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Invincible Armada, s. [ARMADA.] in-vin-çi-ble-ness, s. [Eng. invincible; -ness.] The quality or state of being invincible; unconquerableness, insuperableness. in-vin-çi-bly, adv. [English invincib(le); -ly.] In an invincible manner or degree; insuperably, unconquerably.

"And as ye have received, so have ye done Invincibly." Milton: P. L., vi. 806. in-vi-o-la-bil-1-ty, s. [Eng. inviolable; -ity.] The quality or state of being inviolable.

In-vi-o-la-ble, a. [Fr., from Lat. inviolabilis, from in- not, and violabilis that may be violated; violo to violate; Sp. inviolable; Ital. inviolabile. 1. Not to be profaned, injured, polluted, or treated with irreverence.

2. Not to be broken; as, a promise, a treaty, a contract, &c.

3. Not to be injured, tarnished, or defamed.

4. Not susceptible of hurt or injury.

"He tried a third, a tough well-chosen spear, The inviolable body stood sincere."

Dryden: Ovid; Metamorphoses xii.

5. Not to be broken; unbreakable.

"Their Almighty Maker first ordained,
And bound them with inviolable bands."
Spenser: F. Q., IV. x. 35.

In-vi-o-la-ble-ness, s. [Eng. inviolable; -ness.] The quality or state of being inviolable; inviolability.

in-vi-o-la-bly, adv. [Eng. inviolab(le); -ly.] In an inviolable manner; without profanation, breach, failure, or violation.

"The path prescrib'd, inviolably kept, Upbraids the lawless sallies of mankind." Young: Night Thoughts, ix. 1,111. In-vi-o-la-çỹ, s [Eng. inviola(te); -cy.] The quality or state of being inviolate; inviolability. In-vi-o-late, a. [Lat. inviolatus, from in--not, and violatus, pa. par. of violo to violate; Fr. in violé; Ital. inviolato; Sp. inviolado.] Not violated or profaned; unhurt, uninjured, unbroken.

In-vi-o-lāt-ěd, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. violated (q.v.).] Inviolated, unbroken, unprofaned. "For your honor to kepe your promyse sincerly in uiolated, and faithfully obserued."- Hall: Henry IV. (an. 8).

in-vi-o-late-ly, in-vi-o-late-lye, adv. [Eng. inviolate; -ly.] In an inviolate manner; without violation; so as not to be violated.

"All other things, which depend upon the eternal and immutable laws and rights of nature, remaining inviolately the same under both covenants, and as unchanged as nature itself."-South: Sermons, vol. x., ser. G. in-vi-o-late-ness, s. [English inviolate; -ness.] The quality or state of being inviolate; inviolacy. tin'-vi-oŭs, a. [Lat. invius, from in-=not, and via a way, a road.] Impassable, untrodden.

"And Virtue inrious ways can prove." Butler: Hudibras, pt. i., ch. iii. tin -vi-ous-ness, s. [Eng. invious; -ness. The quality or state of being invious or impassable. "What is called inviousness and emptiness, where all is dark and unpassable, as perviousness is the contrary."-Ward: Transl. of More's Preface to his Philos. Works (1770).

in-vi-rile, a. [Pref. in- (2), and English virile (q. v.).] Deficient in manhood; unmanly; effemi

nate.

In-vi-ril-I-ty, s. [Prefix in- (2), and English virility (q. v.).] Want or absence of manhood; loss or want of manliness or manly character; effeminacy.

"The invirility of Nero, Heliogabalus or Sardanapalus,

those monsters, if not shames of men and nature.". Prynne: 1 Histrio-Mastix, v. 3.

tin-vis-cate, v. t. [Lat. inviscatus, pa. par. of invisco-to daub with bird-lime: in--in, on, and viscum mistletoe, bird-lime; Sp. & Port, enviscar; Ital. inviscare.] [VISCID.] To daub or besmear with glutinous or viscid matter; to catch or involve in glutinous matter.

*In-vis -çer-ate, v. t. [INVISCERATE, a.] implant or root deeply.

To

*In-vis-çer ate, a. [Lat. invisceratus, pa. par. of inviscero to put deep into the entrails: in--in, into, and viscus (pl. viscera) = the intestines, the entrails; Ital. inviscerare.] Implanted or rooted deeply.

fate, făt, färe, amidst,

what,

fâll,

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*In-vişed, a. [Lat. invisus, from in--not, and
visus, pa. par. of vide=to see.] Unseen; invisible.
"The diamond; why 'twas beautiful and hard,
Whereto his invised properties did tend."
Shakesp.: Lover's Complaint, 212.
In-viş-i-bil-i-tỷ, s. [Fr invisibilité, from in-
visible=invisible (q.v.); Span. invisibilidad; Ital.
invisibilità.],

1. The quality or state of being invisible; incapa-
bility of being seen, or perceived by the sight.
"Around the ideas of religion she throws the ideas of
invisibility."-Wallace: Kant, p. 189.

*2. That which is invisible.

In-viş -I-ble, a. & s. [Fr., from Lat. invisibilis,
invisible; Ital. invisibile.]
from in- not, and visibilis = visible (q. v.); Sp.

A. As adj. Not visible; incapable of being seen;
not perceptible by the sight.

"I cannot saine, if that it be possible
But Venus had him maked invisible
Thus saieth the booke."

Chaucer: Of Dido Queene of Carthage.

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invocation

In-vit-er, s. [English invit(e); -er.] One who invites.

"Friend with friend, the inviter and the guest."
Harte: Epistle from Boetius to his Wife.
In-vit-ing, pr. par., a. & 8. [INVITE, v.]
A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.)
B. As adjective:

1. Calling, summoning, bidding courteously.
"The king of the country where her husband was had
sent an inviting letter to come thither."-Bunyan. Pil-
grim's Progress, pt. ii.

2. Tempting, alluring, seductive, attractive; as an inviting prospect.

C. As subst.: Invitation.

"In drinking one to another and mutual invitings."P. Holland: Plutarch, p. 558.

In-vit-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. inviting; -ly.] In an inviting manner; attractively; so as to invite or allure.

"If he can but dress up a temptation to look invitingly, the business is done."-Decay of Piety.

In-vit-ing-ness, s. [Eng. inviting; -ness.] The quality or state of being inviting; attractiveness. "An aptitude and invitingness.”—Bp. Taylor: Artificial Handsomeness, p. 165.

in-vit-ri-fi-a-ble, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. Not vitrifiable; incapable of

*2. A Rosicrucian, as not daring publicly to de- vitrifiable (q. v.).]
being vitrified.

clare himself.

II. Ch. Hist. (pl.): Heretics who denied the visi-
bility of the Church; followers of Osiander, Flac-
cius, Illyricus, and Swenkfeld. (Shipley.)
invisible-bird, s.

Zool. A small singing bird, a native of St. Vin-
cent Island, British West Indies
invisible-green, s.

In-vō-cāte, v. t. [Lat. invocatus, pa. par. of invoco to invoke (q. v.).] To invoke, to call upon; to address in prayer

"Henry the Fifth! thy ghost I invocate." Shakesp: Henry VI., Pt. I., i. 1. In-vō-că -tion, s. [Fr., from Lat. invocationem, accus. of invocatio a calling upon, from invocatus, A very dark shade of green, pa. par. of invoco to invoke (q v.); Sp. invocacion; so dark that it is often mistaken for black. Ital. invocazione.] In-viş-i-ble-ness, s. [English invisible; -ness.] The quality or state of being invisible; invisibility.

in-viş-i-bly, adv. [Eng. invisib(le); -ly.] In an
invisible manner; imperceptibly to the sight.

