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intuite

2. (Of persons): To charge with the care, custody, or supervision of anything; to commit or confide the charge or care of anything to. (Followed by with before the thing intrusted.)

For the difference between to intrust and to consign, see CONSIGN.

*in -tu-îte, v. t. [Lat. intuitus, pa. par. of intueor.] [INTUITION.] To perceive by intuition. "As mathematical quantities only come into existence by being intuited or constructed, so the pure concepts only exist when they are thought."-G. H. Lewes: Hist. Philosophy (1880), ii. 512.

in-tu-i-tion, s. [Fr., from Lat. intuitus, pa. par. of intueor to look in or within: in- into, and tueor to look; Sp. intuicion; Ital. intuizione.] 1. Ord. Lang.: The act of looking on; a sight, a view; a regard, an aim.

II. Phil.: A term borrowed from Scholastic Theology, where it signifies a knowledge of God supernaturally obtained, and, by consequence, superior to knowledge obtained by ordinary methods. In passing into the service of Philosophy the word intuition has retained in some measure the idea of superiority, or at least of priority. In the French and Scotch schools all beliefs and judgments presenting themselves spontaneously to the mind, with irresistible evidence, but without the assistance of reasoning or reflection, are called intuitions, axioms, first principles, principles of common sense, or self-evident truths, and the recognition of these intuitions is the fundamental doctrine of Intuitionalism.

In the school of Kant the word intuition (Anschauung) is nearly synonymous with perception; (See extract, and for Schelling's teaching, see T Intellectual Intuition.)

"Intuition is Beholding; considered subjectively it is a mental operation; objectively, it is the product of that operation, the Beheld. Time and Space may therefore be considered as pure forms of the mental operation Beholding; or as products of that operation. In the one case they are transcendental, in the other empirical. Just as we speak of Sensation in general, and of particular sensations, so Kant speaks of Intuition as the general faculty, and of intuitions as the acts and products of that faculty."-G. H. Lewes: Hist. Philosophy (1880), ii. 513.

Intellectual Intuition:

Metaph.: (For def. see extract.)

"In both [the Aloxandrian and German Schools] the incapacity of Reason to solve the problems of Philosophy is openly proclaimed: in both some higher faculty is called in to solve them. Plotinus called this faculty Ecstasy. Schelling called it the Intellectual Intuition. The Ecstasy was not supposed to be a faculty possessed by all men, and at all times; it was only possessed by the few, and by them but sometimes. The Intellectual Intuition was not supposed to be a faculty common to all men; on the contrary, it was held as the endowment only of a few of the privileged: it was the faculty for philosophiz ing."-G. H. Lewes: Hist. Philosophy (1880), ií. 577. In-tu-I-tion-al, a. [Eng. intuition; -al.] Pertaining to, derived from, or characterized by intui

tion; intuitive.

intuitional-reason, s. Phil.: (See extract.) "By Intuitional Reason I here wish to express what the Germans call Vernunft, which they distinguish from Verstand, as Coleridge tried to make Englishmen distinguish between Reason and Understanding. The term Reason is too deeply rooted in our language to be twisted into any new direction, and I hope by the unusual 'Intuitional Reason' to keep the reader's attention alive to the fact that by it is designated the process of the mind engaged in transcendental inquiry."-G. H. Lewes: Hist. Philosophy (1880), i. liv.

In-tu-I-tion-al-Işm, s. [Eng. intuitional; -ism.] Metaph.: The doctrine that the perception of truth is from intuition.

In-tu-I-tion-al-ist, s. [Eng. intuitional; -ist.] An advocate or supporter of the doctrine of intuitionalism. [INTUITION, II.]

"By the Intuitionalists it is asserted that the tendency to form them [primary beliefs] is an intellectual instinct inborn in man."-Carpenter: Mental Physiology, § 201.

in-tu-I-tive, a. [Fr. intuitif, from Lat. intuitus, pa. par. of intueor.] [INTUITION.]

1. Perceived or seen by the mind immediately without the intervention of argument or testimony; exhibiting truth to the mind immediately on inspec

tion.

2. Obtained or received by intuition or simple inspection.

"Sometimes the mind perceives the agreement or disagreement of two ideas immediately by themselves, without the intervention of any other; and this, I think, we may call intuitive knowledge."-Locke: Human Understanding, bk. 17., ch. ii., § 1.

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In-tu-I-tive-ly, adv. [Eng. intuitive; -ly.]

1. In an intuitive manner; by intuition.
"For although with speech they intuitively conceive
realities."-Browne: Vulgar Errors, bk. i., ch. xi.
each other, yet do their apprehensions proceed through
2. On bare inspection; without argument or rea-
soning.
"The truth of mathematical axioms has always been
supposed to be intuitively obvious."-Stewart: Philosophy
of Human Mind, vol. ii., ch. ii., § 1.

in-tu-měs çe, v. i. [Lat. intumesco, from in-
(intens.), and fumesco, incept, of tumeo-to swell.]
To swell; to become enlarged or expanded, as by
heat.

In-tu-měs -çençe, în-tu-měs -çen-çy, s. [Fr.
intumescence, from Lat. intumescens, pr. par. of
intumesco.] [INTUMESCE.]
1. The act, state, or process of swelling or ex-
panding, as with heat; expansion.
2. A swollen or expanded mass.
3. Heat of mind; excitement.
"There is little reason for doubting but the intumes
cence of nations would have found its vent."-Johnson:
Taxation no Tyranny.
*In-tu-mu-lāte, v. t. [Lat. in- in, into, and
tumulatus, pa. par. of tumulo-to bury, to entomb;
tumulus a tomb.] To bury, to inter, to inhume, to
entomb.

=

*In-tu-mu-late, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Latin
tumulatus, pa. par. of tumulo-to bury.] Not bur-
ied; unburied.

turbidus turbid (q. v.).] To make turbid, dark, or
*In-tur-bid-āte, v. t. [Lat. in (intens.), and
confused. (Coleridge.)

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Chem.: C15H2O3=C15 H20O2+H2O. A monobasic acid, prepared by heating inulic anhydride with dilute potash, and decomposing the salt formed with hydrochloric acid. It crystallizes in delicate needles, melting at90, and is sparingly soluble in water, but very soluble in alcohol. When heated above 90°, it gives off its water, and is converted into the anhydride. The potassium and sodium salts are very soluble in water and in alcohol, but crystallizeunstable, decomposing on simply evaporating the with great difficulty. The ammonium salt is very solution. The silver salt, C15H21AgO3, crystallizes in small, brilliant scales. When inulic acid is disacid gas passed into the solution, large colorless solved in absolute alcohol, and dry hydrochloric rhombic crystals are formed, which melt at 140°, This crystalline body forms salts, but they are very decomposing and giving off hydrochloric acid. unstable. Its formula is C15H21O2Cl.

inulic-anhydride, s.

obtained by distilling elecampane root with steam, Chem.: C15H2002. A white crystalline substance, pressing the crystals between blotting-paper, and recrystallizing from alcohol. It is almost insoluble in water, but very soluble in alcohol and ether. It melts at 66°, and boils at 275° with partial decomposition.

In'-u-lin, In'-u-line, s. [Lat., &c., inul (a); -in, (Chem.) (q. v.).],

*In-tur-ges -çençe, *In-tür-gĕs'-çen-çy, subst.
[Lat. inturgescens, pr. par. of inturgesco to swell
up: in- (intens.), and turgesco, incept. of turgeo=toine
swell.] A swelling; the act or state of swelling.
In-turn, s. [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. turn, s.] A
term in wrestling, when one puts his thigh between
those of his adversary, and lifts him up.

