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jocundity

jo-cund'-I-ty, subst. [Eng. Jocund; ity.] The state or quality of being jocund; merriment, gaiety. joc-und-lỹ, adv. [English jocund; -ly.] With jocundity; blithely, merrily, gaily.

joc'-und-ness, 8. [English jocund; -ness.] The same as JOCUNDITY (q. v.).

jõe (1), jõ ́-ey, s. [For etym. see def.] A popular name for the English fourpenny piece, probably a derisive allusion to Joseph Hume, M. P. (1771-1835), who is said to have strongly recommended that coin for the payment of cab-fares for short distances. jõe (2), s. [Shortened for Joe Miller (q. v.).] An old joke.

Jō -ěl, s. [Heb. Yoel; Gr. Jõel. Jo is a contraction of Jehovah, and el is God. [EL.] Joel, therefore, is To whom Jehovah is God-i. e., a worshiper of Jehovah.]

Script. Biog. The name of a Hebrew prophet, and of more than twelve other persons [] mentioned in the Old Testament (1 Sam. viii. 23; 1 Chr. iv. 35, v. 12, &c.)

The Book of Joel: Old Test. Canon: A prophetic book of the Old Testament, written by Joel, the second of the minor prophets. Nothing is known of him except that he was the son of Pethuel (i. 1). Joel seems to have lived in Judah. The main object of his book is to counsel repentance, in connection with a fearful visitation of locusts, accompanied by drought, which had desolated the land (ch. i., ii. 1-12). Then there follows a prediction that the Spirit of God should be poured out on all flesh, with celestial revelations to young and old (ii. 28), a passago which St. Peter refers to as being fulfilled in the Pentecostal effusion of the Holy Ghost (Acts ii. 16-21).

The date of Joel is doubtful. He has been placed in the reign of Joash (B. C. 878-838), in that of Uzziah (809-756), in which case he was a contemporary of Amos, with whose prophecies several verses of Joel agree. (Cf. Joel i. 4, ii. 25 with Amos iv. 6-9; Joel iii. 4-6 with Amos i. 6-10; Joel iii. 16 with Amos i. 2, and ver. 18 with Amos ix. 13.) Others suppose him to have lived in the reign of Joram (B. C. 893 or 892-883-4); or in that of Manasseh (B. C.699-644). If there is a reference in Joel iii. 2 to the captivity of the ten tribes, and in ver. 1 to that of the two, this would indicate a late date, as the mention of the Grecians in verso 6 perhaps may do. The canonical authority of Joel has never been seriously disputed. Jõe Mil-ler, s. [From Joseph Miller (1684-1738), a witty actor, who was a favorite about the time Congreve's plays were fashionable.]

1. A stale jest. The compilation, Joe Miller's Jests, published a year after the death of the supposed author, was the work of John Mottley (1692-1750), but the term has been used to pass off, not only the original stock, but thousands of jokes manufactured long after Miller was buried in the churchyard of St. Clement Danes. (Cates.)

2. A jest-book, especially one in which the jokes are old, and the wit the reverse of sparkling. Jõe Mil-lĕr-işm, s. [Joe Miller; -ism.] 1. A stale jest; a flat, dull joke.

2. The art or practice of indulging in Joe Miller's i.e., of making or retailing stale, dull jokes. Jõe MIl-ler-ize, v. t. [Eng. Joe Miller; -ize.] To give a jesting or jocular character to; to mingle with jokes or jests.

Jõe -pÿe, 8.

compound.j

[Proper name.] (See etym. and

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1. To move with an easy, leisurely pace, in which the strides resemble jogs or shocks. (In both senses usually followed by on, sometimes by over.)

"The good old ways our sires jogged safely o'er." Browning: Paracelsus, iv.

2. To walk or travel idly, heavily, or slowly. 3. To get through life with little exertion and less progress.

(1) To be jogging: To start on a journey; to take one's departure.

"You may be jogging while your boots are green." Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iii. 2.

(2) To jog one's memory, to jog one's elbow: To recall to the memory of a person some duty or promise apparently forgotten.

boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat,

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1. A slight push or blow, usually for the purpose of arousing attention.

2. Irregularity of motion, caused by some obstruction.

II. Mech.: A square notch; a joggle (q. v.). jog-trot, s. & a.

A. Assubst.: A slow, jogging kind of trot; hence, a slow routine method, generally obstinately adhered to, of performing daily duties.

B. As adj.: Monotonous; performed by routine; easy-going. (Thackeray: English Humorists, lect. ii.)

jog'-ger, s. [Eng. jog, v.; -er.]

*1. One who walks or mc ves lazily, heavily, or slowly. 2. One who jogs or gives a sudden push to another for the purpose of arousing attention.

jog-gle, v. t. & i. [Freq. of jog, v. (q. v.)] A. Transitive:

wavering motion to, by a slight sudden flush or 1. Ord. Lang.: To communicate an unsteady, shake; to jostle.

prevent sliding apart. 2. Carp.: To unite by jogs, or mortise, so as to

motion; to totter, to shake. B. Intrans.: To move with unsteady, wavering

jog'-gle, s. [JOGGLE, v.]

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Johannite Christians, s. pl.

Ecclesiol.: The same as Christians of St. John. [JOHN, ¶ (1).]

John (1), s. [Gr. Ioannes, from Heb. Yohanan= the gift of Jehovah, the name of ten persons mentioned in the Old Testament (2 Kings xxv. 23, 1 Chron. iii. 15, vi. 9, 10, &c. Cf. also Yonathan= given by Jehovah.]

Script. Biog.: The name of four men mentioned in the New Testament.

1. John the Baptist.

In

2. John the Apostle. His father was Zebedee (Matt. iv. 21), his mother Salome (cf. Matt. xxvii. 56 with Mark xv. 40, xvi. 1). His father was a fisherman who kept hired servants (Mark. i. 20), and was therefore of some position. John was called with his brother James to follow Jesus (Matt. iv. 21). His nature was of that sensitive kind which is the temperament of genius, eloquence, passion, and love. In the first three gospels he figures as Boanerges, or Son of Thunder (Mark iii. 17), and in the excess of his zeal he wished to call down fire from heaven on a village of the Samaritans because "they did not receive" Jesus (Luke ix. 54). the fourth gospel the loving elements of his character alone appear. He was the disciple whom Jesus with Caiaphas, the high priest (John xvi. 15, 16, loved (John xx. 2). He was personally acquainted 19, 28). At the crucifixion the mother of Jesus was entrusted to his care, and he took her to his house (John xix. 27). With Peter he was early at the sepulcher (xx. 2-4). After the resurrection he remained at Jerusalem for at least fifteen years (Acts iii., iv.; cf. xv. 6 with Gal. ii. 9). Tradition asserts that he visited Rome, and was there, before the Latin Gate, plunged into a caldron of boiling oil, from which he was supernaturally delivered, so that he was a martyr in will, though not in deed. The Roman Church commemorates this circumstancoon May 6, under the title S. Johannes ante poisoned chalice was given him, he made the sign joggle-joint, s. of the cross over it, and the poison fled from it in Masonry: A mode of uniting the stones of ashlar ished to Patmos, where he saw the apocalyptic the form of an asp. At a later period he was banmasonry. vision (Rev. i. 9). Tradition makes his last sphere [ 2, Ephesus, where he died at an advanced age. Carp.: The upright member in the middle of a 3,4; also REVELATION.] 3. A dignitary mentioned in Acts iv. 6. truss; a king-post. 4. John Mark. [MARK.]

