -er (1), a. [LITHE, a.] Soft, pliant, mild. "Two Talbots winged through the lither sky," Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. I., iv. 7. *lith -ĕr (2), *luth-er, *lid-der, a. [A. S. lydher; M. H. Ger. lider.]

1. Depraved, wicked, abandoned, dissolute. 2. Idle, lazy.

*lith -er-hood, *lith -ĕr-hēde, s. [Eng. lither (2); -hood, -hede.] Wickedness, corruption.

*11th -ĕr-lỹ (1), adv. [Eng. lither (1); -ly.] Softly, flexibly.

*lith-er-lý (2), *lith-er-liche, leth-er-11, *luth-er-li, a. & adv. [Eng. lither (2); -ly.] A. As adj.: Wicked, base, corrupt, lazy.

"He was waspish, arch, and litherlie, But well Lord Cranstoun served he." Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, ii. 32. B. As adv.: In a wicked, corrupt, or base manner; wickedly, poorly, meanly.

*lith -er-ness, #lith-er-nes, *luth-er-nesse, s. [English lither (2); -ness.] Wickedness, baseness, laziness.

*lith -ĕr-oŭs, *lid-drous, a. [Eng. lither (2); -ous.] Wicked, base.

lith -er-some, a., [Eng. lither (1); -some.] The same as LITHESOME (q. v.).

lithe -some, a. [Eng. lithe; -some.] Soft, pliant, flexible, lissome.

Min.: The same as LEPIDOLITE (q. v.).

lithia-tourmaline, s.

Min.: The same as RUBELLITE (q. v.). ll-thi-a-sis, s. [Gr.]

Pathology:

1. The formation of stone or concretions in any part of the body. [CALCULUS.]

2. A disease of the eyelids, in which small, bard tumors grow upon their margins.

lith -I-ate, s. [LITHATE.]

11th-ic, a. [Greek lithos=a stone; English adj. suff. ic.]

1. Ord. Lang.: Of or pertaining to or consisting of stone.

2. Med.: Pertaining to stone in the bladder; uric. lithic-acid, s. [URIC-ACID.]

lithic-paint, s. A mastic of petalite (which contains an alkali known as lithia), sand, and litharge, used as a coating for walls.

lith-ich-no-zō a, s. pl. [Gr. lithos=a stone; ichnos a track, a footstep, and zōa, pl. of zoon=a living creature.]

Chem. Lithia, Li2O. Prepared from the sulphate by the action of baryta.

lith-o-bib'-11-ŏn (pl. lith-o-bib'-lì-a), s. [Gr. lithos a stone, and biblion=a book.] The same as BIBLIOLITE (q. v.).

lith-o-bi-i-næ, lith-o-bi-i-dēş, s. pl. [Mod. Lat. lithobi(us); Lat. fem. pl. adj. suff. -inæ, or masc. or fem. -ides.]

Zool. A sub-family of Scolopendrida. Ocelli many, the second thoracic segment represented by a dorsal plate. Sixteen segments with dorsal plates, ambulatory legs fifteen on each side.

life, course of life.].
11-tho-bi-us, s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and bios

Zool.: The typical genus of the sub-family Lithobiinæ.

lith -o-carp, s. [LITHOCARPus.]

Palæont.: The same as CARPOLITE (q. v.). 11th-o-car'-pus, s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and karpos=fruit.]

Bot.: A genus of Corylaces. Lithocarpus javensis Palæont.: The fossil footprints and other tracks, has very hard wood; hence the natives call it Passan-batu-stone-oak.

impressions, or traces of any kind left by animals now passed away. Prof. Hitchcock classifies them into impressions left (1) by Marsupialia, (a) Canoid (dog-like), (b) Ornithoid (bird-like), (c) Loricoid, with bony scales; (2) Pachydactylous, left by thick toed birds; (3) Leptodactylous, by narrow-toed birds; (4) by Batrachians; (5) by Lizards; (6) by Chelonians; (7) by Fishes; (8) by Insects; (9) by Crustaceans; (10) by Myriapods; and (11) by Annelids. [FOOTPRINT, WORMTRACK.]

lith -I-o-nite, s. [Ger. lithion, lithon=lithia; suff -ite (Min.); Ger. lithionit.]

Min.: The same as LEPIDOLITE (q. v.).

lith-o-chrō-măt-ic, lith-o-chrom'-ic, a. & s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and chroma (genit. chrōmatos) color.]

