EXPLANATORY. In the present Work the aim has been to give ALL the words in the English language now in use, with their several significations re-investigated, re-classified, arranged afresh, and illustrated by examples, a large number of them having been brought together by independent research. In addition to these, a very large number of obsolete words have been introduced, which, it is hoped, will afford readers much assistance in the perusal of Old English authors. Obsolete spellings and significations of existing words have also been given, the latter chronologically arranged, so as, if possible, to show the process by which the present meaning has arisen. Obsolete words and significations are marked with an asterisk,*; those which have not dropped altogether out of use, but are only rarely found, with an obelisk, t. Special attention has been given to scientific and technical terms. COMPOUND WORDS in which complete adhesion has taken place between the two or more constituents have been arranged as independent words; while those still so loosely united as to be usually connected by hyphens, have been placed under the first word of the compound. THE PRONUNCIATION is indicated by diacritical marks, a key to which will be found at the foot of the several pages. The division into syllables has been made solely with reference to pronunciation, and with no reference to the etymology of the word. In syllables wherein two or more vowels come together, not forming diphthongs, only that one of them which gives its sound to the syllable bears a diacritical mark, the others being treated as mute. Thus, in bread, sea, float, the a is mute, the syllables being pronounced as if spelled brěd, sẽ, flōt. Words of more than one syllable bear a mark upon the accented syllable, as âl ́-tẽr. THE ETYMOLOGY will be found enclosed within brackets immediately following each word. To understand the plan adopted, let it be noted (1) that retrogression is made from modern languages to ancient; and (2) that when after a word there appears such a derivation as this-"In Fr. .... Sp. .... Port. .... Ital. .... from Lat. ....," the meaning is, not that it passed through Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and French before reaching English, but that there are or have been analogous words in French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian, all derived, like the English, from a Latin original. The illustrations are intended not for the purpose of embellishment merely, but also to impart a conception of the objects represented clearer than any mere verbal definition could afford. A. N. Anglo-Norman. Arab. Arabic. Aram. Aramaic. Arm. Armorican. A. S. Anglo-Saxon. Assyr. Assyrian. Bohe. Bohemian, or Czech. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK. Bret. Bas-Breton, or Celtic of Brit O. H. Ger. Old High German. O. S. Old Saxon. Pers. Persian. Phoenic. Phoenician. Pol. Polish. Port. Portuguese. C. G. S. Centimetre-gramme-second. chem. chemistry. chron. chronology. cogn. cognate. comm. commerce. comp. comparative. compos. composition. contr. contracted, or contraction. etym. etymology. ex. example. f., or fem. feminine. fig. figurative, figuratively. fort. fortification. freq. frequentative. fut. future. gen. general, generally. gend. gender. genit. gen tive. geog. geography. geom. geometry. gram. grammar. min., miner. mineralogy. myth. mythology. N. North. n., or neut. nenter. naut. nautical. obs. obsolete. ord. ordinary. ornith. ornithology. path. pathology. pers. person, personal. poet. poetry, or poetical. polit. econ. political economy. poss. possessive. pref. prefix. pres. present. pret. preterit. prim. primary. priv. privative. prob. probable, probably. pron. pronounced, pronunciation. pros. prosody, psychol. psychology. pyrotech. pyrotechnics. q. v. quod vide=which see. rhet. rhetoric. Scrip. Scripture. sculp. sculpture. S. South. sp. gr. specific gravity. sup. supine. surg. surgery. tech. technical. Obsolete words. "A work of immense utility, a Dictionary, Encyclopædia, Atlas and Gazetteer" THE AMERICAN Encyclopædic Dictionary. A THOROUGHLY ACCURATE, PRACTICAL AND A comprehensive Encyclopædia of the Arts and Sciences, with Encyclopædic CONTAINING OVER ONE HUNDRED MAPS AND DIAGRAMS NEARLY FOUR THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS EDITED BY ROBERT HUNTER, A. M., F. G. S. JOHN A. WILLIAMS, A. M., S. J. HERRTAGE, A. B., Associate Editors. Assisted by over one hundred special contributors, among whom are the following MUSM COPYRIGHT, 1894, BY OGILVIE PUBLISHING COMPANY. COPYRIGHT, 1895, BY W. B. CONKEY COMPANY. COPYRIGHT, 1897, BY R. S. PEALE AND J. A HILL. musm / MOLLUSK / RUHR THE AMERICAN ENCYCLOPAEDIC DICTIONARY. B. Intransitive: 1. To treat, to discourse. (Followed by of.) "Stephyn Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, preached at Paules Crosse, and there intreated of the Gospell of that daie."-Hall: Henry VIII. (an. 35.) 