1. Arch. (pl.): Shoulders on a truss-post, supporting the lower ends of struts or braces.

2. Masonry: A joint-piece, or dowel-pin, let into the adjacent faces of two stones to preserve them in proper relative position. It may vary in form, and may approach in its shape either the dowel or cramp (q. v.). The stones of the Parthenon at Athens were united by oak-joggles. joggle-beam, s.

Carp.: A built-beam, the parts of which are jog- Portam Latinam. It is also said that when a gled together.

joggle-piece, s.

joggle-post, 8.

feet of struts. Carp.: A post having shoulders to receive the

joggle-truss, s.

Carp.: A hanging-post truss with one post. joggle-work, s.

Masonry: Work in which the courses are secured by joggles, so as to prevent their slipping on each other; as the courses of an abutment under the thrust of an arch.

jog'-I, jog -le, s. [YOGI.] Jô-hăn-nạ, 8. [A female proper name, corresponding to the masculine Latin name Johannes.] Astron.: An asteroid (q. v.). Jo-hăn-nē-ăn, a. [Lat. Johanne(s), and suff. an.] Of or relating to John; specif., the Apostle John, or his scriptures.

Jō hặn -nëş, s. [Mod. Lat., from Gr. Ioannes =John.] Portuguese peça, worth about $8.64. It is so called Numis.: The name formerly given to the old gold

ANNE

Johannes.

from the representation of King John, which it bears. The name was often contracted into Joe or Jo; as, a joe, a half-joe.

Jo-hăn-nis bêrg, s. [A castle near Wiesbaden, where the grapes from which the wine is prepared are grown.] A Rhenish wine of the finest quality. German: Johannisberger wein. Jō-hăn-nite, s. [Named by Haidinger after Johann, who discovered it; suff. -ite (Min.).] Min.: A hydrated sulphate of uranium and copper, of emerald to apple-green color. Monoclinic chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this;

çell, chorus,

1. Christians of St. John, Disciples of John: Ecclesiol.: The first name was given by Euro peans to, and the second assumed by, a Jewish sect, perhaps descended from the Hemerobaptists mentioned by early Christian writers. They are followers of John the Baptist rather than of John the Apostle They live in Persia and Arabia, especially at Bassora, and are called by the Orientals Sabeans. 2. The Epistles General of St. John:

ship appears in the letter itself, but the style is that (1) The first epistle: No name indicating author. of the fourth gospel, and thirty-five passages are nearly the same in each. The external evidence for its genuineness and authenticity is very strong. Evidence in its favor is adducible from Polycarp, Papias as quoted by Eusebius, Origen, Clement of Alexandria, and Tertullian, and Eusebius ranked it accepted. Scaliger (1484-1558) believed that it was among his homologoumena, or books unanimously not from the Apostle, and was followed by Lange and the Tübingen school; but the general opinion of Christians is strongly in its favor. Its date has being the most probable. The epistle treats of love. been fixed between A. D. 70 and 96 or 100, the last The definition "God is Love" is from iv. 16. Its opening looks like an assault upon the doctrine of the Docetæ (q. v.). The verse (v.7) concerning the Heavenly witnesses is considered an interpolation. (2) The second episile: It is written by "the elder" to "the elect lady and her children." The external evidence for it is much weaker than that for the first epistle, and Eusebius placed it among the antilogoumena, or books not universally ac cepted. Its theme, like that of the first, is love, but love does not require heretics to be entertained.

(3) The third epistle: This was addressed by "the elder" to "the well-beloved Gaius." The domi neering Diotrephes is censured, Demetrius commended. In point of evidence it stands like the second epistle.

3. The Gospel according to St. John:

New Test. Canon: The fourth gospel, and distinct from the others in various respects. They record chiefly the ministry of Jesus in Galilee; it treats of His labors in Jerusalem. While they chiefly illus trate His humanity, it gives special prominence to His divinity. But there are resemblances too. The family of Bethany figures in Luke x. 38-42, as well sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist.. ph = f.

John-a-dreams

as in John: the last gospel records the feeding of thy five thousand (John vi. 5-13), as do the others (Matt. xiv. 15-21, Mark vi. 35-44, Luke ix. 10-17). So also the crucifixion and the resurrection are recorded in them all.

The author of the book of John was well acquainted with the topography of Jerusalem (ch. v. 2, ix. 7), and with the Jewish feasts, which he carefully records (ii. 13, vii. 2, x. 22, &c.). His Greek is of a Hebraic type, though not so much so as that of the Apocalypse. As the author tells more than any of the other three evangelists what passed within the apostolic circle, presumably he was himself an apostle. The book itself does not name its author; the nearly uniform voice of antiquity assigned it to St. John. In modern times there has been serious controversy on the subject, rationalists maintaining that it was penned too late in the second century to have emanated from St. John, who, at latest, cannot have lived beyond A. D. 100. The large majority of theologians, however, consider it of earlier date. On the one hand Papias, as quoted by Eusebius, does not seem to have known it, though he was bishop of Hieropolis, near Ephesus, where it is believed to have been first published. On the other hand, there are abundant testimonies to it in the latter half of the second century. Thus, Tatian (166-171) quotes it often, and Irenæus, bishop of Lyons, from about 177, does so eighty times; al-o perhaps Justin Martyr refers to it about A. D. 150, 138 or 139, or 147, and again in 161; possibly Barnabas and Ignatius earlier. If in the latter half of the second century the knowledge of it was so widely diffused, there must have been a prior period during which acquaintance with it must have been spreading from a center. Hilgenfeld, a recent rationalistic writer (1875), is willing to grant it as early a date as 132 to 140, and another one, Keim (1875), as 130 A. D. But in 1868 Prof. Hofstede De Groot, of Groningen, in Holland, cited from Hippolytus a statement that the gnostic Basilides, whose exact date had been unknown, had a communication from Matthias the Apostle, whom he person ally knew. If so, he lived in the first century, and he undoubtedly quotes the Gospel by St. John. If Hippolytus' statement is correct, then the Gospel by St. John is undoubtedly a production of the apostolic era.

4. The Book of Revelation of St. John the Divine: [REVELATION, T.]

John-a-dreams, s. A visionary; an idle dreamer. John-a-nokes, John-at-the-oaks, s. A fictitious name formerly used in English law proceedings.

John-a-stiles, John-at-the-stiles, s. A name used like John-a-nokes (q. v.).