A. As adj. Of or pertaining to the art of painting on stone, and taking impressions on canvas. B. As subst. (pl.): The art of painting in oil upon stone, and taking off impressions on canvas. lith-o-clăst, s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and klastēs =a breaker; klaō to break.]

1. Ord. Lang.: A stone-breaker.

lith-I-o-phi-lite, s. [Eng. lithium; Gr. philos=-Burckhardt: Travels in Arabia, i. 307. loving, and suff. -ite (Min.).]

"A party of horsemen were ready to assist the lithoclast.'

Mineralogy: An orthorhombic mineral, with a highly perfect basal cleavage, also found massive. Hardness, 45; specific gravity, 3'424-3482; luster, vitreous to resinous; colors, salmon, honey-yellow, yellowish-brown, light clove-brown; streak, colorless; transparent to translucent; fracture, uneven. Composition: Phosphoric acid, 45-22; protoxide of manganese, 45-22; lithia, 956; corresponding to the formula, Li3PO4+Mn3P208. The manganese is partly replaced by iron. Found in a vein of albitegranite at Branchville, Connecticut.

lith-I-Ŏph-or-ite, s. [Eng. lithium; Gr. phoros bearing, and suff. -ite (Min.).] Min.: A mineral separated from psilomelane, because of its containing lithia. Occurs in fine scales and compact, with quartz, at Scheeberg, Saxony; also at Sayn, Westphalia, and Siegen, Prussia. Luster, dull to metallic; color, bluish-black; streak, blackish-gray. Distinguished from asbolite and lampadite by its containing lithia and its high per centage of alumina. (See these words.)

li-this-tēş, subst. [Gr. lithizō to look like a stone (?).] Zool. The typical genus of the family Lithistida. 11-this-tid-æ, s. pl. [Mod. Lat. lithistes; Lat. fem. pl. adj. suff. -ida.]

1. Zool.: A family of siliceous sponges, sub-order Tetractinellida. They have a coral-like skeleton, are generally cup-like, lamellar, lip-shape, cylin drical, or occasionally brush-like, with a stalk and roots. Their skeleton consists of body surface and flesh spicules irregularly disposed. They occur in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans from 74 to

805 fathoms.

2. Surg.: A powerful, forceps-like instrument, with two blades, having concealed chisel or wedge shaped projections to cut the stone in the bladder into pieces, if found to be too large to extract by means of the lithotomy forceps after the operation of lithotomy.

*lith -o-col-la, s. [Gr. lithokolla, from withos= stone, and kolla glue.] A cement that unites

stones.

lith-o-col-lět'-I-dæ, s. pl. [Mod. Lat. lithocollet (is); Lat. fem. pl. adj. suff. ido.]

Entom.: A family of moths, group or sub-tribe Tineina. The head is rough, the labial palpi filiform, drooping. The anterior wings elongate, the posterior ones linear lanceolate with long fringes. lith-o-col-le-tis, s. [Greek lithokollētos inlaid with precious stones; lithos=a stone, and kollētos glued together; kollaō to glue.] Entom.: The typical and only genus of the family

Lithocolletidæ (q. v.).

lith-o-cyst, s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and kystis a bladder.]

Zool. The marginal bodies or sense organs of the Lucernarida, or Steganophthalmate Medusa.

(Nicholson.)

lith-o-děn ́-dron, s. [Gr. lithodendron a tree shaped coral; lithos-a stone, and dendron a tree.] Zool. The typical genus of the sub-family Lithodendronina.

lith-o-den-dro-ni'-næ, s. pl. [Mod. Lat. litho dendron (q. v.); Lat. fem. pl. adj. suff. -ina.]

Zool. A sub-family of Cyathophyllidæ. It consists of corals having a styliform or a lamellar bers in the corallite.

lithographic-varnish

Zool. & Palæo.t.: Date-shells. A sub-genus of anteriorly-inflated shell, and by the habit from Modiola, distinguished by their long, cylindrical, which they derive their name. Known recent species forty, from West Indies to New Zealand; fossil thirty-five. Lithodomi have the power of excavating holes in the hardest limestones. Holes formed by Lithodomi are found in inland cliffs, proving that they were at one time covered by the sea. They appear to date from the Carboniferous rocks, and are known to paleontologists by their shells and their burrows.

lith-o-fĕl-llc, a. [Gr. lithos-stone; Lat. fel (genit. fellis)=gall, and Eng. suff. -ic.] Obtained from gall stone. lithofellic-acid, s.