"And with a trip i' th' inturn mawl him."
D'Urfey: Collin's Walk.
*in-tüşe', s. [Lat. intusus, pa. par. of intundo
to bruise.] A bruise, a wound.
and susceptus, pa. par. of suscipio-to receive.]
In-tus-sus-çĕpt'-ěd, a. [Latin intus--within,
Anat. (of a vessel or part, &c.): Received within
another vessel or part.

In-tus-sus-çĕp-tion, s. [Pref. intus-, and Eng.
susception (q. v.).].

1. Ord. Lang.: The reception of one part within
another.
2. Anat.: The term used when part of a tube is
inverted within the contiguous part. (Owen.) The
art, operation, or process of taking dead matter
into a living being. (Nicholson.)

of an upper segment of the bowels into a lower.
3. Pathol.: The accidental insertion or protrusion
The varieties are ileo-cæcal, iliac, jejunal, and colic.
It occurs most frequently in infancy and childhood,
and in the adult death ensues in five or six days if
the stricture is not removed. By drawing one por-
tion of a toeless long stocking into the other, a cor-
rect representation of this condition is obtained.
Inflation, practiced long ago by Hippocrates, is the
most successful treatment.

In-twine, en-twine', v. t. [Prefix in- (1), and
Eng. twine (q. v.).].

1. To twine or twist together.

*2. To surround by a winding course.
3. To twine round.

In twine-měnt, s. [Eng. intwine; -ment.] The
act of intwining.

In-twist, en-twist, v. t. [Pref. in- (1), and
Eng. twist (q. v.).] To twist or twine together.
In-u-la, s. [Lat.=inula, probably a corruption
of helenium; Gr. helenion=elecampane.] [Def.]
1. Bot.: The typical genus of the composite sub-
tribe Inule (q. v.). The heads are panicled,
corymbose, or solitary rayed, yellow; the involucre
campanulate, the bracts in many series, the recep-
tacle flat, naked; the ray flowers female or neuter,
in one series ligulate; the dark flowers tubular,
having two sexes; the fruit terete or angled, the
pappus in one series, scabrous. About fifty species

are known.

2. Pharmacy:

(1) [ELECAMPANE, INULIN.]

(2) The dry roots of Inula racemosa, a West Himalayan and Cashmere plant, have a weak aromatic odor like orris, and act as a mild tonic. They are used in veterinary medicine. (Watts.) in-ül-a-mide, s. [Lat. inul (a), and Eng. amide.] Chem.: CH20(OH)CO, NH2. 4. Having the power of discovering truth imme- tained by passing ammoniacal gas into an alcoholic A compound ob diately without reason or argument. solution of inulic anhydride. It crystallizes in feathery crystals, sparingly soluble in alcohol. It melts at 210°, undergoing decomposition, and is very feebly basic.

3. Seeing clearly, not merely believing.

"Whence the soul

Reason receives, and reason is her being,
Discursive, or intuitive."-Milton: P. L., v. 488.

Chem. C6H1005. A soft white tasteless powder, isomeric with and similar in its properties to starch. It is very widely distributed throughout the vegetable kingdom, being found in the roots of elecampane, dandelion, chicory, feverfew, in the tubers of the potato, the dahlia, and the Jerusalem many other plants. It is usually prepared from artichoke, in the seeds of the sunflower, and in the sliced or rasped roots of the elecampane or the dahlia, by boiling with water in the presence of sodium carbonate. The liquid obtained is cooled by a freezing mixture, when the inulin precipitates. To obtain it pure, it is dissolved in hot water, filrepeating this process three or four times, the inutered, and again exposed to a freezing mixture. On lin is obtained perfectly white. It is insoluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in cold water, but very soluble in boiling water. It dissolves in an ammoniacal solution of cupric oxide, the solution yielding, after a few hours, a blue amorphous precipitate, insoluble in water and in ammonia, but soluble in tartaric acid. Its specific gravity is 1349, and its with water in scaled tubes at 100, or when boiled optical lævo-rotatory power [a]D=346. When heated with dilute sulphuric acid, it is converted into a sugar, which has all the properties of levulose. Inulin is distinguished from starch by its giving a yellow or yellowish-brown instead of a blue color with iodine; by its solubility in aqueous cuprammonia, and by its inalterability under the influence of ferments. It appears to be a substance intermediate between gums and starch. Inulin has lately been examined by H. Kiliani. He assigns to it the formula, C36H62031=6C6H10O5+H2O.

în'-u-lŏl, s. [Lat., &c., inul(a); English, &c., (alcoh)ol(?).L

Chem.: C10H16O. A yellowish liquid, having an aromatic taste and an odor of peppermint, ob tained by distilling elecampane root, Inula helenium, with steam. The white crystalline mass which comes over is pressed between blotting-paper, ward recovered in a tolerably pure state by distill which absorbs the inulol, and this may be afterwhen distilled with phosphorus pentasulphide, a ing the paper with steam. It boils at 200°, and hydrocarbon, C10H14, is obtained, which boils at

175°.

*In-um'-brāte, v. t. [Lat. inumbratus, pa. par. of inumbro: in-=in, into, and umbra a shade.] To shade; to cover with shade; to darken.

*In-um-bra-tion, s. [Lat. inumbratio, from inumbratus, pa. par. of inumbro-to darken.] Shade, shadow, overshadowing.

side."-P. Holland: Plutarch, p. 956.
"The obstruction and inumbration beginneth on that

*In-unct -ěd, a. [Lat. inunctus, pa. par. of inungo to anoint.] Anointed.

In-unc-tion, s. [Lat. inunctio, from inunctus, or anointing; unction. pa. par. of inungo to anoint.] The act of smearing *In-unc-tu-Ŏs'-I-ty, s. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. unctuosity (q. v.).] Want or absence of unctuosity; absence of greasiness or oiliness perceptible to the touch.

inundant

*In-un-dant, a. [Lat. inundans, pr, par. of inundo to flow over, to overflow: in--in, upon, and unda a wave.] Overflowing.

"Costly draughts, inundant bowls of joy." Shenstone: Economy. In-un-da-tæ, s. pl. [Nom. fem. pl. of Lat. inundatus.] [INUNDATE.]

Bot. The name given by Linnæus to the fortyeighth class of his Natural System of Botany. He included under it the genera Hippuris, Elatine, Ruppia, Typha, &c.

In-un-date, în-un-date, v. t. _[Lat. inundatus, pa. par. of inundo-to overflow; Fr. inonder; Ital. inondare; Sp. inundar.]

1. Lit.: To spread over or cover with a flood; to overflow, to flood; to submerge, to deluge. 2. Fig. To fill to overflowing; to fill with overabundance or superfluity; to swamp.

In'-in-date, a. [INUNDATE, v.]

Bot. & Geog.: Flooded. (Treas. of Bot.) In-un-dā -tion, s. [Lat. inundatio, from inundatus, pa. par. of inundo-to overflow; Fr. inondation; Sp. inundacion; Ital. inondazione.]

I. Literally:

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In-u-til-i-ty, s. [Fr. inutilité, from Lat. inutilitatem, accus, of inutilitas, from inutilis-useless.] The quality or state of being useless or unprofitable; uselessness; unprofitableness. "On their own opinion of their inutility."-Burke: Econom. Reform.

In-ŭt-têr-a-ble, a. [Pref. in- (2), and English utterable (q. v.).] Incapable of being uttered or told; unutterable; unspeakable.

"They fill the mind with inutterable remorse and horror."-Hurd: Sermons.

*In ́-u-ŭs, s. [Lat. Inuus=another name for the rural god Pan.]