"Invisibly the fairy came.'
e."-Gay: Fables, 3.
*in-vi-şion, s. [Pref. in- (2), and English vision
(q. v.).] Want or absence of vision or of the power
of seeing.

In-vi-ta-tion, s. [Fr., from Lat. invitationem,
accus. of invitatio, from invitatus, pa. par. of invito
to invite (q. v.); Sp. invitacion.]

1. The act of inviting, or soliciting a person's
company at an entertainment, visit, ceremony, &c.
2. The words or document in which a person is
invited.

"He received a list, and invitations were sent to all
whose names were in it."-London Daily Telegraph.
*3. Allurement, enticement.

"To which there are greater invitations, greater mo-
tives."-Sharp: Sermons, vol. i., ser. 15.
in-vit-a-tor-y, a. & s. [Lat. invitatorius, from
invitatus, pa. par. of invito-to invite.]

A. As adj.: Containing or using invitation.
B. As substantive:

Eccles. The invitatory psalm, Venite, exsultemus
Domino (xciv. in Vulg., xcv. in A. V.) recited at the
beginning of matins in the Roman Church, on all
days except the Epiphany, when it forms part of
the third nocturn, and the last three days of Holy
Week. Possibly a relic of the old Roman practice
of omitting the psalm on ferias.

in-vite, v. t. & i. [Fr. inviter, from Lat. invito=
to ask, to invite; Sp. invitar; Ital. invitare.]
A. Transitive:

1. To allure, to attract, to entice, to present allure-
ments or temptations to; to tempt to come.
Sir T. More: Workes, p. 1,205.
"God invited men onto the following of himselfe."-

2. To ask, to bid, to summon: to ask or bid to an
entertainment, visit, &c.; to solicit the company of.

"When such company is invited, then be as sparing as
possible of your coals."-Swift: Directions to Servants.
B. Intrans.: To give invitation, to attract, to
allure, to call.

"He that invites will not the invited mock."
Waller: Of the Fear of God, i. 7.
In-vite', s. [INVITE, v.] An invitation. (Slang.)
"Guest after guest arrived; the invites had been excel
lently arranged."-Dickens: Sketches by Boz; Steam Excur

sion.

*in-vite -měnt, s. [Eng. invite; -ment.] The act of inviting; invitation.

"By counsel and moral invitements."-Bishop Taylor: Great Exemplar, pt. iii., dis. 17.

I. Ordinary Language:

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1. Roman Theology, &c.: The authoritative statement of Roman doctrine on this subject is found in a decree of the Council of Trent (sess. 25, held Dec. 3 and 4, 1563), which ordains that "all bishops and others having the duty of teaching" should instruct the faithful:

"That the saints reigning with Christ offer their prayers to God for men; that it is good and useful to invoke them, and to have recourse to their prayers, succour, and assistance to obtain benefits from God through his Son Jesus Christ, our Lord, who alone is our Redeemer and Savior."

Here two propositions are laid down in the plainest possible manner: (1) That the saints do intercede for men; (2) the utility of asking such intercession. Theologians allege Scripture and tradition in support of the doctrine and practice (cf. Jer. xv. 1; Luke xv. 7; Rev. v. 8, vi. 9-11, viii. 3). The chief argument is from analogy; the oneness of the mystic Body of Christ (1 Cor. xii. 12); the duty of mutual prayer, and the efficacy of the prayers of the just on earth (James v. 15-18); and the vale which St. Paul set on the prayers of his fellowChristians (Eph. vi. 18, 19; Col. iv. 3, 4; 2 Thess. iii. 1). But on the other hand cf. 1 Tim. ii. 5. It should be noted that the saints are asked to intercede for men, and not to bestow of their own power either temporal or spiritual blessings. Inscriptions in the Catacombs show that the practice was common in the Early Church, and mention of it is made by St. Gregory Nazianzen (Orat. xxiv.), St. Basil (Orat. xliv.), St. Gregory Nyssen (Orat. in S. Theod.), St. Ambrose (De Vid., cap. xi. n. 55), and St. Augustine (Serm. 324; cont. Faust. xx. 21). The devotion of the Church is chiefly toward the saints who died after Christ. To the Maccabees alone is a feast celebrated in the whole Latin Church. (The texts are from the A. V.; the Fathers from Migne.)

2. Anglican Theology, &c.: There were very many reasons why, when the Articies of Religion were "ratified and confirmed," the separation between the Reformed and Roman Churches should be made as marked as possible, and the twenty-second of the tion of saints. The Liturgy is less unfavorable to Thirty-nine Articles strongly condemns the invocathe doctrine. In the canticle Benedicite, omnia opera, from the apocryphal portion of Daniel, the "Angels of the Lord" (Dan. iii. 58 in the Vulg.) and the "Spirits and Souls of the Righteous (iii.86) are called upon to " bless the Lord," to" praise Him and magnify Him for ever." Here there seems to be an admission that angels and the departed just marîne; gō, pot,

father; wē, wět, here, camel, her, thêre; pine, pit, sire, sir,

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invocatory

hear the invocations of, though there is no declaration as to their intercession for, members of the Church militant. The practice, as a private devotion, was known in Caroline days, and lingers, in a de based form, in country districts, in the rhyme: "Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, Guard the bed that I lie on," &c.

With the Oxford Movement the doctrine of the In

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in-vol-un-tar-ỹ, a. [Lat. involuntarius: in-= not, and voluntarius voluntary.] 1. Not acting according to will or choice; unwilling. "The gath'ring number, as it moves along, Involves a vast involuntary throng." Pope: Dunciad, iv. 82.

2. Not proceeding from choice; not done willingly; vocation of Saints came to the front. Keble (Vis- Opposed to the will; not spontaneous; as, involuntary obedience or submission. itation of the Sick) wrote:

"O soothe us, haunt us, night and day,
Ye gentle spirits far away,

With whom we shared the cup of grace,
Then parted; ye to Christ's embrace."

in -vō-ca-tor-y, a. [English invocat(e); -ory.] Making invocation; containing invocation; invoking.

In-voice, s. [A corrupt. of envois, an English plural of Fr. envoi a sending, from envoyer=to send.]

Com.: A statement on paper concerning goods sent to a customer for sale or on approval. It usually contains the price of the goods sent, the quantity, and the charges upon them made to the consignee. Any other details respecting which it is important for the consignee to be informed are added, and in these respects it differs from a trade bill or definite account.

In-voice, v. t. [INVOICE, 8.] To write or enter in an invoice.

In-vōke', v. t. [Fr. invoquer, from Lat. inroco= to call upon: in--on, invocar; Ital. invocare.on, and toco to call; Sp.

1. To call upon or address in prayer; to solicit in prayer for assistance and protection; to invocate. "While I invoke the Lord, whose power shall me defend." Surrey: Psalm 1xxiii.

2. To call for solemnly or with earnestness. "Cheerful hope, so oft invoked in vain.” Collins: Verses with a piece of Bride-cake.

3. To call on in attestation; as, to invoke the name of the Deity.

*4. To call for judicially; to order; as, to invoke documents into court.

*in-vol-u-ble, a. [As if from a fictive Latin involubilis; in-=not, and volubilis=changeable, mutable.] Immovable, immutable (?).

"Infallible, involuble, insensible."

Sylvester: Little Bartas, 161.

In-vol-u-çěl, în-võl-u-çěl-lum, s. [Mod. Lat., dimin. of Lat. involucrum.] [INVOLUCRE.] Bot.: A partial involucre occurring in an umbelliferous plant.