John Bull. [BULL.] A cant name for an Englishman; probably because of his beef-eating propensities.

John Cheese, s. A clown.

John-crow vulture, s.

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Jõhn-sōn-êşe', s. [From Dr. Johnson; suff. -ese.] The literary style or language of Dr. Samuel Johnson; a pompous, inflated style, much affecting the use of classical words.

John-son grass, s. [Named after its introducer, W. Johnson of Alabama.] A perennial grass, sorghum halipense, first planted in our southwestern states in 1840-45. Called also Cuba grass, Means grass, Evergreen millet and Arabian millet.

ian.] Pertaining to or resembling Dr. Johnson or John-sōn'-I-an, a. [From Dr. Johnson; adj. suff. his style; pompous, inflated.

John sōn -I-an-Işm, s. [Eng. Johnsonian; -ism.] A word or idiom peculiar to or characteristic of Dr. Johnson; a style resembling that of Dr. Johnson. John -son-işm, s. [Eng. Johnson; -ism.] The same as JOHNSONIANISM (q. v.).

John-ston-Ite, s. [Named by Greg and Lettsom after Johnston, who analyzed it; suff. -ite (Min.).] Min. Now shown to be galena (q. v.), mixed with free sulphur.

join, *joign, *joyn, v. t. & i. [Fr. joindre, from Lat. jungo, from the same root as Sansc.yaj=to join, and Eng. yoke.]

*A. Transitive:

1. To connect; to attach one to another in contiguity; to unite one with another.

"A common slave (you know him well by sight) Held up his left hand, which did flame and burn Like twenty torches joined." Shakesp.: Julius Cæsar, i. 3. 2. To couple, to combine, to associate. "In this faculty of repeating and joining together its ideas, the mind has great power."-Locke.

3. To add.

joint

join'-er, *joyn-er, s. [Eng. join, v.; -er.]
I. Ord. Lang.: One who or that which joins.
II. Building:

1. A workman whose business or occupation is to construct articles by joining pieces of wood with framings, glue, nails, &c.; specif., one who constructs the woodwork for houses. [JOINERY.]

"A poet does not work by square or line, As smiths and joiners perfect a design." Cowper: Conversation, 790. 2. A wood-working machine for doing various kinds of work, such as sawing, planing, and thicknessing, mortising, tenoning (single or double), rabbeting, mitering, molding and beading, chamcross-cutting and squaring-up, grooving, tongueing, fering, wedge-cutting, boring, and a great variety of other operations.

joiner's-chisel, s. A thin-bladed paring chisel. joiner's-clamp, s. A carpenter's tool used in gluing up doors and other wide objects.

joiner's-gauge, s. A scribing tool to make a mark on a board parallel to the edge of the latter. joiner's-plane, s. A bench plane for facing and matching boards.

join -ĕr-y, s. [Eng. joiner; y.] The art or oc cupation of a joiner; specif. as distinguished from carpentry, the art of framing the finishing work of houses, doors, windows, shutters, blinds, cupboards, band-railing of stairs, balconies, and galleries, mantelpieces (if of wood), the construction of permanent fittings, and the covering of all rough timber.

join -lng, joyn-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [JOIN, v.] A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the verb.)

C. As subst.: The act of uniting, coupling, or at"Woe unto them that join house to house, that lay field taching together; a joint. to field."-Isaiah v. 8.

4. To unite in marriage.

"What God hath joined together, let not man put asun

der."-Matthew xix. 6.

5. To give in marriage.

"All was of stone of berile Without peces or joynings."

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Chaucer: House of Fame, bk. iii. Joint, joynt, *joynte, s. & a. [0. Fr. joinet (Fr. joint), properly the pa. par. of joindre = to join, from Lat. jungo, pa. par. of junctus; Sp. &

"Therefore he that joyneth his virgin in matrymonye Port. junta; Ital. giunta.]

doith wel."-Wyclif: 1 Cor. vii.

6. To unite in concord.

"Be perfectly joined together in the same mind.”— 1 Cor. i. 10.

7. To associate or attach one's self to; to become connected with; to act in concert with; to become a member of; as, to join the army, to join a society. *8. To command, to enjoin.

"They join them penance."-Tyndale: Works, i. 281. 9. To engage in. [JOIN, T (1).]

B. Intransitive:

1. To be contiguous, close, or in contact; to form

Ornith.: A name given in Jamaica to the Turkey a physical union; to coalesce; to unite into one. Buzzard (q. v.).

2. To adjoin; to be adjacent.

"Justus's house joined hard to the synagogue."—Acts

John crow's nose, s. A West Indian name for xviii. 7. Phyllocoryne jamaicensis. [JIM CROW.]

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John Trot, s. A clown.

John's-wort, s. [ST. JOHN'S-WORT.]

John (2), s. [A corruption of Fr. jaune.]
John-dory, s. [DOREE.]

john ǎp-ple, s. [Etym. of first element doubtful; Eng. apple.] An apple useful as retaining its freshness for a long time.

John-nie, John-ný, s. [Dimin. of John.] Ornith. The name given by whalers to Pygoscelis toniata, a kind of penguin found at Kerguelen Island, &c.

Johnny Crapaud, s. A ludicrous name given to a Frenchman or the French people collectively. John-ny-cake, s. [Eng. Johnny, dimin. of John, and cake.]

1. A cake made of maize meal mixed with water,

and baked on the hearth.

2. A New-Englander.

fate, făt, färe, amidst,

what, fall,

3. To unite; to be or become associated, as in views, partnership, society, marriage, confederacy, &c.; to be confederate; to be leagued together. "In conclusion they would join to make war on the king."-Burnet: Hist. Reform. (an. 1542).

4. To meet in hostile encounter; to engage in battle; to join battle.

"Look you, all you that kiss my lady peace at home, that our armies join not in a hot day."-Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. II., i. 2.

(1) To join battle: To engage in hostile encounter. (1 Samuel iv. 2.) (2) To join issue: [ISSUE.]

join, s. [JOIN, v.] A joint, a junction. join-hand, joining hand, s. Writing in which the letters are joined together in words, as distinguished from writing in single letters. *join'-ant, a. [O. Fr.] Adjoining, contiguous, adjacent.

join -der, *joyn-der, s. [Fr. joindre.] *I. Ord. Lang.: The act of joining; conjunction. "A contract of eternal bond of love, Confirmed by mutual joinder of your hands." Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, v. 1.

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*A. As substantive:

I. Ordinary Language:

1. A junction or mode of joining parts in a structure; the place or part where two separate things are joined, either so as to permit motion in the things joined or not; a junction, an articulation, a hinge.

"In laying on the lack upon good and fine-joyned work, they frequently spoil the joints, edges, or corners of drawers or cabinets."-Dampier: Voyages (an. 1688). *2. A limb.

3. One of the larger pieces into which a butcher cuts up a carcass.

"In bringing a joint of meat, it falls out of your hand." -Swift: Instructions to Servants.