Simiada, destitute of a tail. It is now merged in Zool.: An obsolete genus of Old World monkeys, Macacus (q. v.).

In vǎc'-u-ō, phr. [Lat.-in what is empty.] 1. Phys.: In a vacuum; with the air exhausted. 2. Law:

(1) Without object.

(2) Without concomitants or coherence. (Wharton.)

In-văde', v. t. & i. [O. Fr. invader, from Lat. invado, from in--in, into, and vado to go; Ital.

1. The act of inundating or overflowing; the invadere; Sp. & Port. invadir.] state of being inundated or flooded.

2. An overflow of waters; a flood, a deluge. II. Fig.: An overflowing or overspreading of any kind; a flood.

"Many good towns, through that inundation of the Irish were utterly wasted."-Spenser: Present State of Ireland.

finundation-mud, s.

Geol.: The same as LOESS (q. v.).

*In-un-der-stǎnd -ing, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. understanding (q. v.).] Wanting or void of understanding.

In-ur-bane, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. urbane (q. v.). Not urbane; uncivil, uncourteous, impolite, rough.

In-ür-bảne-lý, ade. [Eng, inurbane; -ly.] In an uncivil, uncourteous, or rough manner; not urbanely; uncivilly.

In-ur-bane-ness, s.

[Eng. inurbane; -ness.] The quality or state of being inurbane; incivility. In-ur-băn-1-ty, s. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. urbanity (q. v.).] Incivility, impoliteness; rude, unpolished manners.

"Such idle stuff as his own servile inurbanity forbears not to put into the Apostle's mouth."-Milton: Colasterion.

In-üre', *en-ure, v. t. & i. [Pref. in- (1), and Mid. Eng. ure=work, operation, use; O. Fr. ovre, ævre, uevre, eure, from Lat. opera-work.]

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Law: To pass into use; to take or have effect; to serve to the use or benefit of.

In-üre-ment, s. [Eng. inure; -ment.] The act of inuring; the state of being inured; practice, habit, use.

"Education being nothing else but a constant plight

and inurement."-Wotton: Remains.

In-urn', v. t. [Pref. in- (1), and English urn (q. v.).) To put into a funeral urn; to bury, to inter, to intomb.

"The sepulchre Wherein we saw thee quietly inurned." Shakesp.: Hamlet. *In-üş -I-tāte, a. [INUSITATION.] Unusual; out of the common order.

*In-uş-i-tā -tion, s. [Lat. inusitatus unused: in--not, and usitatus used, practiced.], The quality or state of being disused; disuse, neglect. "The mamma of the male have not vanished by inusitation."-Paley: Natural Theology.

*In-ŭst, a. [Lat. inustus, pa. par. of inuro to burn in.] Burnt in.

*In-ust'-ion (ion as yun), s. [Lat. inustio, from inustus, pa. par. of inuro: in (intens.), and uro-to burn.] The act of burning in; the act of branding. *In-u'-tile, a. [Fr., from Lat. inutilis, from in=not; utilis useful; utor to use.] Useless, unprofitable.

A. Transitive:

1. To go or pass into; to enter.

2. To pass into or enter with hostile intentions; to enter as an enemy, with intent to conquer or plunder; to make an invasion into; to enter by force. "Let others with insatiate thirst of rule Invade their neighbor's lands." J. Philips: Blenheim.

3. To attack, to assault. "With dangerous expedition to invade Heaven, whose high walls fear no assault, or siege, Or ambush.' Milton: P. L., ii. 242. 4. To intrude or intrench upon; to encroach on; to violate; to infringe.

"The ancients thus their rules invade, As kings dispense with laws themselves have made." Pope: Essay on Criticism, 161. B. Intrans.: To make an invasion. "Where small and great, where weak and mighty made To serve, not suffer, strengthen, not invade.'

Pope: Essay on Man, iii. 298. For the difference between to invade and to encroach, see ENCROACH.

In-văd -ễr, s. [Eng. invad(e); -er.] One who invades, attacks, assaults, or encroaches; an assailant; an intruder.

"Who order'd Gideon forth,

To storm the invader's camp." Cowper: Olney Hymns, iv. to bind over by bail.] In gage, in pledge. In vả -di-ỏ, phr. [Mod. Lat., from Lat. vador=

In-vǎg-I-nate, v. t. [Lat. in--in, and vagina= a sheath. To sheathe; to put into a sheath." In-vǎg-I-na-tion, s. [INVAGINATE.] Anat. & Pathol.: The same as INTUSSUSCEPTION \q. v.).

*In-va-lès-çençe, s. [Lat. invalescens, pr. par. of invalesco to become strong: in- (intens.), and valesco to become strong, incept. of valeo to be strong or well.] Strength, health, force. *In-văl-ě-tüd'-in-a-ry, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. valetudinary (q. v.).] Wanting health; not healthy, not strong.

In-vǎl-id, a. & s. [Fr. invalide, from Lat. invalidus, from in--not, and validus strong: valeo to be strong or well; Ital. & Sp. invalido.] A. As adjective:

I. Ordinary Language:

1. Of no force, weight, or cogency.

"But this I urge,
Admitting motion in the heavens, to shew
Invalid, that which thee to doubt it moved."
Milton: P. L., viii., 116.

2. Not strong; in ill health; delicate, ill. In this second sense, and as a substantive, the pronunciation is in-va-lid.

II. Law: Having no force or effect; null; void. "The bishop did now clearly perceive how invalid and insufficient it [the marriage] was."-Burnet: Hist. Reformation, an. 1527.

B. As substantive:

1. One who is not strong in health; one who is weak, infirm, or delicate. 2. A soldier or sailor disabled either by sickness or wounds for active service.

Invalid is a general and patient a particular term; a person may be an invalid without being a "To refer to heat and cold is a compendious and inutile patient; he may be a patient without being an speculation."-Bacon: Natural History.

fate, făt, färe, amidst, what, fâll,

invalid.

invariable-function

invalid-bed, s. A bed having conveniences for the sick or the wounded, having elevating head and shoulder portion, to give the patient a change of position; a portion which conforms to the shape of the bended knees, and other conveniences for the patient's comfort.

invalid-chair, s. A chair capable of assuming and retaining any required position from the erect to the prone.

In-va-lîd', v. t. & i. [INVALID, α.]
A. Transitive:

1. To affect with disease or illness; to render an invalid.

"Drawing the invalided stroller's arm through his.”— Dickens: Pickwick, ch. xlv.

2. To register as an invalid; to insert in the list of persons unfit for military or naval duty; to give leave of absence from duty on account of illness or ill health.

B. Intrans.: To consent to be placed on the list of invalids.

In-vǎl-I-date, v. t. [Eng. invalid; -ate; Fr. invalider; Sp. invalidar: Ital. invalidare.] To make invalid or not valid; to weaken, lessen, or destroy the validity or force of; to render of no effect or force; to overthrow.

is in itself of the same force, whether or not it convinces "Argument is to be invalidated only by argument, and him by whom it is proposed."-Rambler, No. 14.

In-vǎl-I-da-tion, s. [INVALIDATE.] The state of invalidating or rendering invalid; the state of being invalidated.

"So many invalidations of their rights."-Burke: Powers of Juries.

In-va-lîd-Işm, s. [English invalid; -ism.] The quality or state of being an invalid; sickness, ill health.

In-va-lid-I-ty, s. [Fr. invalidité, from Latin invaliditatem, accus. of invaliditas, from invalidus =not strong, invalid q. v.).]

1. Want of validity, legal force, or efficacy; want of cogency.

"I'll show the invalidity of their objection.”—Glanvill: Pre-existence of Souls, ch. iv.