In-vol-u-çěl ́-late, a. [Mod. Lat. involucellatus, from involucellum.] [INVOLUCEL.] Bot.: Having around it an involucel. In-vo-lu-cral, a. [Eng. involucr(e); -al.] Bot.: Of or belonging to an involucre. In-vo-lu -cra-těd, a. [Eng. involucr(e);- ated.] Bot.: Covered with an involucre; having an in

volucre.

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in-vo-lû ́-crům, s. [INVOLUCRE.]

în-vol-un-tar-11-y, adv. [Eng. involuntary: -ly. In an involuntary manner; not voluntarily; not spontaneously or of one's own choice; against one's will.

"We shrink involuntarily from the remembrance of our task.”—Idler, No. 102.

In-vol-un-tar-i-ness, s. [Eng. involuntary; ness.] The quality or state of being involuntary. "I apprehend there is not an absolute involuntariness in this engagement, but a mixt one."-Bp. Hall: Cases of Conscience, dec. i., case 8.

boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat,

3. Independent of will or choice.

"It is found by experience, that all the voluntary and involuntary motions of the body are performed by their [the nerves] means."-Reid: Intellectual Powers, ess. 2,

ch. ii.

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Geom.: If a thread be tightly wrapped about a given curve, and then unwrapped, being kept stretched, each point of it will generate a curve, called an involute of the given curve. The given curve, with respect to any of its involutes, is called an evolute. Any given curve has an infinite number of involutes, and in order to fix the position of any one of them, it is necessary to know not only the evolute, but also one point of the involute. in-vô lut -ěd, a. [Lat. involutus.] The same as INVOLUTE (q. v.). in-vo lù -tion, s. [Fr., from Lat. involutionem, acc. of involutio, from involutus, pa. par of involvo-to roll up; Ital. involuzione.] [INVOLVE.] 1. Ordinary Language:

1. The act of involving, infolding, or rolling up. 2. The state of being involved, intangled, or implicated; complication.

"All things are mixed, and causes blended by mutual

involutions."-Glanvill.

3. That which is wrapped or folded round any

thing.

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1. Arith. & Alg.: The operation of finding any power of a given quantity, the multiplication of a number into itself any given number of times: thus the third power of 2 is found by involution, or multiplication of the number by itself, and the product by the same number: thus 2 X2 X2=8. It is the reverse of evolution (q. v.). The operation of involution may be directly performed by continued multiplication, but it is often performed by means of formulas, particularly by the binomial formula. 2. Gram. The insertion of one or more clauses or members of a sentence between the agent or subject and the verb.

3. Path.: The restoration to its normal size of any part which has been abnormally developed. The opposite of evolution.

in-võlve', v. t. [Fr. involver, from Lat. involvo= to roll in or up: in- in, upon, and volvo = to roll; Sp. envolver; Ital. involvere.]

I. Ordinary Language:

1. To roll up; to fold up; to entwine.

2. To enwrap, to envelope, to infold, to cover with surrounding matter.

"Though long before the sinking day A wondrous shade involved them all." Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 25. 3. To wrap up; to surround.

inward

9. To place in a position or state; to include. "Involving all the contending parties in the same de struction."-Burke: A Vindication of Natural Society. 10. To make complicated or intricate.

"Syllogism is of necessary use, even to the lovers of truth, to show them the fallacies that are often concealed

in florid, witty, or involved discourses."-Locke. II. Arith & Alg.: To raise a number to any given power by involution.

For the difference between to involve and to implicate, see IMPLICATE.

in-volved, pa, par. or a. [INVOLVE.] In financial difficulties; as, He is very much involved.

in-võlv -ěd-ness, s. [Eng, involved; -ness.] The quality or state of being involved.

"As for the supposal this mistake is built on (the in volvedness of all men in the guilt of swearing), it is as weak as it is uncharitable."-Boyle: Works, vi. 5.

In-võlve-ment, s. [Eng. involve; -ment.] The act of involving; the state of being involved." *In-vulgar, v. t. [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. vulgar (q. v.).] To cause to become or appear vulgar or common; to vulgarize.

"The opened and invulgared mysteries." Daniel: Musophilus. *In-vŭl'-gar, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. vulgar (q. v.).] Not vulgar, not common, refined, elegant. "The sad parents this lost infant owed, Were as invulgar as their fruit was fair." Drayton: Moses, bk. i.

In-văl ner-a-b±l-Y-tỳ, s. Eng. vulnerability (q. v.).] being invulnerable.

[Pref. in- (2), and The quality or state of

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Dryden: Hind and Panther, iii. 1,184. 3. Unassailable; that cannot be refuted; as, The argument is invulnerable.

in-vŭl-ner-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. invulnerable; -ness. The quality or state of being invulnerable; invulnerability.

ly. In an invulnerable manner; so as to be inin-vŭl'-nĕr-a-bly, adv. [Eng. invulnerab(le); capable of being wounded or injured.

In-vul-ner-ate, a. [Lat. invulneratus, from in- not, and vulneratus-wounded, pa. par. of vulnero-to wound; vulnus (genit. vulneris)=a wound.] That is not or cannot be wounded; invulnerable, unhurt. "Not at all on those, That are invulnerate and free from blows." Butler: Satire upon Marriage. In-wâll, v. t. [Prefix in- (1), and Eng. wall (q. v.).] To surround, inclose, or fortify with a wall.

"Three such towns in those places with the garrisons, would be so augmented as they would be able with little to inwall themselves strongly."-Spenser: On Ireland,

in-wâll, s. [INWALL, v.] An inner wall. in-ward, a., adv., prep. & 8. [A. S. inneweard, innanweard inward, a., from innan, inne within; suff. weard toward, -ward.]

A. As adjective:

1. Internal, interior; being in or within. 2. Internal; connected with or residing in the mind, soul, or thoughts.

"With inward struggling I restrained my cries,
And drank the tears that trickled from my eyes."
Dryden: Ovid; Heroic Ep. xi.

3. Intimate, familiar, domestic.
"All my inward friends abhorred me."-Job xix. 19.
4. Private, confidential.

"Sir, the king is a noble gentleman, and my familiar
for what is inward between us, let it pass."-

4. To mix or mingle together confusedly; to con- Shakesp.: Love's Labor's Lost, v. 1. fuse.

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çell, chorus,

7. To connect by way of natural or necessary consequence.

8. To entangle, to implicate.

"Fond worldlings there involved in vaine delight." Stirling: Domes-day; The Fourth Houre.

chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this;

B. As adverb:

1. Toward the internal parts; toward the interior; within, internally.

2. Into the mind or thoughts.

"So much the rather thou, celestial Light,
Shine inward, and the mind through all her powers
Irradiate."-Milton: P. L., iii. 52.

3. In the mind or heart; mentally.

4. With a curve or bend toward the center, "He stretches out his arm in sign of peace, with his breast bending inward."-Dryden: Dufresnoy.

sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.

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parts; genius.

"Mercurie, whom good wise inwards grace." Chapman: Homer's Iliad, xx. Crabb thus differentiates inward, inner, inter nal and interior: Inward is used more frequently to express a state than to qualify an object; internal qualifies the object: a thing is said to be turned inward which forms a part of the inside: it is said to be internai as one of its characteristics; inward, as denoting the position, is indefinite; any thing that is in in the smallest degree is inward: but that is properly internal which lies in the very frame and system of the body: inner which rises in degree on inward, is applicable to such bodies as admit of specific degrees of inclosure: so likewise interior is applicable to that which is capacious, and has many involutions, as the interior coat of the intestines. (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) *inward-duteous, adj. Heartily or sincerely

duteous.

inward-fits, s. pl.