II. Technically:

1. Anat.: A joint, or articulation, may be defined to be the union of any two segments of an animal body, through the intervention of a structure or structures different from both. (Todd & Bowman: Phys. Anat., i. 131.) The different kinds of joints may be thus classified: 1. Synarthrosis: (1) Suture, (2) Schindylesis, (3) Gomphosis, (4) Amphiarthrosis. 2. Diarthrosis: (1) Arthrodia, (2) Enarthrosis, (3) Ginglymus, and (4) Diarthrosis rotatorius. The terms Symphysis, Synchondrosis, Syneurosis, Syssarcosis, and Mennigosis, formerly applied to joints, are now discarded. [See all these words.]

2. Arch. The surface of contact between two bodies, joined and held together by means of cement, mortar, &c., or by a superincumbent weight. 3. Bookbinding: The lateral projection of the back to correspond to or cover the thickness of the sides.

4. Bot. (pl.): The places at which the pieces of a stem are articulated together.

5. Carp.: A mode of securing together the meeting edges of wooden structures; the place where one piece of timber is united to another. The straight joint is where the edges make a butt-joint, being planed straight. Timbers are generally joined by mortises and tenons, or by straps and bolts. The various kinds of joints are named according to their forms and uses, thus:

(1) A butting joint, in carp., is one in which the fibers of one piece are perpendicular to those of the other; in machinery, one in which the pieces meet at right angles.

(2) A bevel joint, one in which the plane of the joint is parallel to the fibers of one piece and oblique to those of the other.

(3) Dove-tail joint. [DOVETAIL.] (4) A longitudinal joint is one in which the common seam runs parallel with the fibers of both. pīne, pit, sïre, sîr, try, Syrian.

wět, here, camel, her, thêre;

marîne; gỗ, pot,

joint-ache

(5) A miter joint, one formed by the meeting of matching pieces in a frame, the parts uniting on a line bisecting the angle, which is usually, but not necessarily, one of 90°.

(6) A square joint, one in which the plane of the joint is at right angles to the fibers of one piece, and parallel to those of the other.

(See also mortise, rabbet, scarf, tenon, universal joint, &c.) Other joints are known by some pecullarity of finish or application, as bracket, chamfered, covering, diamond, frontal, plain, side, suspended joints.

6. Geol.: A natural fissure or line of parting trav ersing rocks in a straight and well-determined line, often at right angles to the planes of stratification. If in a quarry a sufficient number of joints cross each other, the rock is broken up into symmetrical blocks, thus greatly facilitating the labors of the men employed. The faces of the joints are generally smoother and more regular than the surface of true strata. The partings which divide columnar basalt into prisms are joints. The spaces between two joints show no tendency to split indefinitely, thus distinguishing it from slaty cleavage. CLEAVAGE.] (Lyell.) Rutley considers jointing due to the consolidation either of sediment by drying or of eruptive matter by cooling. This makes them so contract as to produce fracture along more or less parallel lines.

7. Masonry: The face-joints of voussoirs are those which appear on the face of the arch. The vertical joint is between stones of the same course. The horizontal joint is between courses. The coursingjoint is the joint between the courses of voussoirs. The heading-joint is that between two voussoirs in the same course. The flush-joint is filled up to the face by pointing with mortar.

8. Plumbing: The sheets of sheet-metal roofing are joined by a drip-joint or a flashing-joint in cases where they are not soldered. A flush-joint or jumpjoint is a butt-joint covered with a plate on the inner side, called the butt-plate. In a lap-joint the pieces overlap each other.

9. Rail. Eng. The place where the ends of two rails meet, or the mode in which they are joined. 10. An opium-smoking den; any resort of bad repute. (Slang.)

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2. United; combined; acting together or in combination.

"In a war carried on by the joint force of so many nations, France could send troops."-Addison. (Todd.) 3. Associated, connected.

"From ajoint connexion and unavoidable coherence of which propositions one with another, it clearly appears, that it is not weakness but want of conscience."-South: Bermons, vol. iii., ser. 6.

4. United or associated in the same profession; having an interest in common.

Pride then was not: nor arts, that pride to aid:
Man walk'd with beast, joint tenant of the shade."
Pope: Essay on Man, iii. 152.

5. Shared in common by different persons. "Entertain no more of it, Than a joint burden laid upon us all." Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. II., v. 2. 6. United; continuing or lasting together. "Settled on William and Mary for their joint and separate lives."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv.

Out of joint:

1. Lit.: Luxated, dislocated.

"Jacob's thigh was out of joint."-Genesis xxxiii. 25. 2. Fig.: Thrown into confusion or disorder; disordered.

"The time is out of joint, oh cursed spitel
That ever I was born to set it right."
Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 5.

*joint-ache, *joint-ach, s. Bot.: Rottenness manifesting itself at the junction of the branches, and caused by the age of the tree (7).

"No trees are exempt from the worme, the blasting, and the joint-ach,"-P. Holland: Pliny, bk. xvii., ch. xxiv. joint-actions, s. pl.

Law: Actions in which several persons are so equally concerned that one cannot sue or be sued without the others.

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jointly

joint, *joynt, v. t. & i. [JOINT, &.]

A. Transitive:

I. Ordinary Language:

1. To form in joints or articulations; to articulate "The fingers are jointed together for motion, and fur nished with several muscles."-Ray: On the Creation.

2. To unite by one or more joints; to join together} to unite.

"Branches which, being dead many years, shall after revive, be jointed to the old stock, and freshly grow."Shakesp.: Cymbeline, v. 4.

*3. To unite closely, to combine, to league to gether. "Jointing their force 'gainst Cæsar."

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, i. 2. 4. To divide or cut into joints or pieces; to sepa

joint-file, s. A small file without taper, and
circular in its cross-section. It is used for dressing
out the holes for the joint-wire in snuff-boxes, &c.,
and in preparing the apertures for the pintles of rate the joints of.

hinges.

joint-fir, s.

Bot. (pl.): The order Gnetacem (q. v.).

"About cutting it up, quartering, jointing, seething, and roasting, he spent a greater part of the night."P. Holland: Plutarch, p. 614.

II. Carp. & Join.: To plane and prepare the edges

Joint-heir, s. An heir having a joint interest of timbers.

with another.

joint-hinge, s. A strap-hinge. [HINGE, 8.]
*joint-laborer, s. A fellow-laborer.
Joint-like, a. Resembling joints; jointed.
joint-obligant, s.

Scots Law: A person under the same obligation as another to do something specified. joint-pipe, 8.

Gas: A short section of pipe forming a connection between two lengths, and usually having threaded sockets into which the parts are screwed; a socket. joint-pliers, s. A pair of pliers adapted for securing the joints of compasses and similar instruments; also pliers by which the hinging of watch cases is effected.

*joint-racking, a. Causing pain in the joints. (Milton: P. L., xi. 488.)

joint-resolution, 8. A resolution to be acted on concurrently by both houses of a legislative body. *joint-ring, 8. A ring jointed, so as to consist of two equal parts.

joint-rule, s.