2. Want of bodily health or strength; infirmity. "He ordered that none who could work should be idle; and that none who could not work, by age, weakness, or invalidity, should want."-Temple.

In-vǎl-id-ness, s. [Eng. invalid; -ness.] Inva

lidity.

In-vǎl-or-ous, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. valorous (q. v.).] Wanting in courage; timid, timorous. In-vǎl-u-a-ble, a. [Pref. in- (intens.), and Eng. valuable (q. v.).] Precious above estimation; so valuable that its worth cannot be estimated; of inestimable value.

"His friends adjured him to take more care of a life invaluable to his country."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vii. In an invaluable manner or degree; above all estiIn-vǎl-u-a-bly, adv. [Eng. invaluab(le); -ly.] mation; inestimably.

"That invaluably precious blood of the Sonne of God." -Bp. Hall: Sermon of Thanksgiving, Jan., 1625. *In-văl-ued, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. valued (q.v.).] Invaluable; inestimable.

"Closely conveys this great invalued spoil." Drayton: Barons' Wars, vi. 15. In-vär-I-a-bil-I-ty, s. [Eng. invariable; -ity.] The quality or state of being invariable; invaria"This invariability in the birds' operations."-Digby: Of Bodies, ch. xxxvii.

bleness.

In-vär-I-a-ble, a. & s. [Fr.]

A. As adj.: Not variable; not subject or liable to change; constant in the same state; unchangeable, unalterable.

"According to some invariable and certain laws."Burke: On Taste. (Introd.)

B. As substantive:

Math.: An invariable quantity; a constant. invariable-function, s.

Math.: A function which enters an equation, and which may vary under certain circumstances, but which does not vary under the conditions imposed by the equation, is called the invariable of the equation. In a common differential equation which holds true for all values of x and y, the only invariables must be absolute constants; but in an equation of differences in which the value of r only passes from one whole number to another, any function which does not change value while passes from one whole number to another, may be an invariable.

pine, plt,

sïre, sir,

father; wē, wět, here, camel, her, thêre;

marîne; gō, pot,

invariableness

In-vär-I-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. invariable; -ness.] The quality or state of being invariable; constancy of state; unchangeableness; immutability.

"From the dignity of their intellect arises the invariableness of their wills."-Mountagu: Devout Essays, pt. ii., tr. ii., § 3.

in-vär -1-a-bly, adv. [Eng. invariab(le); -ly.] In an invariable manner; without changing or altering; constantly; uniformly.

"He almost invariably took that view of the great questions of his time which history has finally adopted." -Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi.

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in-vär-1-ant, s. [Fr.]

Math.: An invariable quantity; more specifically a function of the coefficients of one or more forms which remains unaltered, when these undergo suitable linear transformations. (J. J. Sylvester.) *In-vär -ied, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. varied (q. v.).] Unvaried, invariable, unchanging.

In-vă-şion, s. [French, from Lat. invasionem, accus. of invasio=a going in, from invasus, pa. par. of invado to invade (q. v.); Sp. invasion; Italian invasione.]

1. The act of invading; the act of entering into the country of another with a view to conquest or plunder; a hostile attack upon or entrance into the territory of others.

"Found able by invasion to annoy Thy country.” Milton: P. R., iii. 365. 2 An attack or encroachment on the rights or privileges of others; infringement; violation.

3. The approach or assault of anything dangerous or pernicious.

"What demonstrates the plague to be endemial to Egypt, is its invasion and going off at certain seasons."Arbuthnot.

Invasion expresses merely the general idea, without any particular qualification; incursion signifies a hasty and sudden invasion; irruption signifies a particularly violent invasion; inroad signifies a making a road or way for one's self, which includes invasion and occupation. (Crabb: Eng. Synon.)

In-vă -sive, a. [Low Lat. invasivus, from Lat. invasus, pa. par. of invado to invade (q. v.); Fr. invasif.] Invading; aggressive.

"With them to dare The fiercest terrors of invasive war." Hoole: Orlando Furioso, bk. xxxiii. *In-věck-eě, a. [Etym. doubtful.] Her.: A term used by writers on heraldry for double arching. [ARCHED.]

In-věct, v. i. to carry into, to

[Lat. invectus, pa. par. of inveho=
inveigh (q. v.).] To inveigh.

"Fool that I am, thus to invect against her."

Beaum. & Flet.: Faithful Friend, iii. 3. In-věct ěd, a. [Lat. invectus, pa. par. of inveho to carry in.]

Her.: The reverse to engrailed, all the points turning inward to the ordinary thus borne, with the semicircles outward to the field.

In-věc-tion, s. [Lat. invectio, from invectus, pa. par. of inveho.] Invective.

In-věc -tive, s. & a. [Fr., from Lat. invectivus, from invectus, pa. par. of inveho-to inveigh (q. v.); Sp. invectiva, Ital. invettiva.]

A. As subst.: A censorious or vituperate attack on a person; a censure in speech or writing; a severe or violent expression of censure or abuse; a bitter and reproachful accusation.

"A tide of fierce
Invective seemed to wait behind her lips."
Tennyson: Princess, iv. 451.
B. As adj.: Censorious, satirical, vituperative,

abusive.

"Satire among the Romans, but not among the Greeks, was a biting invective poem."-Dryden: Juvenal. (Dedic.) In-věc-tive-ly, adv. [Eng. invective; -ly.] In the manner of invective; abusively, censoriously, satirically.

"Thus most invectively he pierceth through The body of the country, city, court." Shakesp.: As You Like It, ii. 1. +In-věc-five-ness, s. [Eug. invective; -ness.] The quality of being invective or vituperative; abusiveness.

"Some wonder at his invectiveness."-Fuller: Worthies;

Hants.

in-veigh' (eigh as a) *in-vey, v. t. [Lat. inveho to carry into or to, to inveigh: in--in, into, and reho to carry; Sp. invehir.] To utter or make use of invectives; to exclaim censoriously and abusively

2367

against a person or thing; to declaim; to utter cen-
sorious and bitter language. (Usually followed by
against, but sometimes by at and on.)}

"In regretting the depopulation of the country, I
inveigh against the increase of our luxuries."-Goldsmith:
Deserted Village. (To Sir Joshua Reynolds.)

in-veigh -er (eigh as a), s. [Eng. inveigh; -er.] One who inveighs; a railer.

"One of these inreighers against mercury, in seven weeks, could not cure one small herpes in the face."Wiseman: Surgery, bk. viii., ch. ii.

In-vei-gle, *ĕn-vēi'-gle, *in-vea-gle, v. t. [Etym. doubtful; by some thought to be a corrup tion of Fr. aveugler to blind, from Low Lat. aboculus-blind; Lat. ab- away, from, and oculus an eye. By others referred to Ital. invogliare to give a desire to, to make one long for, from in--in, voglia =a wish; Lat. volo to wish. Puttenham, in 1587, ranks this word with those which had been quite recently introduced into the language.] To persuade to something bad or hurtful; to entice, to seduce, to allure, to wheedle, to entrap.

"A serjeant made use of me to inveigle country fellows, and list them in the service of the parliament."-Tatler,

No. 249.

In-vei'-gle-ment, s. [Eng. inveigle; -ment.]
1. The act of inveigling; seduction to evil; entice-
2. That which inveigles, seduces, or allures; en-
ticement.

ment.

"Through the inveiglements of the world, and the
frailty of his nature."-South: Sermons, vol. vi., ser. 4.
In-vei-gler, *ĕn-vēi'-gler, s. [Eng. inveigl(e);
-er.] One who inveigles, entices, or seduces to evil;
an allurer, an enticer.