Pathol.: A name given by nurses to slight infantile convulsions, often occurring about four days after birth. They generally arise from improper food.

In-ward -ly, adv. [A. S. inweardlice.]

1. In the interior or inside; internally, within.
"Grieved to the soule, and groning inwardly,
That he of women's hands so base a death should die."
Spenser: F. Q., V. iv. 22.

2. Toward the center; as, to curve inwardly.
3. In the heart or soul; mentally, privately,
secretly.

"I bleed inwardly for my lord."

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, i. 2. 4. Intimately, closely, thoroughly, familiarly. 5. To one's self; not aloud.

"He shrunk, and muttered inwardly." Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, ii. In-ward-ness, s. [Eng. inward; -ness.] 1. The quality or state of being inward or internal. 2. Intimacy, familiarity.

"You know my inwardness and love

Is very much unto the Prince and Claudio." Shakesp.: Much Ado about Nothing, iv. 1. *3. (Pl.): The inwards, the bowels, the heart, the soul.

in'-wards, adv. [INWARD.] Inward; toward the

inside or center.

In'-wardş, s. pl [INWARD, D. 2.] In-weave', v. t. [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. weave (q. v.).] To weave in or together; to interweave. *In-wheel', v. t. [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. wheel (q. v.).] To encircle, to involve, to infold.

in'-wick, s. [Pref. in- (1), and Scotch wick a narrow passage.] In curling, a station in which the stone stops very near the tee after passing through a wick.

*In-wit, *in-witte, in-wyt, s. [Eng. in. (1).

and wit.] Mind, understanding; the conscience.
In'-with, prep. [Eng. in-, and with.] Within.
*In-wood', v. t. [Pref. in (1), and Eng. wood
(q. v.).] To hide in a wood.

In-work', v. t. & i. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. work (q. v.).]

A. Trans.: To work in or within.

B. Intrans.: To work, operate, or exact force within.

*In-wörn', a. [Pref. in- (1), and English worn (q. v.).] Worn, wrought, or worked into In-wove', In-wōv'-en, pa. par. or a. [INWEAVE.] In-wrǎp', v. t. [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. wrap (q. v.).]

1. To wrap up; to cover by wrapping; to infold. 2. To involve, to include.

*3. To involve in doubt or perplexity; to perplex. (Bacon.)

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In-wrought (gh silent), a. [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. wrought (q. v.).] Wrought or worked in among other things; adorned with work or figures.

I'-ō (1), subst. [Lat.] An exclamation of joy or triumph.

Ï-ō (2), s. [Greek 15. In classical mythology a daughter of Inachus, who founded Argos.]

I. Astronomy:

1. An asteroid, the 85th found. [ASTEROID.]
2. One of the satellites of Jupiter.

II. Zool.: A genus of Melaniade, with a fusiform,
inflated, conical, or oval shell; the aperture with a
canal. A hundred species are known, all natives of
this country.

iodanisic-acid, s.

iodide

Chem.: CH;103 Produced, together with hydriodate of oxanisamic acid, by the action of hydriodic acid on diazoanis-oxanisamic acid: C&H&N2O3 CH9NO3÷2HI=

(Diazoanis-oxanisamic acid)

CHONO HI-÷C&H;103+N2.
(Hydriodate of (Iodanisic
oxanisamic acid) acid).

It forms white needles, insoluble in water, easily
soluble in alcohol and in ether. The silver salt is
a white amorphous precipitate. (Watts: Dict.
Chem. (1865), iii. 283.)

i-od-a-phen-yl-a-mine, s. [English iod(ine), a(niline), phenyl; -amine.]

Chem.: The same as IODANILINE (q. v.).

i-od-ǎç -ě-tāte, s. [Eng. iod(ine); -acetate.]
Chem.: A salt of iodacetic acid (q. v.).
I-od-a-çet -ic (or çēt as çet), a. [Eng. iod (ine), translucent mineral, crystallizing hexagonally.

i-o dăr-gyr-ite (yr as Ir), s. [Eng. iod (ine), and argyrite.]

and acetic.] (See the compound.)
iodacetic-acid, s.

Chem.: CHICO'OH. On heating in the dark, an
alcoholic solution of ethylic bromacetate with
potassic iodide, a brown oil, ethylic iodacetate is
obtained. This, on being saponified by a solution
of baric hydrate, and the resulting soap decomposed
by sulphuric acid, gives a solution of iodacetic acid.
It crystallizes in thin, colorless, rhombic plates,
which melt at 82°, and decompose at higher temper-
atures. It is very soluble in water, but does not
The iodacetates of potassium,
deliquesce in air.
sodium, and ammonium are all very soluble, crys-
talline, and non-deliquescent. The barium salt is
slightly soluble in water, but is precipitated by
alcohol. The silver salt readily decomposes in
presence of water into argentic iodide and glycollic
acid. The iodacetate of ethyl is an oily liquid,
heavier than water, and possessing an irritating
odor.

I-od-a-çêt-yl (or çet as çět), 8. [Eng. iod (ine),
and acetyl.]

Chem. Acetic iodide. CH3CO·I. A liquid pro-
duced by the action of phosphorus di-iodide or tri-
iodide on glacial acetic acid. The product, heated
with dilute soda solution and then rectified, yields
iodacetyl. It is always colored brown, owing to
the presence of free iodine, and readily decomposes
on exposure to light with separation of iodine. It
boils at 108°.

i-o-dal, s. [Eng. iod (ine), and alcohol).]
Chem. C2HI30=C2I3O'H. An oily liquid ob-
tained by adding iodine to a mixture of alcohol
and nitric acid, and purifying by agitation with
water and distillation over chloride of calcium. It
has a variable boiling point, beginning at 25° and
rising gradually to 115. When treated with a solu-
tion of potash, it is converted into formic acid and
iodoform.

I-od-a-mides, s. pl. [Eng. iod (ine) and amides.]
Chem.: NI3 or NHI2. A term applied to a number
of compounds, mostly of an explosive character,
produced by the action of iodine on ammonia.
These compounds, commonly called nitrogen
iodides, vary in composition and properties accord-
ing to the mode of preparation. They are usually
prepared by digesting iodine in excess of ammonia,
or by decomposing chloride of nitrogen with iodide
of potassium. The product obtained is a brownish-
black,, soft powder, which in the dry state can
scarcely be touched without exploding."

i-od-ăm-mo-ni-ŭm, s. [English iod(ine), and

ammonium.].

"Chem.: Iodide of ammonium. NHI. A brownishblack liquid obtained by passing dry ammoniacal gas into dry iodine, 100 parts of iodine absorbing 85 parts of ammonia at the ordinary temperature. The product has a metallic luster, smells of ammonia and iodine, and when heated is decomposed. It is very soluble in alcohol, but is resolved by water into iodide of ammonium and di iodamide, 2NHI=NHI+NH,.

iodammonium-iodide, s.

Chem.: NH312=(NH3I)I. A compound discovered by Guthrie, prepared by adding powdered iodine to a saturated solution of nitrate or carbonate of ammonium mixed with potash. It is a brownish-black liquid soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and bisulphide of carbon, but is decomposed by water, evolving nitrogen gas, and yielding a di-iodamide which explodes spontaneously under water.

Min. A soft yellow-greenish or brownish flexible

Luster resinous or adamantine. Hardness, 55-571.
Composition: Silver, 45-72-46 52; iodine, 53'11-5403.
Found at Guadalajara in Spain, in Mexico, in
Chili, &c.

i-o-date, s. [Eng., &c., iod(ic); -ate.]
Chem.: A salt of iodic acid.

iodate of potassium, 8.