Parliamentary practice: A rule adopted by the concurrent action of both houses of a legislative body.

used in making the joints of compasses and other joint-saw, s. A saw with a curved working face, similar work.

*joint-servant, s. A fellow servant. "I took him, Made him joint-servant with me, gave him way In all." Shakesp.: Coriolanus, v. 5. bodies or committees as one. joint-session, s. A meeting of two legislative

*joint-sick, a. Suffering from pain in the joints. joint-stock, s. Stock held in common. Joint-stock company: A company or association of a number of individuals for the purpose of carry. ing on some business or undertaking, in which the shares of each member are transferable without the consent of the other partners; a private corporation.

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"An estate in joint-tenancy is where lands or tenements are granted to two or more persons, to hold in fee-simple, fee-tail, for life, for years, or at will. Its creation "depends on the wording of the deed or devise by which the tenants claim title; for this estate can only arise by purchase or grant, that is, by the act of the parties, and never by the mere act of law."-Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 9.

joint-tenant, s.

B. Intrans.: To unite or coalesce as by joints of parts fitting into each other.

joint -ěd, *joynt-ed, a. [Eng. joint; -ed.] I. Ordinary Language:

1. Full of joints or knots; knotty.

"Three cubits high the jointed herbage shoots." Philips.

2. Provided or formed with joints. "Twixt the neck and throat the jointed plate Gave entrance." Pope: Homer's Iliad, xxii. 408. 3. Having joints or limbs.

"Being nimbler joynted than the rest." Spenser: Muiopotmos. II. Botany: 1. Separating nearly or even falling to pieces at the joints; as the legumes of Ornithopus or the leaflets of Guilandina bonduc.

2. Looking as if it possessed joints, as the stem and leaves of Juncus articulatus. (Lindley.) jointed-ferns, s. pl.

Bot.: The order Equisetacea (q. v.). Jointed-microscope, s. A pocket microscope in which the handle and lens-holder shut down against the slide on which the object pliers are adjustable. joint -ěd-lý, adv. [Eng. jointed; -ly.] In a jointed manner; with joints.

jóìnt'-er, s. [Eng. joint; -er.]

I. Ord. Lang.: One who or that which joints.
II. Technically:

1. Masonry:

(1) A tool for filling the mortar cracks between courses of bricks. A pointing tool.

(2) A tool for marking the mortar-joints.

2. Coopering: The stave-jointer is a large, stationary plane on which the edges of the staves are worked. The heading-jointer has a straight-edged bit. The backing, or side-jointer, otherwise called the over-shave, has a concave-edged bit, and is used for dressing the backs of staves. The inshave has a convex-edged bit, and is used for dressing the inner faces of staves.

3. Build.: A bent strip of iron inserted into a wall to strengthen the joint. jointer-plane, s. Coopering:

1. A plane five or six feet long, its lower end rest ing upon the ground, and its upper end supported upon a prop, the inclined sole being presented upward for the staves, which are jointed thereon. 2. A jointing-plane (q. v.).

joint-ing, joynt-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [JOINT, v.] A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the verb.)

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Joinery: A plane with a long stock, used to true Law: One who holds an estate by joint-tenancy. the edges of boards or staves which are to be accu rately fitted together. It is 2 feet 6 inches long, and joint-wire, s. the work is called shooting the joints. jointing-rule, s.

which form the joints of watch-cases, lockets, &c.; Watchmaking: The tubular wire, sections of a piece is hard soldered to each leaf, and a solid wire runs through to form the pintle. It is drawn Railway Eng.: A chair or shoe which supports the upon a piece of steel wire, one end being tapered ends of abutting rails.

joint-chair, s.

joint-committee, s. A committee composed of members of both houses of a legislative body, appointed by concurrent resolution of the two houses.

off with a file, so that the tube and wire are grasped together by the dogs and drawn after the manner of a solid wire.

boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus,

*joint-worm, s.

Bricklaying: A straight rule about six feet long, used by bricklayers in marking with white paint along each joint of the brickwork.

joint-less, a. [Eng. joint; -less.] Without joint; having no joint.

joint-ly, *joynt-ly, adv. [Eng. joint; -ly.]
1. In a joint manner or state; together.
2. In common, in company.

Zool. The tape-worm (q. v.).
go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect,
çhin, bench;

Xenophon, exist. ph=t. bel, del.

jointress

Joint -ress, *joint -u-ress, s. [Eng. jointur(e); ess.] A woman possessed of a jointure; a dowager. "The imperial jointress to this warlike state." Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 2. joint-ure, *joynt-er, s. [O. Fr. joincture (Fr. jointure), from Lat. junctura, from junctus, pa. par. of jungo-to join.]

*1. Ord. Lang.: A joining, a joint.

2. Law: An estate in lands or tenements settled upon a woman in consideration of marriage, and which she is to enjoy after her husband's decease. joint -ure, v. t. [JOINTURE, 8.] To settle a joint

are up.

*joint-ure-less, adj [English jointure; -less.] Without a jointure; having no jointure.

*joint -u-ress, s. [JOINTRESS.] Joint -weēd, s. [Eng. joint, and weed.] Bot.: An American name for Polygonum articulatum.

joist, joyste, *giste, *gyst, *gyste, *gyyste, 8. [O. Fr. giste (Fr. gite)=a bed, couch, or joist, from O. Fr. gésir=to lie, to lie on.]

Carp.: A horizontal timber supporting a floor or ceiling, one or both. Single flooring is formed with

joists reaching from wall to wall, where they rest

on plates of timber built into the brickwork. The floorboards are nailed on the upper edges of the joists, whose lower edges receive the lathing and plastering of the ceilings. Double floors are constructed with stout bindingjoists, a few feet apart, reaching from wall to wall, and supporting ceiling-joists, which

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carry the ceiling, and bridging-joists, on which are nailed the floor-boards. When the main timbers of the floor are girders which rest on the wall-plates and support the binding-joists, the floor is called a framed floor. The binding-joists support the bridging-joists and ceiling-joists as before. The trimming-joists are short joists into which trimmers are mortised. Trimmers are pieces around a fire-hearth or a hatchway, where the continuity of the joists is broken. [TRIMMER.]

joist, v.t. [JOIST, 8.] To fit or furnish with joists. jõke, s. [Lat. jocus; Sp. juego; Ital. gioco; Fr. jeu.]

1. Something said or done for the purpose of causing laughter or merriment; a jest; raillery. 2. Something not real; something not done in earnest or seriously meant.

In joke: In jest; not in earnest, but for the purpose of causing laughter or merriment; not seriously

meant.

jõke, v. i. & t. [JOKE, s.

A. Intrans.: To make jokes; to jest; to be merry. B. Trans.: To crack jokes upon; to jest upon; to rally.

jōk -ĕr, s. [Eng. jok(e); -er.] One who cracks jokes; a jester, a merry fellow.