"As still is seene in court enueiglers are
Procurers of despite and avarice."
Mirror for Magistrates, p. 165.
In-veil (ei as ā), *in-vayl, v. t. [Pref. in- (1),
and Eng. veil (q. v.).] To cover, as with a veil; to
veil, to cover.

In-vend-I-bil-I-ty, s. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng.
vendibility (q. v.).] The quality or state of being
invendible; unsalableness.

"All that is terrible in this case is, that the author may
be laughed at, and the stationer beggared by the book's
invendibility."-Brome. (To the Reader.)
In-vend'-I-ble, a. [Pref. in- (2), and English
vendible (q. v.).] Not vendible; not salable; un-
salable.

In-věnt', v. t. [Fr. inventer, from Lat. inventus,
pa. par. of invenio to come upon, to find, to invent,
from in--in, upon, and venio = to come; Sp. in-
ventar; Ital. inventare.]

*1. To come or light upon; to find, to meet with.
"[She] vowed neuer to returne againe,
Till him aliue or dead she did invent."
Spenser: FQ., III. v. 10.

*2. To find out, to discover.
"Zoroastres, kyng of the Bactrians, who is reported to
haue fyrst inuented arte-magicke."-Goldyng: Justine,
fo. 1.

3. To contrive and produce, as a thing that did
not exist previously.

"They hunt old trails,' said Cyril, 'very well;
But when did woman ever yet invent?n
Tennyson: Princess, ii. 369.

4. To frame by the imagination; to excogitate, to
devise, to concoct, to fabricate. (Used in a good or
bad sense.)

"And they layde their heades togither, till they had inuented an other captious question." -Barnes: Works,

p. 223.

*5. To feign.

¶ (1) To invent, feign, and frame are all occasionally employed in the ordinary concerns of life, and in a bad sense; fabricate and forge are never used any otherwise. Invent is employed as to that which is the fruit of one's own mind; to feign is employed as to that which is unreal; to frame is employed as to that which requires deliberation and arrangement; to fabricate and forge are employed as to that which is absolutely false, and requiring more or less exercise of the inventive power. (Crabb: Eng. Synon.)

(2) For the difference between to invent and to
contrive, see CONTRIVE; for that between to invent
and to find, see FIND.

In-věnt-êr, s. [INVENTOR.]
In-věnt'-fál, a. [English invent; ful().] Full
of invention; inventive.
ble of being invented; discoverable.
In-vent-i-ble, a. [Eng. invent; -able.] Capa-

"I thought there had been but one only exquisite way
inventible."-Century of Inventions, No. 67.
In-věnt-I-ble-ness, s. [Eng. inventible; -ness.]
The quality or state of being inventible.
chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this;
zhun. -tious, -cious,
-tion, -şion

inventory

In-ven -tion, *in-ven-cion, s. [Fr. invention, from Lat. inventionem, accus. of inventio=a coming upon, a finding out, from inventus, pa. par. of invenio to find out, to invent; Sp. invencion; Ital. invenzione.]

*1. The act of coming upon, meeting with, or finding; as, the Invention of the Cross of St. Helena. 2. The act, operation, or process of finding out or discovering something new, or not previously known; discovery.

"The finding out of apt matter, called otherwise invention, is a searching out of things true or things likely."Wilson: Arte of Rhetorique, p. 6.

3. The act of excogitating, devising, or producing mentally; excogitation.

"Generally all stanzas are, in my opinion, but tyrants and torturers, when they make invention obey their num ber, which sometimes would otherwise scantle itself."Drayton: Barons' Wars. (Pref.)

4. The act of contriving, framing, and producing something new; as, the invention of the steamengine.

5. The power or faculty of inventing or excogitating; that skill or ingenuity which is, or may be, employed in contriving, devising, or excogitating anything new; the creative and imaginative faculty; specifically, in art, the conception or representation of a subject, the selection and disposition of its various parts, and the whole means by which the artist seeks to portray his thoughts.

"Gifted by nature with fertile invention, an ardent temperament, and great powers of persuasion."-Macau lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx.

6. That which is invented; an original contrivance.
"The invention all admired; and each how he
To be the inventor missed, so easy it seemed,
Once found."
Milton: P. L., vi. 498.

7. That which is mentally invented or excogitated; a thought, a desire, a scheme, a forgery, a fabrica tion, a fiction.

"We hear our bloody cousins, not confessing Their cruel parricide, filling their hearers With strange invention." Shakesp.: Macbeth. 8. Music: A term used by J. S. Bach, and probably by him only, for small pianoforte pieces, each developing a single idea, and in some measure answering to the impromptu of a later day.

Invention of the Cross:

Ecclesiology and Church History:
1. The alleged finding of the cross of Our Lord by
Helena, mother of Constantine the Great. [HOLY-
CROSS.]

2. A feast, celebrated on May 3, in honor of the
event mentioned above. It is said to have been first
celebrated in the Church of Santa Croce, at Rome.
Gregory XI. (1370-78), who brought back the seat of
the Popedom from Avignon to Rome, ordered a
special office to be composed for this feast. Clem-
ent VIII. (1592-1605) raised it to a double of the sec-
ond class, and removed parts of the old office.
*In-vĕn'-tious, a. [English invent; -ious.] In-

ventive.

In-věnt'-Ive, a. [Fr. inventif, from Lat. inventus, pa. par. of invenio: Ital. & Sp. inventivo.]. 1. Quick at contrivance; ready at expedients; fertile in invention, imagination, or contrivance. "A beautiful and perfect whole Which busy man's inventive brain Toils to anticipate, in vain."

Cowper: Epistle to Lady Austen,

2. Fabricating, false. "The queen's fond hope inventive rumor cheers." Pope: Homer's Odyssey, i. 523. In-věnt-Ive-1y, adv. [Eng. inventive; -ly.] By the means or power of invention.

In-vĕnt'-Ive-ness, s. [Eng. inventive; -ness.] The quality or stato of being inventive; the faculty of invention; invention.

In-vent-or, în-vent-er, s. [French inventeur, from Lat. inventorem, accus. of inventor a discov erer, from inventus, pa. par. of invenio; Ital. inventore.]. One who invents, contrives, or produces something new.

"O mighty-mouthed inventor of harmonies." Tennyson: Milton. In-věn-tör'-I-al, a. [Eng. inventory; -al.] Of or pertaining to an inventory.

In-ven-tör-i-al-ly, adverb. [Eng. inventorial; -ly.] In manner of an inventory.

"To divide him inventorially would dizzy the arithmetic of memory."-Shakesp.: Hamlet, v. 2.

in'-věn-tory, *in-ven-tar-ie, *in-ven tor-ie, 8. [Lat. inventorium; Fr. inventaire; Ital., Sp. & Port. inventario.] A list or catalogue of goods and chattels, containing a full, true, and particular description of each, with its value, made on various occasions, as on the sale of goods, decease of a person, storage of goods for safety, &c.; hence, generally a list, an account, a catalogue. expect, sin, aş; -sious shús.

Xenophon, exist

inventory

In-věn-tôr-y, v. t. [INVENTORY, 8.] To make or draw up an inventory of; to set down in an inventory; to make a list, catalogue, or schedule of. "The philosopher thought friends were to be inventoried as well as goods."-Government of the Tongue. In-věn -tress, s. [Eng. inventor; -ess.] A female

who invents.

"Cecilia came,

Inventress of the vocal frame."
Dryden: Ode on St. Cecilia's Day.