Chem. CH360;. It occurs as the chief constituIt resembles the cholic acids in many respects, and ent of the intestinal concretions of the Persian goat, in giving Pellenkofer's reaction. It crystallizes from alcohol in prisms, and melts at 204. lith-o-frǎc-teur, s. [Fr.]

Chem.: An explosive substance composed of nitroglycerine, 52 per cent.; infusorial silica and sand, 30 per cent.; carbon, 12 per cent.; NaO NO5, 4 per cent.; sulphur, 2 per cent. Its characteristics, as compared with dynamite, are: (1) Greater sensitiveness to temperature, exploding at 120°, while dynamite explodes at 190°; (2) greater sensitiveness to moisture from the presence of the hygroscopic nitrate of soda; (3) the gases from the explosion always contain carbonic oxide from the carbon in the compound; (4) for equal volumes it has the less

explosive power. (Journal of Applied Chemistry.) lith-0-găn -ě-sỹ, líth-ở-gě-nes'-Y-a, s. [Greek lithos stone, and genesis, genesia-birth: Fr. litho the origin of minerals composing the globe, and of génésie.] That branch of science which deals with the causes which have produced their form and disposition.

nao to produce; Fr. lithogène.] Producing or 11-thog-en-ous, a. [Gr. lithos = stone, and genforming stone, a term applied to coral-forming animals.

lith -o-glyph, s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and glyphō to hollow out, to engrave, to carve.] The art of engraving on precious stones; an engraving or carving on a precious stone.

11-thog -lyph-er, s. [Eng. lithoglyph; -er.] One who cuts or engraves precious stones.

lith-o-glyph -ic, a. [Eng. lithoglyph; -ic.] Of or pertaining to the art of cutting or engraving precious stones.

lith-o-glyp -tics, s. [Gr. ithos = a stone, and glyptos = fit for carving; glyphoto cut, to carve.] The art of cutting or engraving precious stones; lithoglyph.

lith -o-grǎph, s. [Greek lithos = a stone, and grapho to write, to draw; Fr. lithographie.] A print or impression from a drawing on stone.

lith -o-grǎph, v. t. [LITHOGRAPH, 8.] To engrave or draw on stone, and transfer on paper, &c., by printing.

li-thog -ra-pher, s. [Eng. lithograph; -er.] Ore who practices or is skilled in lithography.

[Eng. lithograph; ic, ical.] Of or pertaining to lith-o-graph -ic, *lith-o-grǎph -ic-al, adj. lithography; done by lithography; printed from stone; used in lithography.

drawing on stone for the purposes of lithographic lithographic-crayon, subst. A crayon used for printing. They are composed essentially of soap, wax, fat, and lampblack, and are cast in the form of little cylindrical sticks. These are fastened in a porte-crayon or quill in the ordinary way. above constituents, with various additions of shellac, mastic, &c., are fused together and finally set on fire. The longer the mixture burns, the harder the product becomes; three or four grades are usually made.

The

lith'-I-um, s. [Gr. lithos=a stone.]

lith -o-dōme, s. [LITHODOMUS.] Zool.: Any member of the genus Lithodomus (q. v.).

11-thod'-o-mous, a. [LITHODOMUS.]

found in stone more or less hard, which their inhab1. Living in stone, a term applied to bivalve shells itants penetrated by means of which we are ignorant. (Mayne.)

lithographic-stone, s. A sedimentary limetion. They are obtained almost solely from the extensive quarries of Solenhofen, in Bavaria. France furnishes a very hard and dark-blue stone, which is but little ased. In Canada stone of good quality is said to exist, as also in Missouri. The Bavarian stone occurs in nearly horizontal layers. When these are of suitable quality and thickness trimmed for exportation, the slabs varying in size (from two to five inches), they are squared and from 6x8 to 40x60 inches. Two qualities are recog nized: the yellow, and the blue or gray (though the difference in color is slight). The latter are harder and more generally serviceable, and cost ten to fifteen per cent. more than the yellow.

of the genus Lithodomus (q. v.). 2. Belonging to, or in any manner characteristic

11-thod -o-mus (pl. 11-thod -ô-mi), s. (Greek lithos-stone, and domos a habitation. So called because the animals make perforations in rocks, in which they live.]

lithographic-varnish, s. An oily varnish used for the manufacture of lithographic ink, and by printers for thinning the same. It is made by heatpine, pit, sïre, sir, marîne; gō, pot.