Chem.: KIO3. Obtained by passing chloric gas through water in which iodine is suspended till it is all dissolved, then adding for every atom of iodine a molecule of KClO3, and ordinary chlorine is liberated, and on evaporation pure KIO3 is obtainedIt crystallizes in small shining crystals which are soluble in thirteen parts of water. It is poisonous. It melts at 560 and gives off oxygen, KI being formed.

i-od-bĕn'-zēne, s. [Eng. iod(ine), and benzene.] Chem.: C6H5I. Iodobenzene. An aromatic iodine substitution compound, formed by the action of iodine and benzene, CH6. It is necessary to add iodic acid to decompose the hydriodic acid which is formed, or this would act on the CHI, re-forming benzene. 5C6H6+4HIO3+41 = 5C6H51+3H2O. Iodbenzene boils at 188°.

i-od -lc, a. [Eng. iod (ine); -ic.]

Chem.: Of, belonging to, or containing iodine. iodic-acid, s.

Chem.: HIO3. A monobasic acid obtained by boiling iodine with strong nitric acid, or by passing chlorine into twenty parts of water containing one part of finely-divided iodine in suspension 125C12+6H2O=10HC1+2HI03. By evaporation the iodic acid is obtained in transparent six sided tables, which, when heated to 170°, is converted into the anhydride 1205. Iodic acid is very soluble in The solution reddens litmus, and then water. bleaches it. Iodic-acid is reduced by sulphurous acid. An aqueous solution of iodic acid is a powerful oxidizing agent.

iodic-quicksilver, s.

Min.: The same as COCCINITE (q. v.).
iodic-silver, s.

Min.: Iodargyrite (q. v.). [IODYRITE.]
i-o-dide, s. [Eng. iod (ine); -ide.]
Chem.: A compound formed by the union of
iodine with an element or with a radical.

iodide of ammonium, s. [IODAMMONIUM.] iodide of cadmium, s.

Chem.: Cai, Cdi. Formed by the direct union of iodine of cadmium in the presence of water. An ointment is made of it, which acts like lead iodide (q. v.).

iodide of ethyl, s. [ETHYL-IODIDE.]
iodide of iron, s. [IRON-IODIDE.]
iodide of lead, s. [LEAD-IODIDE.]
iodide of nitrogen, s. [IODAMIDES.]
iodide of potassium, s. [POTASSIUM-IODIDE.]
iodide of silver, s.

Chem.: Agl. Argentic iodide. It occurs as a mineral. When argentic nitrate is added to a soluble iodide, a light yellow precipitate is formed, which is insoluble in ammonia. Iodide of silver is very sensitive to the action of sunlight, and is therefore used in photography.

iodide of sulphur, s.

In-wreathe', v. t. [Pref. in- (1), and English of iodonitro-benzene, or by the action of iodine on heating a mixture of sulphur and iodine. It is in

I-ŏd-ǎn'-I-line, s. [Eng. iod (ine), and aniline.] Chem.: CHINH2. Prepared by the reduction aniline. It crystallizes in brilliant lamine, and wreathe (q. v.). To surround or encircle as with a melts at 25°. Synonymous with iodaphenylamine. wreath, or anything resembling a wreath. i-od-ǎn is -ic, a. [Eng. iodine); anis(e oil), "Bind their resplendent locks inwreathed with beams." Milton: P. L., iii. 361. and suff. -ic.] (See the compound.) wẽ, fâll, father; fate, făt, färe, amidst, wět, here, camel, her, thêre;

what,

Chem.: S212. A dark gray crystalline mass, resembling native antimony sulphide, prepared by soluble in water, gives off iodine when exposed to the air, and is rapidly decomposed when exposed to a high temperature. It is a powerful remedy in

skin diseases.

try,

[blocks in formation]

iodine

I ́-o-dine, s. [Gr. iōdēs violet-colored; Eng. suff. ine.]

1. Chem.: Iodine is a haloid monatomic element; symbol I; atomic weight 127. Obtained from the ash of sea-weeds called kelp; this is treated with water, filtered and evaporated to a small bulk; potassium and sodium salts crystallize out and the dark-brown mother liquid is then mixed with sulphuric acid and manganese dioxide, and, gently heated in a still, the iodine distills over and is col

lected in a receiver.

2HI+MnO2+H2SO4=MnSO4+2H2O+I2. The iodine of commerce is generally impure; it may be purified by dissolving it in a solution of potassium iodide till it is saturated, adding water which precipitates pure iodine. Iodine crystallizes in dark gray rhombic crystals, having a metallic luster resembling graphite; specific gravity 4.95. It melts at 107° and boils at 175. Its vapor is of a deep blue color; when less dense it has a violet color. Iodine dissolves in 7000 parts of water; it is soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and in carbon disulphide. Iodine stains the skin brown, and is soluble in potassium iodide. At ordinary temperatures iodine is slightly volatile, and has a peculiar smell. A small traco of iodine can be detected by its giving a blue color to starch. The blue color is destroyed by heat but reappears on cooling. Iodine unites with other elements and radicals, forming iodides. Its affinity for oxygen is greater than that of chlorine, but it has a less affinity for hydrogen, hence hydriodic acid is easily decomposed by chlorine. 2. Phar.: Iodine is used externally in chronic skin diseases and over enlarged and indurated parts and diseased joints to alter action or cause absorption, or to kill parasites. It may be applied in the form of a liniment, a solution, a tincture, or an ointment. As a vesicant the liniment may be painted over the part once, or, if need be, twice or three times. The vapor iodi (vapor of iodine) may be used as an inhalation in some forms of chronic bronchitis and phthisis. (Garrod.)

3. Comp. Anat., &c.: A solution of iodine is useful for rendering very transparent objects more

distinct.

I'-o-dişm, s. [Eng. iod(ine); -ism.]

Pathol. The morbid effects produced by overdoses of iodine. They are irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose, the frontal sinus, the eyes, pharynx, &c., with catarrh, coryza, &c.

I ́-o-dize, v. t. [Eng. iod (ine); -ize.]

1. Therap.: To treat with inhalations or external applications of iodine; to place under the influence of iodine. 2. Photog.: To prepare with iodine. [IODIZED.] I'-o-dized, pa. par. & a. [IODIZE.] iodized-collodion, s. [COLLODION.] I ́-ô-diz-ĕr, s. [Eng. iodiz(e); -er.] One who or that which iodizes.

i-o-dō-, pref. [Eng. iod(ine), and o connective.] Chem.: Having iodine in its composition. iodo-bromated, adj. Impregnated with iodine

and bromide.

Todo-bromated waters: Waters thus impregnated. (Used of springs.) The waters are used in scrofula, in many chronic skin diseases, in internal disorders, and in constitutional syphilis.

i-ó-do-brû ́-çine, s. [Pref. iodo-, and Eng. brucine (q.v.).] Chemistry: C23H26N2O4I3. Iodide of brucine. A brown powder, very soluble in hot alcohol, obtained by triturating brucine with an excess of iodine. It is readily decomposed by dilute acids, giving off iodine, and forming salts of brucine.

i-ô-đô-ca ôut-chin, s. [Pref. iodo-, and English caoutchin (q.v.).]