In-vĕr-, pref. [Gael.], A confluence of rivers. It is used largely as an element in place names in Scotland, as Inverness, Inverary, &c. In-vĕr-i-sim-11 -1-tüde, s. [Pref. in (2), and English verisimilitude (q. v.).] Want of verisimilitude; improbability. in-ver-min-a-tion, s. [Lat. in- within, and verminatio (genit. verminationis)=the worms, the bots; from vermino, to be troubled with worms; vermis = a worm.] The same as HELMINTHIASIS (q. v.).

*In-ver-nǎc-u-lo, s. [Sp.] A greenhouse for preserving plants in winter.

în-verse', a. [O. Fr. invers (Fr. inverse), from Lat. inversus, pa. par. of inverto-to invert (q. v.); Ital. & Sp. inverso.]

1. Ord. Lang.: Opposite in order or relation; inverted, reciprocal; opposed to direct.

II. Technically:

1. Bot.: The same as INVERTED (q. v.).

2. Math.: Two operations are inverse, when the

one is exactly contrary to the other, or when, being performed in succession upon a given quantity, that quantity remains unaltered. Addition and subtraction are inverse operations, for, if we add to a the quantity b, and from the sum subtract the quantity b, the result will be a. Multiplication and division, raising to powers and extracting roots, differentiation and integration, are all inverse operations. If two variable quantities are con nected by an equation, either one is a function of the other. If it be agreed to call the first a direct function of the second, then is the second an inverse function of the first. The forms of direct and in

verse functions, as dependent upon the connecting equation, may be determined by solving the equation with respect to each function separately.

2368

5. Milit.: A movement in tactics by which the order of companies in line is inverted, the right being on the left, the left on the right, and so on.

6. Mus.: The transposition of certain phrases having a common root. (1) The inversion of a chord is effected by making one of the inner notes act as a bass note, and by this means as many inversions can be made as there are actual notes in the chord, not counting the root. In such inversions the harmony remains the same, although the order of component parts is changed. (2) Intervals are inverted by making that which was the upper note the lower, and the reverse. The inversion of an interval within the octave may readily be found in the difference between the figure 9 and the interval known; then an interval of a second becomes a seventh by inversion, &c. (3) The inversion of a subject is produced by inverting the intervals of which it consists. speaker tries to show that the arguments of his 7. Rhet. A mode of argument by which the opponent tell against his own cause, and in favor of the speaker's.

toward, up, and verto-to turn; Ital. invertere.] In-vert, v. t. [Lat. inverto-to turn over: in I. Ordinary Language:

contrary position or order. 1. To turn upside down; to place in an inverse or

"The spear inverted, streaks the dust around." Pitt: Virgil's Æneid, i.

2. To divert; to turn into another channel or to another purpose; to embezzle.

II. Technically:

form a chord, or the parts which compose harmony. 1. Mus. To change the order of the notes which 2. Math.: To place in a contrary order. To invert the terms of a fraction is to put the numerator in place of the denominator, and the reverse. in-vert, s. [INVERT, v.]

1. An inverted arch.

2. The floor of a canal lock-chamber. It is usually an inverted arch.

3. The lower part or bottom of a sewer, drain, &c invert-sugar, s.

Chem.: A mixture of dextrose and lævulose, ob tained by boiling a solution of cane sugar, acidulated with sulphuric acid, and afterward removing the acid with chalk. C12H22O11=C6H12O6 +-C6H10O5. It is sweeter than cane sugar, and rotates the plane of polarization to the left (-25). Honey is the Math. The application of the rule of three in a sugar of the nectaries of flowers, inverted by a ferreverse or contrary order. ment in the body of the bee.

inverse or reciprocal proportion, s.

inverse or reciprocal ratio, s.

Math.: The ratio of the reciprocals of two quantities.

In-versed, a. [Eng. invers(e); -ed.] Inverted; turned upside down.

in-verse-ly, adv. [Eng. inverse; -ly.] In an inverse or inverted order or manner; in an inverse ratio or proportion; as, when one thing is greater or less in proportion, as another is less or greater. In-ver-sion, s. [Latin inversio, from inversus, pa. par. of inverto-to invert (q. v.); Fr. & Sp. in version; Ital. inversione.]

[blocks in formation]

1. Chem. The change which takes place when starch, dextrin, or sugar is boiled with a dilute acid. Different acids act with various degrees of rapidity; mineral more quickly than organic acids; sulphuric acid the most quickly of all. Thus starch and dextrin are changed into glucose, cane-sugar into invert sugar, maltose into glucose, &c. Inversion may also take place in the presence of ferments, or by prolonged boiling with water.

2. Geol.: The overturning or folding over of strata by igneous agency, so that the order of their succession seems reversed.

3. Gram.: A change of the natural order of words in a sentence.

"Accustomed now to a different method of ondering our words, we call this an inversion, and consider it as a forced and unnatural order of speech."-Blair, vol. i., lect. 7.

4. Math.: The operation of changing the order of the terms, so that the antecedent shall take the place of the consequent and the reverse, in both couplets. Thus, from the proportion ab::c: d, we have, by inversion, bad: c.

fate, făt, färe, amidst, what, fâll,

In-vert-ant, a. [Fr.]

Her.: The same as INVERTED (q. v.). In-vert -ě-bral, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Lat. vertebr(a)=a joint; suff. al.] The same as INVERTEBRATE, adj. (q. v.)

in-ver-tě-bră'-ta, s. pl. [Pref. in-; Lat. vertebra a joint, especially one belonging to the spine, and neut. pl. suff. -ata.]

Zool.: A subdivision of the Animal Kingdom, containing the animals which have no jointed, bony, or cartilaginous spinal column, with a brain-case or limbs connected with an internal skeleton. The adults want even the cartilaginous rod or notochord, though rudiments of it exist in the young of the Tunicated mollusks. A great group, or division founded, like the Invertebrata, on negative characters, is not homogeneous or natural, and animals of immense variety of form and structure are brought together by the negative character of their being invertebrate. They are divided into the following great groups or types: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Ver Echinodermata, Zoophyta, and Protozoa, with two intermediate or connecting groups, the Tunicata and the Molluscoida.

mes,

In-vert-ě-brate, a. & s. [INVERTEBRATA.]
A. As adjective:

1. Lit.: Destitute of vertebræ.

"It was evident that there was no proportion or equiv alency between the vertebrate and the invertebrate groups."—Owen: Compar. Anat.; Invertebratæ ( Animals). 2. Fig.: Wanting in material or mental power; weak.

Radical ones-so long as they are not invertebrate."—Il"To me the Tory lyrics are quite as delightful as the lust, London News.

B. As subst.: An animal destitute of vertebræ. In-vert-ě-brāt-ěd, a. [Eng. invertebrat(e); ed.] Not having a backbone; invertebrate. in-vērt -ěd, pa. par. & a. [INVERT, v.] A. As pa. par.: (See the verb.)

B. As adjective:

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Having the apex of one thing in an opposite direction to that of another, as in many seeds.

2. Geol. (of strata): So tilted over by igneous or other agency that their position with respect to other strata is the opposite of what it originally was. Hence, unless special care be taken, its age, as tested by superposition, may be misread. The most ancient rocks are those most likely to be inverted.

strata are inverted, the Lower Silurian (which he now "Professor Sedgwick has shown, indeed, that these calls Cambrian), overlying the Devonian or Old Red rocks."-Murchison Siluria, ch. vii.

3. Her.: Turned the wrong way; as wings are said to be inverted when the points are turned downward.

inverted-arch, s.

Arch.: An arch whose crown is downward; the key-stone being the lowest of the voussoirs, and the springings the highest. It is used in foundations, the floors of tunnels, &c.

inverted-commas, s. pl.

Print. Commas turned upside down; they are used as the sign of a quotation (" ").