lith-o-grǎph-Ic-al-lỹ, adv. [Eng. lithograph ical; ly.] By means of lithography. *11-thog -ra-phize, v. t. [Eng. lithograph; -ize.] To lithograph; to produce by lithography. 11-thog -ra-phy, s. [Eng. lithograph; -y.] The process of engraving or drawing on stone, in such a way as to produce a surface from which printed copies can be multiplied in the press. It was invented by Alois Senefelder about 1799. Almost the only stone suitable for lithographic work is that known as lithographic-stone (q. v.). Upon such a surface the artist produces the design to be printed from. This is done by one of four distinct methods: (1) He draws it with a fluid, watery ink; (2) with a solid crayon; (3) he obtains it by transfer from an inky design on paper by various means; or (4) he engraves it on a prepared stone. The design is drawn with a watery solution of an ink consisting essentially of a soluble soap (stearate or oleate of soda or potash) colored with lampblack sufficient to render it visible upon the gray surface of the

stone.

11th -бid, 11-thổìd'-al, a. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and eidos=appearance.] Resembling a stone; of a stony nature or structure.

11-thoi-dite, s. [Eng. lithoid; -ite.]

Petrol.: The same as LIPARITE, and as RHYOLITE. lith -o-labe, s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and labein, 2d aor. infin, of lambanō to take, to seize.]

Surg.: An instrument for grasping a stone in the bladder, and holding it while it is being acted upon by a lithotritic instrument.

lith-o-log-ic, 11th-ô-log ́-Ic-al, a. [Eng. lithology); -ical.] Of or pertaining to lithology, or the science of stones; pertaining to the character of a rock, or derived from the nature and mode of aggregation of its mineral contents. It is specially used regarding the stony structure or character of a mineral mass, as distinguished from its zoological or paleontological character.

lith-o-log-ic-al-ly, adverb. [Eng. lithological; -ly. In a lithological manner; according to lithology.

11-thol-o-gist, s. [Eng. litholog(y); -ist.] One versed in lithology.

l1-thŏl -ô-gй, s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and logos =a discourse, a treatise.]

1. Geol.: The department of science which treats of the mineral constituents and stratigraphical arrangement of rocks, as distinguished from their paleontology.

2. Med. The department which treats of stones

or calculi in the body.

11th -ŏ-lyte,

loosen, to dissolve.Gr. lithos=a stone, and lyō to

Surg. A form of catheter for conveying solvents

of calculi into the bladder.

lith -ô-măn-çỹ, s. [Greek lithos=a stone, and manteia = prophecy, divination.] Divination by means of stones.

lith-o-măn'-tis, s. [Gr. lithos, and Mod. Lat., &c., mantis (q. v.).]

Paleont.: A genus of fossil Mantida. Lithomantis carbonarius is from the English coal meas

ares.

lith -o-mărge, s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and perhaps Lat. marga=marl, or Old Ger. maergel-marl. Steinomarga was a name used by old German miners for clays which did not occur in beds, but inclosed in rocks like marrow in bones, hence Ger. Steinmark-stone-marrow.]

Min.: Essentially a hydrated silicate of alumina, included by Dana as a compact form of Kaolinite (q. v.). The name appears, however, to have been applied to several compact minerals of varied composition. Des Cloizeaux places it under the heading of "products of alteration or mixtures.' The Brit. Mus. Cat. groups it with Halloysite (q. v.). lith-on-thrip -tic, *11th-on-trip -tic, a. & s. [Greek lithos=a stone, and thrypto-to break, to wear; tribō to rub, to grind.]

A. As adj.: Having the quality or property of destroying stone in the bladder or kidneys.

B. As subst.: A medicine or preparation having the quality of destroying stone in the bladder or kidneys.

lith -on-trip-tist, s. [Greek lithos = a stone; thrypto-to break, and Eng. suff. -ist.] The same as LITHOTRIPTIST (q.v.).

11th -on-trip-tõr, s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and thrypto-to break; suff. or.] An instrument for crushing a stone in the bladder into minute fragments, which may pass out with the urine.

2543

lith-on-tryp'-tic, lith-on-thryp'-tic, a. & s. [LITHONTRIPTIC.]

l1-thŏph ́-a-ģī, 11th-ô-phăġ ́-I-dæ, s. [Greek lithos a stone, and phagein to eat.]

Zool. A name applied to animals of all classes which form holes in the solid rocks, as the molluscous genera Lichodomus, Pholas, &c., or the annelid Spio. The termination -ide would suggest that they are so much akin as to form one family, which is not at all correct.