Chem.: C10H16 13. A brownish-black oil produced when caoutchin is added to an aqueous, or alcoholic solution of iodine. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and ether. When distilled, it gives off hydriodic acid; but when heated with an acid or an alkali, it is rapidly decomposed.

i-ở-đố-sin-chốn-ine,s. [Pref. iodo-, and Eng. cinchonine (q. v.).] Chem. 2020H24N2012. Prepared by triturating cinchonine with about half its weight of iodine, and digesting the product with alcohol. On slowly evaporating the alcoholic-solution, iodo-cinchonine is deposited in saffron-colored plates. It is insoluble in cold water, but very soluble in boiling water, in alcohol, and in ether. When heated, it softens, but does not melt till the temperature is raised to 80°. It is decomposed by acids and alkalies. i-o-do-çîn-năm'-ic, adj. [Pref. iodo-, and Eng. cinnamic (q. v.).]

Chem.: Composed of iodine and cinnamic acid. iodocinnamic-acid, s.

Chem.: CaH102. Obtained by melting cinnamic acid with an excess of iodine, and boiling the product with water till all the free iodine is volatilized.

boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat,

2373

On cooling the liquid, small stellate crystals of iodocinnamic-acid are precipitated. The acid is very soluble in hot water and in alcohol. I-o-do-cō-deine, s. [Pref. iodo-, and English codeine (q. v.).]

Chem. CISHNO3 I3. Iodide of codeine. Prepared by dissolving in a small quantity of alcohol equal weights of iodine and codeine. On leaving the mixture at rest for a few days, iodo-codeine is deposited in the form of triangular plates, which show a violet color by reflected light, but a fine ruby color by transmitted light. Todo-codeine is insoluble in water and ether, but dissolves readily in alcohol, with a reddish-brown color. It gives off iodine when heated to 100°. i-od-d-form, s. [Eng. iod(ine); o connect., and form (yl).]

Chem. CHI3. Obtained by heating iodine with alcohol mixed with sodium carbonate. Iodoform crystallizes in shining yellow six-sided hexagonal plates, which melt at 117. It smells like saffron. i-o-do-mē -cone, s. [Pref. iodo-, and Eng. mecon (in)e (q. v.).]

Chem.: CHIO3. A crystalline substance obtained by treating pyromeconic acid with an excess of protochloride of iodine, and precipitating with potash. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and ether, from which it crystallizes in It has neither an acid nor an alkaline reaction, and yellow hexagonal plates having an odor of saffron. sublimes at 90°.

i-o-do-me-thāne, s. [Pref. iodo-, and English methane (q. v.).]

Chem.: CH31. Methyl iodide. A colorless sweetsmelling liquid, obtained by distilling 8 parts iodine, 15 parts wood-spirit, and 1 part phos. phorus. It is almost insoluble in water, has a specific gravity 2.199, and boils at 44-45°. Its vapor density, referred to hydrogen as unity, is 71°.

î-o'-do-ni-trō-phẽ -nõlş, s. pl. [Pref. iodo-; nitric acid); o connective, and Eng. phenol (q. v.).] Chem.: Compounds formed by the action of iodine and iodic-acid on the nitrophenols in alkaline solutions, and precipitating from these solutions by hydrochloric acid. Mono-iodonitrophenol has a golden yellow color, and crystallizes readily, but has not been further examined. Di-iodonitrophenol is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in alcohol and ether, and melts at 98. It crystallizes from a mixture of alcohol and ether in dark yellow needles. Its potassium salt crystallizes in reddish needles, and its sodium salt in dark-brown prisms, having a golden luster.

i-o-do-phe-nŏlş, s. pl. [Pref. iodo-, and Eng. phenol (q.v.).].

Chem. CHI OH. By the action of iodine and iodic acid on phenol, in presence of an alkali, a mixture of three isomeric mono-iodophenols is steam, first a liquid, ortho-iodophenol, passes over, obtained. When this is distilled in a current of then a solid, meta-iodophenol, and lastly, at a higher temperature, tri-iodo-, or para-iodophenol. The residue still contains a quantity of tri-iodophenol, which, however, may be extracted by alcohol. Ortho-iodophenol is a colorless, oily liquid, with a strong, disagrecable odor. It does not become solid even at -23°, and is readily decomposed by almost insoluble in water, but dissolves in alcohol chlorine, or by nitric acid. Meta-iodophenol is and ether, from which it crystallizes in flat glistening needles. It melts at 64-66. Para-iodophenol phide. It crystallizes from alcohol in large sixis soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and carbon disulsided plates, from ether in the form of needles, and from carbon disulphide in short, thick prisms. From its aqueous solution it is precipitated by hydrochloric acid, as a grayish-white flocculent mass. It has a faint but unpleasant odor, and melts at 89°.

i-o-do-prō-pi-on'-Ic, a. [Pref. iodo-; propion (e), and suff. ic.]

Chem.: Composed of iodine and propionic-acid. iodopropionic-acid, s.

Chem.: CHIO2. A monobasic acid, obtained by heating glyceric acid in syrupy solution with phos solution of hydriodic acid to a temperature of 120°. phorous iodide, or by heating acrylic acid and a 2H1O2+HI-C2HI02. It crystallizes in large colorless plates, which melt at 82, and are insoluble in cold, readily in hot, water. When heated to 180° with concentrated hydriodic acid, it is converted into propionic acid.

çell, chorus,

i-¿-do-quin-îne, s. [Pref. iodo-, and Eng. quinine (q.v.).]

It

Chem. 2C20H4N2O2 12. A brown crystalline body, obtained by triturating quinine with iodine. contains 290 per cent. of iodine, and possesses prop. erties exactly similar to iodocinchonine. î-o-do-sǎl-i-çуl'-ic, adj. [Pref. iodo-, and Eng. salicylic (q.v.).]

Chem.: Composed of iodine and salicylic-acid. chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this;

Ionian-schoal

iodosalicylic acids, s. pl.

Chem.: These acids are prepared by adding tincture of iodine, drop by drop, to a cold aqueous solu tion of barytic salicylate, CH,Ba ̈03, and then precipitating with hydrochloric acid; or, by fusing one atom of salicylic acid with two atoms of iodine, and treating the product with a solution of potash, which dissolves out the several iodosalicylic-acids. Mono-iodosalicylic acid, CHIO3, is a white crystalline mass, slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in alcohol and ether. It crystallizes from water, acidulated with sulphuric acid, in long silky needles, which melt at 196 Di-iodosalicylic acid, CH41203, is a white amorphous mass, insoluble in water, but slightly soluble in alcohol and ether. It from which it crystallizes in needle-shaped crystals. is soluble in water acidulated with sulphuric acid, decomposed with separation of iodine. Tri-iodoOn being heated it does not melt, but at 214 is salicylic acid, CH31303. This acid is very unstable, decomposing during the process of formation into carbonic anhydride and tri-iodophenol.

i-o-do-sŭl-phür'-ic, a. [Prefix iodo-, and Eng. sulphuric (q. v.).] Composed of iodine and sulphuric acid.

iodosulphuric-acid, 8.

Chem.: H2SO3I2. When a mixture of iodine and lead sulphite is distilled, and the distillate rectified and this, on being mixed with water, yields iodosulover mercury, iodosulphuric-anhydride is obtained, phuric-acid. It may also be prepared by passing sulphurous acid into iodide of starch, and distilling the decolorized liquid. The iodosulphates are prepared by neutralizing the acid with the corresponding bases. Sodium iodosulphate, Na2SO3I2+10H2O, crystallizes in elongated prisms, which are slightly soluble in water and alcohol.

I-ŏd -йr-ite, s. [Fr. iodure, and suff. -ite.] Min.: Dana's name for the iodargyrite of the British Museum Catalogue.