2. To beg, to entreat, to implore. (Foliowed by for.) *in-treat-a-ble, a. [Pref. in- (2); Eng. treat, and suff. -able.] Implacable, inexorable. *In-treat-ançe, *In-treat-aunçe, *in-treatměnt. [ENTREATANCE, etc.] *In-treat-ful, a. [Eng. intreat; -ful(l).] Full of entreaties. In-trench' (1), v. t. [Pref. in- (1), and English trench, s. (q. v.)] 1. To make furrows or hollows in. "His face Deep scars of thunder had intrenched, and care 2. To surround or inclose with trenches, as in fortification; to fortify with intrenchments; as, to intrench a camp. 3. To lodge within intrenchments; to place in a strong and fortified position. "Intrenched before the town both armies lie: 4. To protect or defend in any way. "We dare not on your privilege intrench, Or ask ye why ye like them? they are French." Dryden: Prol. to Arviragus and Philicia. *In-trench -ant, a. [Pref. in- (2), and English trenchant (q.v.).] Not to be cut; indivisible, invulnerable. **As easy may'st thou the intrenchant air With thy keen sword impress, as makes me bleed." Shakesp.: Macbeth, v 7. In-trench'-ment (1), s. [English intrench (1); -ment.] 1. Literally: 1. The act of intrenching. "Their method of intrenchment was of Latin origin."Macaulay: Prophecy of Capys. (Introd.) 2. A defensive work, consisting of a ditch or trench, and a parapet made from the excavated earth. "Cæsar forced some of their strongest intrenchments; and then carried the war directly into the territories of Cassibelan."-Burke: Abridg. Eng. Hist., bk. i., ch. i. II. Fig.: Any defense or protection. -in-trench -měnt (2), s. [English intrench (2); -ment.] The act of trenching or encroaching on the property or rights of others; an encroachment. in-trěp-id, a. [Lat. intrepidus, from in-=not, and trepidus fearful, timid; Fr. intrépide; Ital. & Sp. intrepido.] Fearless, bold, brave, daring, undaunted, dauntless. see BOLD. "That high and serene intrepidity which is the virtue "Orlando, determined to pursue his purpose, rushed *in'-tric-a-ble, a. [Lat. intric(o) to entangle, 1. The quality or state of being intricate or "As perplexing that fable with very agreeable plots and For the difference between intricacy and com- in'-tric-ate, a. [Lat. intricatus, pa. par. of stand. "The sense is intricate, 'tis only clear in-tric-ate-ly, adv. [Eng. intricate: -ly.] In In'-tric-ate-ness, s. [Eng. intricate; -ness.] in-tri-ca-tion, s. [Latin intricatus, pa. par. of intrico to entangle.] Entanglement, intricacy, complication. In-trigue, s. [Fr. intrigue; Sp. intriga; Ital. intrigo.] [INTRIGUE, v.] 1. Intricacy, complication. "Though this vicinity of ourselves to ourselves cannot give us the full prospect of all the intrigues of our nature, yet we have much more advantage to know ourselves, than to know other things without us."-Hale: Orig. of Mankind. 2. The act of intriguing or plotting by secret and "Busy meddlers with intrigues of state." 3. The plot of a play, romance, fable, &c.; a com- "As causes are the beginning of the action, the opposite 4. Illicit intimacy between persons of different In-trigue, v. t. & i. [Old Fr. intriguer: Fr. in A. Trans.: To perplex; to render intricate. B. Intrans.: To form, enter into, or carry on plots or schemes, usually of a complicated nature, with a view to effect some object by secret or underhand artifices; to plot, to scheme. "The cardinal of York was not satisfied to be intriguing for the popedom after his death."-Burnet: Hist. Reform. "He was intrepid, strong, fleet, patient of cold, of hunger, and of fatigue."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. For the difference between intrepid and bold, In-tre-pid-I-ty, s. [Fr. intrépidité, from intrépide: Ital. intrepidità.] The quality or state of intrigues; one who forms or enters into secret or being intrepid; fearlessness, boldness, courage. in trig -uer, s. [Eng. intrigu(e); -er.] One who boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; "A gentleman of the Inns of Court, and a deep intriguer."-Tatler, No. 193. in-trîg'-uĕr-y, s. [Eng. intrigue; -ry.] The act, art, or practice of intriguing. *In-trîg -uĕss, s. [Eng. intrigu(e); -ess.] A scheming woman. was a compleat intrig "The wife, for her part uess."-North: Examen, p. 197. Miss Edgeworth (Manoeuvring, ch. i.) regrets that "a word used in the days of Charles II., and still intelligible in our times, should have become obsolete." In-trîg'-uing, pr. par., a. & s. [INTRIGUE, v.] A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the verb.) C. As subst.: The act or practice of plotting; intrigue. in-trig-ulng-ly, adv. [Eng. intriguing; -ly.] In an intriguing, plotting, or scheming manner; with intrigues or secret plots. In-trig-uish, a. [Eng. intrigu(e); -ish.] Connected with plots or intrigues. (North: Examen, p. 193.) *In-trinse, *In-trinçe', adj. [INTRINSIC.] Entangled, intricate, complicated. (Shakesp.: Lear, ii. 2.) *in-trin-se-cate, *în-trin'-si-cate, a. [Latin intrinsecus; Ital. intrinsecato, intrinsicato.] [INTRINSIC.] Entangled, perplexed, complicated, intricate. (Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, v. 2.) In-trin-sic, in-trin-sic-al, *in-trin-se-cal, in-trin-sick, *in-tryn-cic-all, a. & s. [O. Fr. intrinseque, from intrinsecus=inward, from in-= in, into, and secus, from same root as sequor=Sp. & Port. intrinseco; Ital. intrinsico, intrinseco.] A. As adjective: I. Ordinary Language: *1. Inward, internal; also, domestic. *2. Intimate, close, familiar. 