In-vert-ěd-ly, adv. [Eng inverted; -ly.] In an inverse, contrary, or inverted order.

in-vert-i-ble (1), a. [Eng. invert; -ible.] Ca pable of being inverted.

to turn.] Incapable of being turned; inflexible. in-vert-1-ble (2), a. [Lat. in-=not, and verto= In-vert-in, s. [English invert; and suff. -in (Chem.).]

Chem. The active principle of the yeast plant, obtained by repeatedly washing yeast, first with water and then with alcohol. On shaking up the residue with ether, the invertin which rises to the surface is removed and carefully dried. Invertin has the power of inverting cane sugar, but has no action on maltose.

vestio to clothe in or with: in--in, and vestio=to in-věst, v. t. & i. [Fr. investir, from Lat in clothe; vestis a dress, clothing; Sp. investir; Ital. investire.]

A. Transitive:

I. Ordinary Language: *1. To dress, to clothe, to array. (Followed by with or in.) "Invest me in my motley." Shakesp.: As You Like It, ii. 7. *2. To put on; to clothe, attire, or array with. "Alas! for pittie that so fair a crewe Cannot find one this girdle to invest.' Spenser: F. Q., IV. v. 18.

*3. To cover, as with a dress
"Thou .. with a mantle did invest
The rising world of waters dark and deep."
Milton P. L., iii. 10.
*4. To cover, to fill.

"Palmy shades and aromatic woods,
That grace the plains, invest the peopled hills,
And up the more than Alpine mountain wave.'
Thomson: Summer, 762.

5. To clothe as with an office or authority; to place in possession of a rank, office, or dignity. "The licence of traducing the executive power with which you own he is invested."-Dryden: Epistle to the Whigs.

*6. To adorn, to grace, to bedeck; as with clothes or ornaments.

"For this they have been thoughtful to invest Their sons with arts and martial exercises." Shakesp. Henry IV., Pt. II., iv. 5.

*7. To confer, to give.

"If there can be found such an inequality between man and man, as there is between man and beast: or between soul and body, it investeth a right of government."-Bacon.

8. To expend, as money in the purchase of some kind of property, usually of a permanent nature; as, to invest money in land.

II. Milit.: To blockade, to beleaguer, to surround or inclose with forces, so as to intercept succor of men or provisions.

B. Intrans. To make an investment; as, to invest in bank stock.

One is invested with that which is external; one is endued with that which is internal. We invest a person with an office or a dignity: one endues a per

I. Ord. Lang.: Turned upside down; turned the son with good qualities. The king is invested with contrary way; reversed, inverse.

father;

supreme authority; a lover endues his mistress with every earthly perfection. (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) *In-věs -ti ent, a. [Lat. inrestiens, pr. par. of investio.] Covering, clothing. pine, pit, sïre, sir,

"O Winter, ruler of the inverted year, Thy scattered hair with sleet like ashes filled." Cowper: Task, iv. 120. wẽ, wět, here, camel, her, thêre;

marîne; gō, pot, ey = å. qu

investigable

In-věs -tig-a-ble (1), a. [Lat. investigabilis, from investigo to track out.] That may or can be investigated, searched out, or discovered by reasoning or research.

*in-věs -tig-a-ble (2), a. [Low Lat. investiga. bilis, from Lat. in--not, and vestigo to track out.] That cannot be investigated or searched out; unsearchable.

"Through the investigable deep."

Cotton: Eighth Psalm Paraphrased. In-věs -ti-gāte, v. t. [Lat. investigatus, pa. par. of investigo to track out: in--in, and vestigo=to trace; vestigium=a footstep, a track; Sp. & Port. investigar Ital. investigare.] To search or trace out; to follow up, to pursue, to search into; to examine and inquire into carefully and closely; to examine into with care and accuracy.

in-věs-ti-gā -tion, s. [Lat. investigatio, from investigatus, pa. par. of investigo; Fr. investigation; Sp. investigacion; Italian investigazione.] The act of investigation, inquiring, or examining closely into any thing or matter; close and careful examination or research; scrutiny, inquiry, inquisi

tion.

The delight which the mind feels in the investigation of secrets."-Johnson: Life of Dryden.

In-věs -ti-gā-tive, a. [Eng. investigat(e) ; -ive.] Given to investigation; curious, careful, and exact in examination or investigation.

in-věs -ti-gå-tõr, s. [Lat., from investigatus, pa. par. of investigo; Fr. investigateur; Ital. investigatore; Sp. investigador.] One who investigates

or inquires carefully and closely into anything. *In-věst -I-ôn, s. [Low Lat. investio-a handing over, a putting into possession, investiture.] The same as INVESTITURE (q. v.).

In-věs -ti-ture, s. [Fr. investiture; Prov. & Ital. investitura; Sp. & Port. investidura.] [INVEST.] I. Ordinary Language:

1. The act of investing; the state of being invested with anything; as, with the symbols of office, emolument, or dignity. [II.]

"Intending your investiture so near The residence of your despised brother." Marlowe: Tamburlaine, i. 1. +2. That with which one is invested; garments, vestments.

II. Technically:

1. Ch. Hist.: If any bishop or other clergyman have the cure of souls and also a stipend, two elements, the one sacred and the other civil, exist in his position; and as nearly every spiritual act carries civil consequences, and nearly every civil act connected with his benefice has sacred effects, scarcely any prudence can avoid periodical collision between the ecclesiastical and the civil power. From the kingly or imperial point of view, a great political object will be served if the church can be made simply a tool in the hands of the civil government. From the papal point of view, and indeed from that of all church functionaries, a great ecclesiastical end will be achieved if the State can be made an obedient handmaid of the Church. From the establishment of the Church under Constantine the Great, in the fourth century, the Roman functionaries increasingly interfered in ecclesiastical affairs, and by the eleventh lay patronage had been much abused, and simony largely prevailed. The emperors, kings, and princes of Europe had been accustomed to confer the temporalities of the larger benefices and monasteries by the delivery of a ring and a staff, or crozier. When the bishop or abbot elect had received these, he carried them to the metropolitan, who returned them, to indicate that the Church had conferred on him sacred office. Pope Gregory VII. (Hildebrand) considered that a ring and a crozier were insignia of spiritual office, and not of its temporal accompaniments, the crozier symbolizing the pastoral charge and the ring the celestial mysteries. He therefore wished the then reigning emperor, Henry IV., to desist from conferring investitures in such a form, or indeed at all. The emperor was willing to see simony terminated, but clung to investitures, and Gregory on his part threatened to excommunicate any one conferring such investitures or receiving them. A fierce contest now arose between Henry and Gregory, continued by their successors. At last the pontiff's legates and the emperor came to an arrangement at the Diet of Worms, A. D. 1122, one article of the treaty being that the emperor should confer the temporalities of a see or abbacy by some other symbols than the sacred ones of the ring and the crozier.

2. Law: The open delivery of seizin or possession. *In-věst -ive, a. [Eng. invest; -ive.] Clothing, investing, covering.

in-věst -měnt, s. [Eng. invest; -ment.]

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*2. To be envied; enviable.

"Such a person appears in a far more honorable and invidious state."-Barrow.

3. Likely to incur or bring on hatred, odium, illwill, or envy.

"He rose and took the advantage of the times,
To load young Turnus with invidious crimes."
Dryden: Virgil's Æneid, xi. 518.

¶ Invidious in its common acceptation signifies causing ill will; envious signifies having ill will. A

6. That which invests or clothes; dress, attire, task is invidious that puts one in the way of giving vestments, clothes.

"You, my lord archbishop, Whose white investments figure innocence." Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. II., iv. 1. 7. That in which money is invested.