I-o-lite, s. [Gr. ion=a violet, and lithos=stone.] Min.: An orthorhombic transparent or translucent mineral, generally blue, but in some cases yellow or yellowish-gray on the part perpendicular to the vertical axis. Hardness, 7-7.5; specific grav ity, 2:56-266; luster vitreous. Composition: Silica, 48 11-50-65; alumina, 28-72-3311; protoxide of iron, 4:10-11:58; magnesia, 8-2-20-45, &c. Feeble double refraction present. Occurs in granite, gneiss, and more rarely in volcanic rocks, in Bavaria, Tuscany, Norway, Sweden, Greenland, the United States, &c. In its altered state it forms many minerals, such as Pinite, Fahlunite, &c.

1 Hydrous Iolite:

(3) Auralite; (2) and (3)=Fahlunite (q. v.). Min.: (1) A variety of Iolite; (2) Bonsdorffite;

I'-ŏn, i-ŏne, s. [Gr. iōn, pr. par. of eimi=to go.] composition by electrolysis. [ANIONE, KATIONE.] Elect. (pl.): The substances resulting from deÏ-ō'-nl-an, a. & s. [Lat. Ionius, from Gr. Ionios pertaining to Ionia, a district of Asia Minor in which Ionians from Attica settled about B. C. 1050. It extended from the river Hermus along the shore of the Egean Sea to Miletus.]

A. As adj. Of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians.

B. As subst.: A native or inhabitant of Ionia.
Ionian-mode, s.

Mus.: One of the ecclesiastical modes, commencing on the note C, corresponding exactly in tonality with the major diatonic scale as used in modern music. [MODE.]

Ionian-school, s.

Philos.: The first school of Greek philosophy, the into the constitution of the universe. Thales of distinctive characteristic of which was its inquiry Miletus opened the inquiry. The common notion that he taught "the principle of all things was water," must be taken with a distinction. Water, as the principle of Thales, was not water in any determinate form, but water instinct with vital energy, capable of taking an infinite number of forms. This doctrine appears in Hesiod (Theog., 133-136); and the "ariston men hydor" of Pindar (Olymp., i. 1) is proverbial. Thales is usually spoken of as the founder of the Ionian school; he was more he was the father of Greek speculation. He prescribed no method, and those who followed him did not accept his answer to the question, What is the Beginning of all things? But the that he was the first to ask the question, and the special claim of Thales to notice lies in the fact first to attempt to establish a physical Beginning.

"The whole ordinary arrangement of the Ionian School disciple not only contradicted his master, but also reseems to have proceeded on the conviction that each turned to the doctrines of his master's teacher."-G. H Lewes: Hist. Philos. (1867), i. 8.

sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph f.

Ionic

I-on-ic, a. [Lat. Ionicus, from Gr. Ionikos-pertaining to lonia (q. v.).]

A. As adj.: Relating or pertaining to Ionia or

the Ionians.

B. As substantive:

Prosody:

1. An Ionic foot.

2. An Ionic verse or meter. Ionic-dialect, s.

in Ionia.

Ionic-foot, s.

[blocks in formation]

i-o-nop ́-sid-æ, s. pl. [Mod. Lat. ionopsis; Lat. I.maritima is made into a fomentation, and applied
fem. pl. adj. suff. ido.]
to joints enlarged by scrofula. The Sweet Potato
was formerly called I. batatas, now it is Batatas
edulis. [BATATAS.]

Bot.: A family of Orchids, tribe Vander.
I-on-ŏp'-sis, s. [Gr. ion=a violet, and opsis
look, appearance.]

Bot. The typical genus of the family Ionopside,
It consists of small epiphytal orchids from tropical
America.

1-o'-ta, s. [Gr.] The name of the Greek letter i, and this being frequently indicated by a dot under Philol. The dialect of the Greek language spoken other letters known as iota subscript, the word has come to mean a jot, a tittle, a very small quantity. I ŌŪ, s. [See def.] An English recognized con. traction for I owe you. A paper with these letters on it, followed by an amount and duly signed. It is a simple acknowledgment of indebtedness to some particular person. It is not a negotiable instrument, but, as it is an acknowledgment of a debt, that debt can be sued for at any time, and it is so far equal to a promissory note payable on demand. This form of due bill has never obtained currency in this country.

Pros.: A foot consisting of four syllables, either two long and two short (the greater Ionic), or two short and two long (the smaller Ionic). Ionic-meter, s. A meter consisting of Ionic feet. Ionic-mode, s.

Mus.: [IONIAN-MODE.] Ionic-order, s.

CYMA PECTA

CORONA

Arch. One of the five orders of architecture, the distinguishing characteristic of which is the volute of the capital. Its main features are the same as in the Doric style; their forms, however, are different. The Ionic order has more moldings, its forms are richer and more elegant, and, as a style, it is lighter and more graceful than the Doric. The Ionic column has a less diminished shaft and a smaller parabolic curve than the Doric. It is channeled; the flutings, which are twenty-four in number, are separated by annulets, and are therefore narrower, but at the same time deeper, than the Doric, and are terminated at the top and bottom by a final curvature. The column has a base, which, as essential parts, has a molded or plain cavetto with a torus above, or the torus is placed above two cavetti, which are themselves separated by several intervening moldings. The so-called Attic base is the form which most fre quently occurs, and consists of two tori separated by a vetto, the whole having a plinth as basis. In the capital the Doric echinus is replaced either by a cyma ornamented with leaves, or, more generally, by an ovolo with a pearlbeading beneath. Instead of the Doric abacus there occurs a cushion-like band in its place, whose ends, wound in a spiral shape and coiled with elastic force, when viewed either from in front

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Ionic Column.

or behind, form volutes, which on both sides considerably exceed the diameter of the column, and also surpass the architrave in breadth. These volutes, or scrolls, when viewed from the side, appear to meet in the middle, and form a wavy line over the echinus. The architrave consists of several faci, which project slightly one over the other, and which are separated by small hollowed moldings and capped by a molded band. The frieze is undivided, either plain or with arabesques representing either implements used in worship or simple plants. The frieze also bears the name of the zophorus. As regards the proportions of the Ionic order, no such remarkable difference as in the Doric is perceptible in the monuments which have been preserved to us. The height of the column is from eight and a half to nine times the lower diameter; the distance between the columns aver ages about twice the diameter, while the height of the entablature is not quite one-quarter that of the column. The most perfect specimens of the Ionic order are the temples of Minerva Polias and of Erectheus in the Acropolis at Athens, and of Fortuna Virilis and the Coliseum at Rome.

Ï-o-wa, s. [Indian Land of beauty.] One of the United States of America, nicknamed "Hawkeye State." Name is of Indian origin, and means "The Beautiful Land." Settled first by Dubuque, 1788. a French Canadian, for whom that city is named. Part of the Louisiana purchase; merged into Misouri Territory, 1812; into Michigan, 1834; into Wisconsir,, 1836. Iowa Territory organized July 4, 1838. Admitted as state 1846. Union soldiers furnished, 76,242. School system admirable, endowment liberal. Climate: Subject to extremes. Winter severe, with sharp north and west winds; summers pleasant. Temperature averages, summer 72°, winter 23; ranges from 10° below to 99 above zero. Rainfall, 42 inches. Wheat harvest in August. Great corn-producing state.

Ï ́-o-was, s. pl.

Ethnol. A tribe of Indians which formerly inhabited the territory now included in the state of Iowa.

Ip-ĕ-cǎc-u-an-hạ (h silent), Ip-ĕ-căc'-u-ăn, s. [The native Brazilian name.]