*jōke -smith, s. [Eng. joke, and smith.] A manufacturer or maker of jokes.

"The jests of the newspaper jokesmith."-Southey: Letters, ii. 336.

jōk'-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [JOKE, v.]

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the verb.)

C. As subst.: The act or practice of jesting; a jest.

jok-Ing-ly, adv. [Eng. joking; -ly.] In a joking or jesting manner; jestingly.

*jōk-ish, a. [Eng. jok(e); -ish.] Jocular, jesting. jole, s. [JowL.]

1. The face or cheek. (Only used in the phrase cheek by jole.)

"Follow! nay, I will go with thee cheek by jole." Shakesp.: Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2.

2. The head of a fish, the beak of a bird, &c. "Red-speckled trouts, the salmon's silver jole, The jointed lobster." Gay: Trivia, ii. 415. *jöle, *jöll, v. t. [JOLE, 8.] To beat or dash the head against anything; to strike or clash with violence.

*jol-if, *jol-yf, a. [Fr.] Jolly, merry, handsome. jo-lif-fl-a, s. [Named by Bojer after his friend M. Joliffe.]

Bot.: An old genus of Cucurbitacem, tribe Nhandirobeæ. Joliffia africana is now called Telfairia pedata.

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jol-11-f1-ca-tion, s. [Eng. jolly; suff. -fication.] A merrymaking; a scene of mirth and jollity; a

carouse.

jol-11-1ỷ, adv. [Eng-jolly; -ly.]

*1. Prettily, finely, neatly.

"The wholesom'st herbs they herewithal inclosed,
And so their heads full follily they dight."
H. Peacham, in Ellis, vol. il.
2. In a jolly, merry, or sportive manner; with
jollity; merrily.
"The goodly empress, jollily inclined,
Is to the welcome bearer wond'rous kind."
Dryden: Persius, vi

"Whereas a ladie gent

Sate with a knight in joyous jolliment.”
Spenser: F. Q., VI. ii. 16.

jol-11-ness, . [Eng. jolly; -ness.] The quality
or state of being jolly; merriment, mirth, fostivity,
revelry.

ness, mirth, merriment.
jol-11-ty, *jol-i-tee, s. [Eug. jolly; -ty.] Jolli-

"Ah, then, all jollity seemed noise and folly."
Beattie: The Minstrel, bk. 1.

[0. Fr. Joli (Fr. Joti), from Icel. jol=Yule (q. v.);
jol-19, jol-if, *jol-ife, *jol-yf, *jol-y, a. & adv.

cf. Dut. joelen = to revel.]
As adjective:

jooming

Jolt'-Ing-ly, adv. [Eng.jolting; -ly.] In a jolting manner; with jolts.

*jombre, v. t. [JUMBLE, v.]

Jō-nah, s. [Heb. Yonah (1) a dove, (2) Jonah; Gr. Ionus.]

Script. Biog. & Hist.: A prophet, the son of Amittai, and a native of Gath-hepher (2 Kings xiv. 25), a border town of the tribe of Zebulun (Joshua xix. 13). He lived prior to or in the reign of Jeroboam 11. (2 Kings xiv. 23, 25), who ascended the throne B. C. 824.

The prophecies of Jonah:

Old Testament Canon: The fifth in order of the *jol-11-měnt, 8. [Eng. jolly; ment.] Mirth, minor prophets, but perhaps the first in date. The jollity, merriment, gayety. book is partly in prose, partly in poetry. It opens with a divine command given to Jonah to go to Nineveh and cry against it for its wickedness. In place of obeying this injunction, the prophet, who was of perverse disposition, went to the sea, and paid his fare for a voyage to Tarshish. A storm arising, the story continues, those on board cast lots to ascertain whose delinquency had raised the tempest, and the lot fell upon Jonah. He, having admitted that he was fleeing from Jehovah, was cast overboard by his comrades, when the agitated ocean sank into a calm. A great fish swallowed the and three nights. His prayer offered from his living prophet, who remained alive in the body three days dungeon being answered, the fish vomited him out on the dry land. The closing episode of the narra tive represents the prophet in the execution of his ninistry. A second time he was ordered to go to Nineveh, and this time he obeyed. The people, alarmed by his declaration that in forty days the city should be destroyed, humbled themselves be fore God. and thus averted the threatened judg ment. On this the prophet petulantly complained of the Divine goodness, and was yet more impatient when a gourd which had grown up in a night to shelter him as rapidly withered away. Jehovah vindicated His action and justly rebuked the prophet. Some have thought the book an allegory rather than a narrative of real events. But it is quoted apparently as a history in the New Testa ment, and in one place the confinement of Jonah in lar period during which Jesus was to remain in the bowels of the earth (Matt. xii. 39-41, xvi. 4; Lukə xi. 29, 30, 32).

1. Merry, frisky.

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6. Fine, excellent, very good. (Slang.)
"What a jolly desk !"-Hughes: Tom Brown's School the whale's belly is regarded as typical of the simi
Days, pt. ii., ch. i.

B. As adv.: Very, exceedingly. (Slang.)
"He is so jolly green,' said Charley."-Dickens:
Oliver Twist, ch. ix.

jol-19 (2), a. [Dan. jolle a yawl; Sw. julle;
Dut. jol.] [YAWL.] A word only used in the com-
pound.
jolly-boat, s.

Naut.: A small boat used for the general mis-
cellaneous work of the ship, such as bringing off
marketing, &c. A boat of this kind attached to
United States vessels of war is called a dingy. It
is clinker built, from 16 to 20 feet long, with a beam
from 33 to 20 of its length.

jŏl'-lỹ, v. i. & t. [JOLLY (1), a.]

*A. Intrans.: To rejoice, to joy, to be pleased.
"And as to disenthrall his soul they meant
They jolly at his grief."

G. Fletcher: Christ's Triumph over Death.
B. Trans. To joke, to rally. (Slang.)
*jŏl -lỹ-hĕad, subst. [Eng. jolly; suff. -head.]
Jollity.
"Despoyled of those joyes and follyhead."
Spenser: F. Q., VI. xi. 82.
joll-te, s. [Named by Kobell after G. Jolly,
the physicist.]

Min.: An amorphous mineral of a dark brown
color. It is a hydrated silicate of alumina, iron and
magnesia. Found at Bodenmais, Bavaria.

jölt, joult, v. t. & i. [Probably an extension of
jole or joll to knock the head.]

A. Trans. To shake with sharp, sudden jerks,
as in a carriage along a rough road.
B. Intrans.: To move with sharp, sudden jerks;
to shake, to move roughly.

"A long train of wagons laden with the sick jolted over
the rugged pavement."-Macaulay: Hist Eng., ch. xiv.
jölt, joult, s [JOLT, v.] A shake or shock with
sharp, sudden jerks, as in a carriage along a rough
road.

"Till some kind jolt o'er ill-paved town
Shall wedge you close, and nail you down."
Lloyd: Epistle to J. B., Esq.
jölt er, s. [Eng. jolt; er.] One who or that
which jolts.