11-thoph'-a-goŭs, a. [Gr. lithos a stone, and phagein to eat.] Eating or swallowing stones or gravel; perforating stones.

lith-o-phāne, s. [Greek lithos a stone, and phaino to cause to appear.] A style of ornamentation suitable to lamps, windows, and other transparencies, and prepared by impressing thin sheets of porcelain, while soft, into figures, which become visible when viewed by transmitted light. lith -o-phos-phor, s. [Greek lithos stone, and phosphoros bringing light.] Astone which becomes phosphoric by heat.

lith-o-phos-phor'-ic, a. [Eng. lithophosphor; c.1. Pertaining to lithophosphor; becoming phos phoric by heat.

11th-o-phō-tog'-ra-phy, s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and Eng. photography (q. v.).], A process by which a photographic picture is developed on stone, so as to admit of impressions being taken therefrom. [PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHY.]

lith-o-phyl, s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and phyllon =a leaf.] A fossil leaf or impression of a leaf; a stone containing a fossil leaf.

lith -o-phyte, s. [Gr. lithos stone, and phyton corals were a kind of stone that vegetated, or =a plant. Named from the erroneous view that plants whose tissue was solid like that of a stone.] Zool.: An obsolete designation for a coral. 11th-o-phytic, a. [Eng. lithophyt(e); -ic.] Of or pertaining to lithophytes.

11-thophy-toŭs, a. [Eng. lithophyt(e); -ous.] Pertaining to, consisting of, or of the nature of lithophytes.

rhine a file, a rasp.] 11-thor-1-neur, subst. [Gr. lithos a stone, and

Surg.: An instrument invented by Meirieu and Tanchou for filing down a calculus in the bladder. lith-or-nis, s. [Gr. lithos-stone, and ornis=a bird. J

Palæont.: A genus of fossil birds, family Vul

turida.

stone; petrifying.] ll-thō'-si-a, s. [From Gr. lithōsis turning into

Entom.: Footman, the typical genus of the family Lithosidæ (q. v.). Lithosia complanula is the

Common Footman. It is leaden-gray, with a leaden stripe attenuated at one end. L. complana, a much rarer species, has the stripe uniform in width.

8. pl. [Mod. Lat. lithosi (a); Lat. fem. pl. adj. suff. 11-thō-si-dæ, lith-ō-sī ́-a-dæ, lith-o-sĩ ́-I-dæ,

-ida.]

Entom.: Footmen: a family of Day-moths of the group or sub-tribe Bombycina. Antennæ filiform, collar well developed, thorax and abdomen unspot ted, the latter occasionally with pale belts, anterior wings generally narrow, hinder ones broad, the former often gray, the latter yellowish; larvæ hairy, feeding on lichens. Their wing expanse about an inch and a quarter.

11th-o-spĕr-me-æ, s. pl. [Mod. Latin lithosperm(um); Lat. fem. pl. adj. suff. -ec.] Bot.: A tribe of Boraginaceae. lith-o-spĕr-mům, s. [Lat. ithospermon; Gr. lithospermon = gromwell (see def.): lithos = stone, and sperma a seed.]

1. Bot.: Gromwell; the typical genus of the boraginaceous tribe Lithospermeæ. The calyx is in five deep segments, the corolla funnel-shaped, its mouth naked or with very minute scales; the stamens included, filaments very thick, style simple, achenes stony with a truncated base, seated on a hypogynous disc. Known species about fifty, all from the temperate zone.

2. Chem.: A red coloring matter obtained from the root bark of Lithospermum arvense. It resembles alkanet.

lith ō-strō-ti-ŏn, s. [Greek lithostrōtos=paved laid.] with stones: lithos = stone, and strotos = spread, Palæont.: A genus of Rugose Corals, family Cyathophyllida. In some places they are so abundant as to make the bed in which they are somewhat resemble a coral reef.

lith -o-tint, s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and Eng. tint (q. v.).] 1. A process of drawing upon stone, in which the ink is applied to the stone by a camel's-hair pencil. 2. A drawing upon stone so produced.

chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this;

lithotypy

lith -o-tōme, s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and tomē¬ a cutting; temno to cut.]

*1. Ord. Lang.: A stone so formed by nature as to appear to have been cut artificially.