1. Bot.: The plants producing the drug described under 2. 2. Pharmacy:

(1) The dried root of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, a cinchonaceous plant from Brazil.[CEPHAELIS.] The ipecacuanha from that country is called annulated, to distinguish it from the striated kind from Peru. It arrives from Rio Janeiro and elsewhere in contorted pieces, two to four inches long, about the size of a small quill, and knotted. The smell of ipecacuanha is slight, but disagreeable; the taste bitter, aromatic, and slightly acrid. The active ingredients reside chiefly in the cortex. It contains a feeble alkaloid called ceretin. Its preparations are pills, powders, lozenges, and wine. In large doses it is an emetic; in smaller ones it is an expectorant and an alterative. It is considered a specific in dysentery. "Dover's powder" is a compound powder of ipecacuanha and opium; it is diaphoretic and narcotic. Ipecacuanha, made into ointment, is a counter-irritant.

(2) Various other plants produce a similar drug, as, for example, all the Alsodine, a tribe of Vio lacere. So also the root of Euphorbia ipecacuanha is said by Barton to be at least as good as the genuine ipecacuanha.

The Ipecacuanha of Cayenne is Ionidium ituba; that of Guiana is the root of Boerhaavia decum bens, one of the Nyctagos; that of Venezuela is the root of Sarcostemma glaucum, an Asclepiad; Black Peruvian or Striated Ipecacuanha is Psychotria emetica; the False Ipecacuanha of Bourbon is Camptocarpus mauritianus; False Brazilian Ipecacuanha is Ionidium ipecacuanha: Undulated Ipecacuanha is Richardsonia scabra; White Ipecacuanha is (1) Ionidium ipecacuanha, (2) Richardsonia scabra, (3) in India, Tylophora asthmatica, and the Wild Ipecacuanha of the West Indies is Asclepias curassavica, called also Bastard Ipecacuanha.

*ip-o-crăs, s. [HIPPOCRAS.]

Ip-o-mo-a, s. [Said to be from ips (genit. ipos) bindweed; but Liddell & Scott do not recognize this sense of ips. [IPS.] They give ipsos=(1) the cork tree, (2) the ivy; homoios=similar.]

Bot.: A genus of Convolvulace, tribe Convol vuleæ. Sepals five; corolla campanulate; stamens five; style single; stigma bilobed; lobes capitate; ovary two-celled, each cell two-seeded. The species, which are numerous, are found in the warmer parts of both hemispheres. About a hundred are cultivated in gardens for their showy flowers, which are an ornament to trellis-work. Ipomora tuberosa, the Spanish Arbor-vine of Jamaica, furnishes a kind of scammony; the root of I. pandurata is em ployed in this country as jalap; I. batatoides is the Male Jalap of Mestitlan: I. quamoclit is sternutatory; I. turpethum, a native of the East Indies, and I. operculata are purgative. The foliage of

ips, 8. [Greek ips = a worm that eats horn and wood; also one that eats vine-buds; a cynips.]

Entom.: A genus of beetles, placed by Stephens in the family Engida, but now removed to Nitidulide. They have the club of the antenna threejointed, and the last joint of the palpi truncate. The species live on the sap of decaying trees, and are usually found beneath loose bark where there is an exudation of sap.

Ip'-se dix'-it, phr. [Lat. he himself said.] A mere assertion without proof.

ip-sis-si-mạ vẽr-bạ, phr. [Latin.] The very words; the exact words or terms.

ip'-sô fắc-tô, phr. [Lat.] By the very act or fact.

Ir-, pref. The form which the prefix in- assumes before words beginning with r. (IN-, pref.]

îr'-a-cund, a. [Lat. iracundus angry.] Passionate.

iracundious; -ly.] Angrily, passionately. *ïr-a-cun-di-oŭs-lỹ, adv. [As from an English

1-rādē, s. [Turk., from Arab. irada = will, desire.] A decree of the Sublime Porte.

rail with flanges on each side above and below, on I-rail, s. [Eng. I, and rail.] A double-headed the foot and tread; hence like a capital I. I-ra-ni-an, s. & a. [Persian Iran =

[ARYAN.]

Persia.] A. As subst. Of or belonging to Iran; as, the Iranian languages.

B. As adj.: A native of Iran. Iranian languages, s. pl. The Aryan as distinguished from the Turanian languages.

i-răs-çi-bil-1-tỷ, s. [Fr. irascibilité, from irascibilità.] The quality or state of being irascible or cible irascible (q. v.); Sp. irascibilidad; Ital. iraseasily excited to anger; irritability.

i-rǎs -çi-ble, a. [Fr., from Lat. irascibilis, from irascor to be angry; Sp. irascible; Ital, irascibile.] Easily excited to anger; choleric, hot-tempered, passionate, irritable.

i-răs ́-çi-ble-ness, s. [English irascible; -ness.] The quality or state of being irascible; irascibility. i-răs-çi-bly, adv. [Eng. irascib(le); -ly.] In an irascible, choleric, or passionate manner.

i-rate', a. [Lat. iratus, pa. par. of irascor=to be angry.] Angry, enraged.

"Mr. Jaggers suddenly became most irate."—Charles Dickens: Great Expectations.

ïre, s. [O. Fr., from Lat. ira.] Anger, passion, rage, wrath, keen resentment.

ïre -ful, *ïre -full, a. [Eng. ire; -ful(1).] Full of ire or anger; angry, wrathful, enraged. ïre-ful-ly, adv. [Eng. ireful; -ly.] In an ireful manner; with ire; angrily, wrathfully.

ity or state of being ireful; ire, wrath, anger. ïre-ful ness, s. [Eng. ireful; -ness.] The qual I'-ren-arch, s. [EIRENARCH.] I-re-nē, s. [Gr.]

1. Greek Myth.: The goddess of peace.

2. Astron. An asteroid, the fourteenth found. It was discovered by Hind, on May 19, 1851.

i-rĕn-ic, i-ren'-ic-al, a. [Gr. eirenikos=pertaining to peace, peaceful: eirene peace.] Peaceful, pacific; promoting or tending to promote peace.

i-rĕn -I-con, 8. [Greek eirēnikos.] [IRENIC.] A proposition, scheme, or arrangement for the promotion and maintenance of peace, especially in the church. [EIRENICON.]

ïre-stone, s. [Eng. ir(on); -stone.] Min.: A general term for any hard rock. I-ri-an, a. [Eng. ir(is); -an.]

Anat.: Belonging to or in any way connected with the iris.

ir-i-ar-tě a, s. [Named after Juan Iriarte, a Spanish amateur botanist.]

Bot.: A genus of Palms, tribe Arecem (q. v.). It consists of few species, all from South America. The hard outer wood of Iriartea exorrhiza, the Pashiuba or Paxiuba palm of Brazil, is used in this country for making umbrella handles.

Ïr-i-çişm, s. [Eng. Irish; -ism.] An Irishism (q. v.); any Irish peculiarity of behavior.

Ionic sect or school, s. [IONIAN-SCHOOL.]
ið–nid -I-ŭm, s. [Latinized from Greek ion=a
violet (Viola odorata), and eidos=form.]
Bot. A large genus of Violacea, tribe Violeæ,
closely allied to Viola proper. The species are
chiefly from the sub-tropical parts of America.
Ionidium parviflorum and some others are violent
purgatives and emetics. They are used in the dis-
ease Elephantiasis tuberculata, and I. parviflorum,
I. poaya, and I. ituba as substitutes for ipecacu
anha; the last is given in South America in dysen-
tery and gout. I. ipecacuanha is White Ipecacuanha.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, what, fâll, father; wē, wět, here, camel, her, thêre; pine, pit,

i-rid, s. [Lat. iris (genit. iridis); Gr. iris (genit. iridos) the rainbow; the plants described under 2.] 1. Ord. Lang.: The circle round the pupil of the eye; the iris.

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