*jōlt er head, *jōlt-head, 8. [Eng. jolt, V.,
and -head.] A thick-headed fellow, a block-head,
a dolt, a numskull.

jölt Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [JOLT, v.]

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the
verb.)
C. As subst.: The act or process of shaking with
jolts.

Jon'-a-than, s. [After Jonathan Trumbull, Gov. ernor of Connecticut during the War of Independ ence, to whom Washington frequently referred for advice as Brother Jonathan.] A jocular name for a native of this country. An American.

"The voice of Jonathan was heard to express,
'Our President is going to war, I guess.'''
Byron: Vision of Judgment, liz.

jōnd -la, s. [Mahratta, &c.]
Bot.: A native name for an Indian grass, Sorghum
vulgare. [SORGHUM.]

jong'-ler, s. [Fr. jongleur] A jester, a juggler. *jong'-ler-iě, 8. [JANGLERY.]

jō-nêş -I-a, s. [Named after the celebrated Ori entalist, Sir Wm. Jones (1746-94), founder and first president of the Royal Asiatic Society.]

Bot.: A genus of East-Indian and Malayan logu. minous trees, sub-order Caesalpinie, tribe Am herstiem. Jonesia asoca is the splendid Ashoca or Asoca tree (q. v.). There are other species. Called also Saroca.

J5-ne-si-ăn, a. [Sce supra.] Relating to Jones. Jonesian system, s. A method invented by Sir William Jones [supra] for transliterating Oriental. words into English letters.

jon'-quil, jon-quille, s. [Fr. Jonquille; Sp. junquillo, from junco; Lat. juncus a rush, which its leaves resemble.]

Bot.: Narcissus jonquilla, a beautiful amaryllid aceous plant, cultivated in gardens. Called also Rush-leaved Daffodil. [Etym.]

Queen Anne's Jonquil is Narcissus pusillus plenus, and Sweet Jonquil, N. odorus.

jook, jouk, jówk, v. i. [A variant of duck, ▾ (q. v.). To stoop down. (Scott: Rob Roy, ch. xxv.) jook-er-, jook-er-iě, s. [JUGGLERY.] jookery - pawkery, jookerie - pawkerie, & Trickery, knavery. (Scotch.)

joôm -ing, s. [Naga joom=a field.] (For def see extract.)

"The process of jooming consists in simply cutting down and burning the jungle on a hillside, and then cultivating on the natural slope of the ground thus cleared, instead of terracing as with the Angamis. These fields are of course not irrigated, and the fallen and charred timber is generally allowed to remain in the fields, lying across the slope, and helps to retain the soil which might otherwise be washed away during the rains." Lieut.-Colonel Woodthorpe, R. E., in Journ. Anthrop Inst., xi. 200.

fate, făt, färe, amidst, what, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, her, thêre; pine, pit, sïre, sir,

marîne; gō, pot,

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jordan, *jor-dane, *jor-den, *jorr-deyne, *jur don, s. [Properly a Jordan-vessel =one in which pilgrims who visited the Holy Land brought back water from the river Jordan for baptismal purposes.]

1. A kind of pot or vessel formerly used by physicians and alchemists. It was very much in the form of a soda-water bottle, only the neck was longer, being not much smaller than the body of the vessel. (Halliwell.)

2. A chamber-pot.

"They will allow us ne'er a jorden."-Shakesp.: Henry IV., t. I., ii. 1.

jor-dan-ite, s. [Named by Vom Rath after Dr. Jordan, of Saarbruck; suff. -ite (Min.).]

Min. An orthorhombic mineral, occurring in the dolomite of the Binnenthal, Switzerland, in fine crystals. Composition: Sulphur, arsenic, and lead. Hardness, 3; streak pure black.

jör um, s. [Etym. doubtful; perhaps a corrup tion of Jordan (q. v.).]

1. A large bowl or vessel for drinking. (Colloq.) 2. The quantity of liquor contained in such a vessel.

"Apply for a jorum of Newcastle beer." Cunningham: Newcastle Beer. jo-şê-ite, s. [Named by Damour after the locality where discovered, San José, Minas Geraes, Brazil; suff. -ite (Min.).]

Min.: A telluride of bismuth in which part of the tollurium is replaced by selenium and sulphur. Hexagonal, with perfect basal cleavage; soft; specific gravity, 792-793. Color, grayish-black.

Jō-seph, s. (Gr. Ioseph; Heb. Yoseph Joseph, the son of Jacob.] (See etym. and compounds.) Joseph's-coat, s.

Bot.: A popular name for Amaranthus tricolor. Joseph's-flower, s.

Bot.: Tragopogon pratense.

jō-seph, s. [Etym. doubtful; perhaps in reference to Joseph's coat of many colors.] A ridingdress for ladies, having buttons down to the skirts. "Olivia would be drawn as an Amazón. dressed in a green joseph."--Goldsmith: Vicar of Wakefield,

ch. xvi.

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Josh-u-a, s. [Heb. Yehoshua; Greek Iēsous.] [JESUS.]

Script. Biog.: The name of four persons mentioned in the Old Testament (Joshua i. 1; 1 Sam. vi. 14, 18; 2 Kings xxiii. 8; Haggai i. 1). The last-named Joshua is the Jeshua of Ezra v. 2. The earliest and most celebrated of the four, after whom the other three were named, was the son of Nun, an Ephraimite (1 Chron. vii. 27), who first appears as commanding the Israelites by appointment of Moses during the fight with Amalek (Exod. xvii. 9, 10, 13). He was with Moses just after his descent from Sinai (xxxii. 17); he was then a servant of Moses, and a young man (xxxiii. 11). He was one of two spies who reported the practicability of conquering Canaan (Numb. xiv.). Before the death of Moses Joshua was divinely named his successor, and formally invested with authority (xxvii. 18). He afterward lead the Israelitish host in the conquest of Canaan. He died at the age of 110, and was buried at Timnath-serah, in Mount Ephraim (Joshua xxiv. 3)).

The Book of Joshua:

Script. Canon: The sixth book of the Old Testament, immediately succeeding the Pentateuch in the Hebrew. The name appears to have been given because Joshua was the leading human personage in the book. It is naturally divided into three parts: first, the conquest of Canaan (i.-xii.); second, the partition of the land, or Jewish domes day-book (xiii.-xxii.); and third, Joshua's final address to the people (xxiii., xxiv.). The events recorded are considered to have occupied about twenty-five years, from B. C. 1451 to 1426. The expression to this day" occurs fourteen times in the bok, once of Rahab's dwelling among the people (vi. 25), and apparently of the life of Caleb (xiv. 14). Hence, all but the concluding verses have been attributed to Joshua, or one of the elders who outlived him. Many Rationalists place it much later. Colenso resolves it, like the books of the Pentateuch, into various parts. One is an original story, which he dated in the later part of David's or the earlier part of Solomon's reign. A considerable part he attributes to the "Deuteronomist," whom he places in the reign of Manasseh, and he supposes a third portion to belong to what he ternis the "Later Legislation," during the Captivity.

jo-so, s.