2. Surg. A bistoury or scalpel for making the incision in lithotomy. This knife is of various sizes and shapes, blunt, probe, or sharp-pointed. It is inserted through the groove of the lithotomy-staff, through a small opening previously made in the urethra, and carried along into the bladder, making an opening just large enough to allow the extraction of the stone by means of the forceps.

lithotome-caché, s.

Surg. An instrument used in lithotomy. It is introduced with blades concealed in a sheath, from which they are protruded, by pressing upon a lever, on reaching the place of operation. The incision is made by withdrawing the instrument. It is made single or double bladed. Called also a bistouri

caché.

lithotomy): -ic, -ical.] Of or pertaining to lithotlith-o-tom-ic, lith-o-tom'-Ic-al, a. [English omy; performed by lithotomy.

li-thot-o-mist, s. [Eng, lithotom(y); -ist.] One who performs the operation of lithotomy; one skilled in lithotomy.

11-thot -ō mỹ, s. [Greek lithotomia.] [LITHOTOME.] in the bladder. Surg. The act or operation of cutting for stone

lith ô-trit -ic, a. [Eng. lithotrit(e); ic.] Of or pertaining to lithotrity; destroying or tending to destroy stone in the bladder.

who is skilled in lithotrity. 11th -o-trit-ist, s. [Eng. lithotrit(e); -ist.] One

lith -o-trit-or, s. [Eng. lithotrit(e); -or.] Surg. The same as LITHONTRIPTOR (q. v.). 11-thŏt-ri-tỷ, s. [Eng. lithotrit(e); -y.] The act or operation of crushing a stone in the bladder by means of a lithontriptor.

lith -o-type, s. [Gr. lithos=a stone, and Eng. type (q. v.).I 1. A stereotype in which the surface is composed of gum-shellac, fine sand, and a little tar and linseed-oil. 2. A name signifying printing from stone. The lithographic design on the stone is deeply etched, giving a sufficient relief for the type-press.

lith -o-type, v. t. [LITHOTYPE, s.] To prepare for printing by lithotypy.

11-thot-y-py, s. [Gr. lithos = a stone, and Eng. type (q. v.).] The art or process of stereotyping by pressing the types of a page set up into a soft mold or matrix. The hollows left by the types are then filled with a mixture of gum-shellac, fine sand, tar, and linseed-oil, heated, which, when cold, becomes as hard as stone, and can be printed from.

sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.. -sious shus. -ble, -dle, &c.

lithoxyle

11-thox-yle, 11-thox-l-ite, s. [Greek lithos= stone, and xylon=wood.]

Min.: A name given to the mineral hornstone (q. v.), when it replaced woody substance and presented its structure. Called also Lithoxylon. [WOODSTONE.]

li-thŏx -y-lon, 8. [LITHOXYLITE.] Lith-u-ā-ni-an, a. & s. [See def.]

2544

li-tis-pen-dençe, s. [Lat. lis (genit. litis)=a lawsuit, and Eng. pendence (q. v.).] The time during which a lawsuit is pendent.

*lit-ling, a. [Mid. Eng. lite little; dimin. suff. -ling.] Very little.

lit-mus, lặc -mus, s. [A corrupt. of Ger. lachmuss the lichen defined ]

B. As substantive:

1. A native or inhabitant of Lithuania.

2. The language spoken by the natives of Lithu ania. It belongs to the Slavonic family.

11-thür-I-a, 8. [Mod. Lat., from Gr. lithouria (see def.).]

Path. Lithic acid diathesis, in which the urates are deposited in inordinate quantity, usually caused by errors in diet, wines, malt liquors, or a sedentary habit of body.

lith - (1), adj. [English lith(e), a.; -y.] Lithe, pliant, flexible.

*11th - (2), adj. [LITHER (2), a.] Wicked, depraved, corrupt, mischievous.

li-tid -I-on-ite, li-thid -I-on-ite, s. [Gr. lithidion=a small stone; suff. -ite (Min.).]

Min.: A name given by Scacchi to some blue lapilli found at Vesuvius in 1873. The glassy blue crust gave: Hardness, 5-6; specific gravity, 2:535. Mean of two analyses: Silica, 7157; oxide of copper, 6 49; protoxide of iron, 402; potash, 1092; soda, 678. Regarded as a mixture of quartz and the carbonates of potassium and sodium.

lit -ig-a-ble, a. [As if from a Lat. litigabilis, from litigo to dispute, to litigate (q. v.).] Capable of being litigated."

lit-ig-ant, a. & s. [Lat. litigans, pr. par. of litigo to dispute; Fr. litigant; Sp. litigante.] A. As adj.: Engaged in litigation; disposed to litigate.