"A certain portion of the revenues of Bengal has been, for many years, set apart to be employed in the purchase of goods for exportation to England, and this is called the investment."-Burke: On the Affairs of India. in-věst or, s. [Eng. invest; -or.] One who invests or makes an investment.

"No prudent investor would calculate too much upon the permanent payment of Mexican coupons.”—Pall Mall Gazette.

*In věs -ture, v. t. [Eng. invest; -ure.]

1. To clothe.

2. To invest; to install; to put into possession of an office.

"Hath already investured him in the dukedom of Prussia."-Ascham: Affairs of Germany.

*In-věs -ture, s. [Eng. invest; -ure.] Invest.

ment, investiture.

"Before his investure and installation therein."-P. Holland: Suetonius, p. 127.

*In-vět -ĕr-a-blỹ, adv. [As if from an Eng. inveterab(le): -ly.] In an inveterate manner; invet erately. (Colley Cibber: Careless Husband, v.)

In-vět -ĕr-a-çy, s. [Eng. inveterate; -cy.] The quality or state of being inveterate or of long duration; the state of being firmly established by time; long continuance; the state of being deeply or firmly rooted or engrained in one's nature; firmness or deep-rooted obstinacy of any quality or state gained by time. "Such the fixed inveteracy wrought By the impatience of my early thought." Byron: Childe Harold. In-vět-er-ate, a. [Lat. inveteratus, pa. par. of invetero-to retain for a long time: in- (intens.), and vetus (genit. veteris)=old; Fr. invétéré; Ital. inveterato; Sp. inveterado.]

1. Old, long established; having existed or continued for a long time.

"It is an inveterate and received opinion that cantharides, applied to any part of the body, touch the bladder and exulcerate it."-Bacon: Nat. Hist.

2. Firmly or deeply rooted or established by long continuance; deeply rooted; obstinate. "But the instantaneous reform of inveterate abuses was atask far beyond the powers of a prince strictly restrained by law."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng.

3. Confirmed in any habit or practice by long use or continuance.

*4. Malignant, virulent.

Brooke: Fool of Quality. "In terms the most aggravating and inveterate.”—H.

*in-vět -ĕr-āte, v. t. [Lat. inveteratus, pa. par. of invetero.] To fix or establish firmly by long continuance. [INVETERATE, a.]

"Let not Atheists lay the fault of their sins upon human nature, which have their prevalence from long custom and inveterated habit."-Bentley: Sermons. tin-vět-er-ate-ly, adv. [Eng. inveterate; -ly.] In an inveterate manner or degree; with obstinacy; virulently.

"To it they were most inveterately prone."-Warburton: Divine Legation, bk. iv., § 6.

The quality or state of being inveterate; inveteracy. tin-vět -ĕr-ate-ness, s. [Eng. inveterate; -ness.] "As time hath rendered him more perfect in the art, so hath the inveterateness of his malice made him more ready in the execution."-Browne: Vulgar Errors, bk. vii., ch. xii.

*In-vět-er-a-tion, s. [Lat. inveteratio, from in veteratus, pa. par. of invetero.] [INVETERATE, a.] The act of making inveterate; hardening or confirming by long continuance.

in-věxed', a. [Lat. in--in, and vexi, perf. indic. of veho-to carry.]

Her.: Arched or enarched. *In-vict, a. [Lat. invictus.] Unconquered, indomitable, invincible.

In-vid -I-ous, a. [Lat. invidiosus, from invidia envy; Ital. & O. Sp. invidioso; Sp. envidioso.] *1. Envious, malignant.

1. The act of investing, clothing, or dressing. +2. The act of investing with or placing in posses. sion of an office, rank, or dignity; investiture. bổìl, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin,

"May with astonishment invidious view His toils outdone by each plebeian bee." Smart, Omniscience of the Supreme Being. bench; go, gem; thin, this;

offense; a look is envious that is full of envy. Invidious qualifies the thing; envious qualifies the temper of the mind. (Crabb: Eng. Synon.)

In vid-1-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. invidious; -ly.] 1. In an invidious manner; enviously, malignantly.

"These were worded so invidiously.”—Burnet: Hist. Own Time (an. 1702).

2. In a manner likely to incur odium or ill will. In-vid -I-oŭs-ness, s. [Eng. invidious; -ness.] The quality or state of being invidious.

"We had with us neither spades nor pickaxes; and if love of ease surmounted our desire of knowledge, the offence has not the invidiousness of singularity."-Johnson: A Journey to the Western Islands.

In-vig -il-ançe, in-viġ il-an-çỹ, s. [Pref. in(2), and Eng. vigilance (q. v.).] Want of vigilance; neglect of vigilance or watching.

Eng. vigor (q.v.).] To invigorate, to animate.
*in-vig-õr, *In-vig-oûr, v. t. [Pref. in- (1), and

"What pomp of words! what nameless energy
Kindles the verse, inviyours every line."

Thompson: On Mr. Pope's Works. invigoratus, pa. par. of *invigoro, from in- (intens.), In-vig-or-āte, v. t. [Formed as if from a Latin and vigor=vigor, strength; Ital. invigorare.] To endue with vigor; to give vigor or strength to; to strengthen; to anímate; to give life and energy to. "Would age in thee resign his wintry reign, And youth invigorate that frame again!" Cowper: Hope, 34. In-vig-or-a-tion, s. [INVIGORATE.] The act of invigorating; the state of being invigorated.

"By virtue of a supposed antiperistasis, or invigora tion of the internal heat of the lime."-Boyle: Works, iv. 246.

*In-vile, v. t. [Pref. in- (intens.), and Eng. vile (q.v.). To render vile or of no value.

*In-vil-lage (age as Ig), v. t. [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. village (q.v.).] To make into a village; to reduce to the rank or condition of a village.

"There on a goodly plain (by time thrown downe)
Lies buried in his dust some auncient towne;
Who, now invillaged, there's only seene."

Browne: Britannia's Pastorals, b. i., s. 3. *in-vin-ate, a. [Prefix in- (1); Latin vin(um)= wine, and Eng. suff. -ate.] Incorporated with wine. in-vin-çi-bil-1-ty, s. [English invincible; -ity.] The quality or state of being invincible; invincibleness.

"Their absolute faith in the invincibility of their arms."-Edinburgh Review, Jan., 1871, p. 27.

in-vin-çi-ble, a. [Fr., from Latin invincibilis, from in--not, and vincibilis = vincible; vinco = to conquer; Sp. invincible; Ital. invincibile.] A. As adjective:

1. Ord. Lang.: Incapable of being conquered or subdued; unconquerable, insuperable, insurmount able.

"His power secured thee, when presumptuous Spain Baptized her fleet invincible in vain," Cowper: Expostulation, 568. 2. Hist. Belonging to or in any way connected with the secret society described under B. B. As substantive:

Irish Hist. (pl.): An Irish secret society, not identical with, though it developed from, that of the Fenians, in or prior to 1882. One of the main objects of the Invincibles was to "remove " (a euphuism for "to assassinate") government officers or others who might incur the displeasure of the association or its leaders. On May 6, 1882, it achieved what doubtless it deemed a great victory, having on that day succeeded in "removing," i. e., in stabbing to death, Lord Frederick Cavendish, who had just arrived from England as Secretary for Ireland, and Mr. Thomas A. Burke, the Underplot was directed against the latter gentleman, Secretary, in the Phoenix Park at Dublin. and the former, nobly interfering to protect his friend, shared his fate. The nefarious deed arrayed against the unknown murderers the moral feeling of the civilized world, and the government soon overcame the "Invincibles." On February 20, 1883, twenty charged with complicity in the Phoenix Park murders were put on trial; on July 14, Joseph sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.

The

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