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Ichthy.: A small fish of the Gudgeon species. Joss, s. [Chinese.]

II. Tecknically:

joust

1. Bookkeep.: A book in which the transactions of each day are entered in the order in which they occur. The separate items are afterward copied

Religions: The penates or household gods of the into other books, as the ledger, &c. Chinese. Every family has its joss.

Joss-house, s.

Religions: A Chinese temple.

joss-stick, s. A reed covered with the dust of fragrant woods, and burnt before idols in China. *jos-sa, interj. [A corrupt. of Eng. ho! and Fr. ca.] Here! come hither.

"Stand, stand: jossa, warderere." Chaucer: C. T., 4,100. jos-sa-ite, 8. [Named by Breithaupt after Major-General Jossa; suff. -ite (Min.).] Min.: Orthorhombic crystallization, luster vit reous to waxy, streak dull yellowish-white. Hardness, 3; specific gravity, 52. Gives reactions of chromic acid, lead and zinc: occurs in small orange-yellow crystals at Beresowsk, in the Urals, Russia.

jos-tle, *jus-tle (tle as el), v. t. & i. [Eng. joust; frequent. suff. -le.]

A. Transitive:

1. To push against, to hustle, to rush against; to push so as to force out of one's way.

"Bullies jostled him into the kennel."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii.

2. To crowd up against; to elbow. "Officers of the Life Guards, all plumes and gold lace, jostled professors in trencher caps and black gowns.' Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi.

B. Intrans.: To push, to hustle, to crowd. jos-tle, s. A rush or crowding together; a jolt ing by contact, as of one individual with another. jos -tle-ment (tle as el), s. [Eng. jostle; -ment.] Crowding, pushing against, hustling.

jot, s. [Lat. iota, from Gr. iota the letter i, from yod, the smallest letter of the Hebrew alphabet; Dut. jot; Sp. & Ital. jota.] [IOTA.] A tittle; the least bit or amount assignable; an iota.

"You do mistake me, sir.' 'No, sir, no jot.'" — Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iii. 4.

jot (1), v. t. [JOT, 8.] To make a brief note or memorandum of. (Usually followed by the adverb down.)

jot (2), v. t. [Prob. from O. Fr. jacter: Latin jacto.] To jolt, to jog, to nudge. (Provincial.) jot-ter, s. [Eng. jot (1), v.; -er.]

1. One who jots down notes or memoranda.
2. A book in which memoranda are set down.
jot -ting, pr. par., a. & s. [Jor (1), v.]

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jour-nal-işm, s. [Eng. journal; -ism.] *1. The keeping of a journal.

lishing, writing in, or conducting a journal; the 2. The business, occupation, or profession of pub influence of public journals; the profession of a journalist.

Jour-nal-ist, s. [Eng. journal; -ist.]

*1. One who keeps or writes in a journal or diary. 2. One who conducts or writes in or for a public journal; an editor, critic, or correspondent of a newspaper.

jour-nal-Ist -Ic, a. [Eng. journalist; -ic.] Of or pertaining to journals or journalism.

jour-nal-ize, v. i. & i. [Eng. journal; -ize.] A. Trans.: To enter in a journal or diary; to set

down a daily account of events or transactions. B. Intrans.: To follow the profession of a jour nalist; to contribute to or conduct a journal.

journée a day, a day's work, a day's travel, from jour-ney, *jorne, *jour-nee, *jour-nei, s. [Fr. Lat. diurnus daily; dies a day; Sp., jornada; Ital. giornata; Low Lat. jornata a day's work.] I. Ordinary Language:

*1. A day's work or travel.

2. Passage or travel from one place to another. 3. Passage through life.

"We must all have the same journey's end, if we hope to get to heaven, but some may meet with a freer road in their journey than others."-Stillingfleet: Ser mons, vol. iv., ser. 3.

.

B. Mint.: The same as JOURNEY-WEIGHT (q.v.). *journey-bated, a. Fatigued or worn out with a journey.

journey-weight, s. A term used in the English Mint for fifteen pounds' weight, (701 sovereigns) of A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the coined gold, or sixty pounds' weight of coined silver verb.)

C. As subst.: A brief note; a memorandum. jougs, s. [Lat. jugum = a yoke.] A pillory; an instrument of torture consisting of an iron collar fixed round the neck of the offender and fastened to a wall or a post.

"Set an old woman in the jougs."-Scott: Waverley, ch. x.

*jouissance, *jouisance (pron. zhô-Is-sans'), 8. [Fr.] Jollity, mirth, merriment, enjoyment. joûk, *jowk, *jook, v. i. [Jook.]

joule, s. [Named from the eminent English physicist, James P. Joule.]

Elect. The unit of heat and work; the voltcoulomb.

jounçe, v. t. [Perhaps connected with joult (q. v.). To jolt or shako by rough riding.

jounce, s. [JOUNCE, v.] A jolt, a shake. jour-nal, jour-nall, a. & s. [Fr. journal, from Latin diurnalis = daily; dies = a day; Sp. jornal; Ital. giornale.]

*A. As adj.: Daily, diurnal.

"Ere twice the sun had made his journal greeting."
Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, iv. 3.
B. As substantive:
I. Ordinary Language:

(792 crowns, 1,584 half-crowns, 3,960 shillings, or 7,920 sixpences).

[blocks in formation]

"And, in a palmer's weeds arrayed, My hated name and form to shade, I journeyed many a land." Scott: Marmion, v. 6. jour-ney-ĕr, s. [Eng. journey; -er.] One who journeys; a traveler.

Jour-ney-man, s. [Eng. journey; -man.] Prop erly, a workman hired by the day; but now gener ally applied to any mechanic who has learned his trade; a mechanic.

"I have thought some of nature's journeymen had made men, and not made them well."-Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 1. jour-ney-wom-an, s. [English journey, and woman.] A woman hired by the day.

"No journeyroman sempstress is half so much a slave

1. An account of the transactions or events of each as I am."-Fielding: Miser, i. 3. day; a diary.

"A tasteless journal of the day before."

Cowper: Conversation, 276.

2. A record of events or news, properly one pub lished daily, but now extended to any newspaper or other periodical published at certain intervals. Thus we may speak of a weekly, monthly, or yearly journal; a publication recording the transactions of a society; as, the Journal of the Geological Society. *3. A day's work or labor; a day's journey.

bổìl, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this;

jôust, *jouste, just, juste, s. [O. Fr. juste, jouste; Fr. joust.] [JOUST, v.] A tilting-match; a mock combat or conflict of peace between knights in the middle ages, as a trial of valor. The com batants used blunted spears, but were still subject to much danger from sudden blows on horseback. A joust differed from a tournament in that the lat ter was a conflict between many knights, divided into parties, and engaged at the same time; the joust was a separate trial of skill, where only one man was opposed to another. sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph f -sious

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