B. As subst.: One who is engaged in a lawsuit. llt-i-gāte, v. t. & i. [Lat. litigatus, pa. par. of litigo to dispute: lis (genit. litis a lawsuit, and ago to carry on; Sp. & Port. litigar; Ital. litigare.]

A. Trans.: To contest in a court of law; to make the subject of litigation; to prosecute or defend by pleadings, evidence, &c., in a court of law. (Young: Night Thoughts, ix. 1,410.)

B. Intrans.: To carry on a lawsuit; to engage in litigation.

lit-i-ga-tion, s. [Lat. litigatio, from litigatus, pa. par. of litigo-to litigate (q. v.).] The act or process of litigating or carrying on a lawsuit in a court of law or equity; judicial contest.

lit-i-gā tōr, 8. [Lat.] One who litigates or engages in litigation; a litigant.

lit-ig-1-0s -1-ty, s. [As if from a Lat. litigiositas, from litigiosus-litigious (q. v.).]

1. Ord. Lang. The quality or state of being litigious; a litigious disposition.

2. Scots Law: A tacit legal prohibition of alienation, to the prejudice of a begun action or diligence, the object of which is to attain the possession or to acquire the property of a particular subject, or to attach it in security of debt.

11-tigious, a. [Fr. litigieux, from Lat. litigiosus =contentious, doubtful, from litigium=strife; litigo to dispute, to litigate (q. v.).] 1. Ordinary Language:

*1. Originally applied to things which offered matter of litigation; disputable; open to dispute or contention.

"Certain provinces which were debatable and litigious."-P. Holland: Livy, p. 1,111.

2. Inclined or disposed to litigation; fond of law or litigation; quarrelsome, contentious.

"The rich in cities we litigious find." Davenant: Gondibert, i. 1. 3. Devoted to or used for litigation or the business of law.

"They view'd the ground of Rome's litigious hall." Dryden: Virgil's Æneid, viii. 473. II. Law: A term applied to a church or living when two or more persons lay claim to the patronage, and present several clerks to the ordinary. (Eng.)

11-tig-ious-ly, adv. [Eng. litigious; -ly.] In a litigious manner; contentiously.

11-tigious-ness, s. [Eng. litigious; -ness.] The quality or state of being litigious; a litigious disposition; inclination to litigation.

li-tis-con-těs tā -tion, s. [Lat. lis (genit. litis) =a lawsuit, and Eng. contestation (q. v.).]

Scots Law: The appearance of parties in court to contest their right.

fate, făt, färe, amidst,

what, fall,

Chem.: A vegetable color, obtained from Roccella acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The blue color of litmus is changed to red by an acid, and the red color again becomes blue on being mixed with an alkali.

lit-orn, s. [Fr. litorne.] A species of thrush, a native of Europe.

11-to-teş, s. [Gr. litotes, from litos=plain, simple; Fr. litote.]

for the purpose of avoiding censure, or of expressRhet. A diminution or softening of statement, ing more strongly what is intended; a figure in which the affirmative is expressed by the negative of the contrary; thus, a citizen "of no mean city means "of an illustrious or important city." li-trăm -ě-ter, s. [Greek litra = a weight, and metron a measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity of liquids, invented by Dr. Hare, of Philadelphia. It is founded upon the principle that, when columns of different liquids are elevated by the same pressure, their heights must be inversely as their gravities. It consists of two tubes, their lower ends open and submerged in two liquids, whose specific gravity is to be compared, say one vessel of water and the other of an oil or spirit. The tubes connect above with a horizontal pipe, from which the air is exhausted by an air-pump. Atmospheric pressure causes the liquids to rise in the tubes to a height according to their gravity.

lit-sæ-a, s. [A name given by Jussieu, who did not explain the origin. (Loudon.)]

Bot. A genus of Lauracea, with reticulated leaves, flowers or axillary tufts, and fleshy fruits. Litsoa consimilis, L. lanuginosa, and L. zeylanica, Indian trees, have valuable wood. The fruits of the first and the last also furnish an oil for burning. lit-ter (1), *lit-ere, *lyt-ter, *lit-our, s., [Fr. litière, from Low Lat. lectaria = a litter, from lectus a bed; Gr. lektron a bed; Sp. litera; Port. literia; Ital. lettiera.]

1. A stretcher with a bed, and, in many cases, a canopy; used, not as the stretcher ordinarily is, in emergency and haste, but provided for the use of the sick during transportation home or to the hos pital. nations litters were used for carrying females, sick Among the ancient eastern and classic persons, and ultimately the luxurious rich from place to place. They were provided with cushions, canopies, and curtains, and sometimes constructed of gold and ivory.

in litters

"They shall bring all your brethren and upon mules, and upon swift beasts, to my holy mountain Jerusalem."-Isaiah lxvi. 20.

for horses, cattle, &c., or as a covering for plants. 2. Straw, hay, or other soft material used as a bed "And he [Laban] brought lytter and prouander for the camels."-Genesis xxiv. (1551.)

3. Waste or refuse material, shreds, fragments, &c., scattered or lying about on a floor or other place in a careless, slovenly manner: scattered rubbish.

4. A state of disorder or untidiness; as, A room is

in a litter.

ner over or in.

"Wandering and littering with unfolded silks The polish'd counter, and approving none." Cowper: Task, vi. 280.

little-egret

lit-ter (2), v. t. & i. [LITTER (2), 8.]

A. Trans.: To bring forth; said especially of those animals, as the sow, dog, rabbit, &c., that bear several at a birth; applied to human beings in contempt.

†B. Intrans.: To bring forth a litter of young. lit-ter-a-teur, s. [Fr.] One engaged in literature or literary work; a literary man. litter-y, a. [Eng. litter (1), s.; -y.] Consisting of litter; covered or encumbered with litter.

lit-tle, *lit-el, *lut-el, a., adv., & s. [A. S. lytel, litel, a lengthened form of lyt a little, little; cogn. with Dut. luttel; Icel. litill little; litt = little (adv.); Dan. liden; Sw. liten; Goth. leitils; M. H. Ger. lützel; O. H. Ger. luzil.]

A. As adjective:

I. Ordinary Language:

1. Small in extent; not wide, not extensive. "The coast of the children of Dan went out too little for them."-Joshua xix. 47.

2. Small in size, diminutive; not great, big, or bulky.

"He sought to see Jesus, but could not for the press, because he was little of stature."-Luke xix. 3.

3. Small in amount or quantity; as, a little bill, a little food, a little light.

4. Small in length or extent; not long; as, a little distance. 5. Short in duration.

"A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to sleep."-Proverbs vi. 10.

6. Of small dignity, weight, or importance; insignificant.

"When thou wast little in thine own sight, wast thou

not made the head of the tribes?"-1 Samuel xv. 17.

7. Of small force or effect; slight, inconsiderable; as, little exertions.

8. Not liberal, free, or generous; mean, niggardly, paltry, selfish; as, a little mind.

9. Young; not grown up.

"But your little ones, which ye said should be a prey, them will I bring in."-Numbers xiv. 31.

II. Bot.: Small in all of its parts, but well proportioned.

B. As adv. In a little or small degree or quantity; not much, slightly.

"Recking as little what betideth him." Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, iv. 3.

C. As substantive:

1. That which is little or small in amount, quantity, space, &c.

Every moment leaves my little less." Johnson: London. 2. A small scale or degree; miniature. "His picture is little." Shakesp.: Hamlet, ii. 2 1. A little: Somewhat; in a small or slight degree; rather.

"The painter flattered her a little."

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, iv. 4. 2. By little and little: By slow degrees; gradually. "By little and little I will drive them out from before thee."-Exod. xxiii. 30.

Little is properly opposed to the great, small to the large, and diminutive is a species of the small, which is made so contrary to the course of things: little children cannot be left with safety, to themselves; small children are pleasanter to be nursed than large ones; if we look down from any very great height the largest men will look diminutive. little-auk, 8.

Ornith.: Alca alle. Called also Mergulus melanoleucos, and in English the Common Rotche. little-bittern, s. [BITTERN.]

little black-and-white woodpecker, s. Ornith.: Picus minor.

little-bustard, s. [BUSTARD.] little-crake, s.

Ornith.: Crex pusilla; called also Little Gallinule, and, with reference to the color of its plumage, the Olivaceous Gallinule.

little-earwig, s.

Entom.: Labia minor. [LABIA.]

little-ease, s. An old name for the stocks, the pillory, or other similar uncomfortable punishment, or in an uncomfortable part of a prison. little-egret, s.

*5. To carry in a litter.

pine, pit, sïre, sir,

marîne; gō, pot,