3. Real, genuine, true, inherent, not accidental; as, the intrinsic value of gold or silver. *4. Intricate, complicated. II. Technically: Anat. (of muscles): Attached wholly to the bones of the limbs and their arches. *B. As subst.: A genuine or essential quality. In-trin-si-căl'-I-ty, s. [Eng, intrinsical; -ity.] The quality or state of being intrinsical; essentiality. In-trin'-sic-al-ly, *in-trin-sec-al-ly, adverb. [Eng. intrinsical; -ly.] *1. Internally, within. "Till it be thrust by some other body from without, or intrinsically moved by an immaterial self-active substance."-Bentley: Boyle Lectures. 2. Really, truly, in reality. "Lumps of base metal, nominally worth near a million sterling, intrinsically worth about a sixtieth part of that sum, were in circulation."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. In-trin'-sic-al-ness, s. [Eng. intrinsical; -ness.] The quality or state of being intrinsical; intrinsicality. in-tro-, pref. [Lat.] A Latin adverb, signifying within, used as a prefix to English words. In-trō-çes ́-sion (sion as shồn), s. [Lat. intro-= within, and cessio-a going.] Med.: A going or shrinking of the parts inward. fin trō-curved', a. [Pref. intro-, and English curved. Bot.: The same as INTROFLEXED (q. v.). 1. To bring or lead in; to usher in. 2. To pass or put in; to insert; as, to introduce a Xenophon, exist. ph = f. -ble, -dle, &c. bel, del. introducement 3. To insert, to interpolate. 2364 in some cases they are taken from other portions of "Anything that is afterward to be introduced in a Scripture, and occasionally from uninspired writers. more proper place."-Blair, vol. ii., Lect. 30. 4. To bring into use or practice. "A custom or habit introduced by the necessity of trade among them."-Temple: United Provinces, vol. ii., Lect. 30. 5. To bring forward with preliminary or prefatory matter; to bring into notice; to make known; as, to introduce a subject with a preface. 6. To bring before the public by writing or exhibition; as, to introduce a character on the stage. 7. To make personally known; as, to introduce a gentleman to a lady. 8. To produce; to cause to exist; to induce. "Whatsoever introduces habits in children deserves the care and attention of their governors."-Locke: On Education. In-tro-düç ́-er, s. [Eng. introduc(e); -er.] One who or that which introduces. "The introducer of those divisions into English poetry." -Johnson: Proposal to Print the Works of Shakespeare. *in-tro-duct', v. t. [Lat. introductus, pa. par. of introduco to introduce (q. v.).] To bring in; to introduce. (Hacket: Life of Williams, i. 29.) In-tro-duc-tion, *in-tro-duc-ci-on, s. [French introduction, from Lat. introductionem, accus. of introductio; from introductus, pa. par. of introduco to introduce (q. v.); Sp. introduccion; Ital. introduzione.] I. Ordinary Language: 1. The act of introducing, bringing, or leading in; the act of inserting; insertion. 2. The act of introducing or bringing into use, practice, or notice. 3. The act of making personally known to each other: the state of being made known personally to each other. 4. That part of a book, treatise, or discourse which precedes the main part, and in which the author gives a general account of its object, plan, or subject; a prefatory or preliminary discourse. 5. A treatise more or less elementary, on any branch of study; a treatise introductory to more elaborate or scientific works on the same subject; as, an introduction to geology. II. Bib. Science: A department of Biblical science, the objects of which are stated by Prof. K. A. Credner, D. D., to be fivefold: (1) The origin of the individual books received into the sacred canon; (2) the history of the canon and the origin of the collection of Scripture books; (3) the history of the several translations, &c.; (4) the history of the text, and (5) the history of interpretation. It is divided into Introduction to the Old and Introduction to the New Testament. in-tro-duc-tive, a. [Fr. introductif; from Lat. introductus, pa. par. of introduco-to introduce (q. v.).] Serving or tending to introduce; introducing or bringing forward; introductory. In-tro-duc-tive-ly, adv. [Eng. introductive; ly. In a manner serving to introduce; introductorily. în-tro-duc-tor, s. [Lat., from introductus, pa. par. of introduco to introduce (q. v.).] An introducer. în-tro-duc-tõr-I-ly, adv. [Eng. introductory; -ly. In an introductory manner; by way of introduction. in-tro-duc-tor-y, a. [Low Lat. introductorius, from introductus, pa. par. of introduco to introduce (q. v.); Sp. introductorio.] Serving to introduce; serving as an introduction to something further; previous, prefatory, preliminary. In-tro-duc-tress, s. [Eng. introductor; -ess.] A female who introduces. in-tro-flexed', a. [Pref. intro-, and Eng. flexed (q. v.).] Bot.: Flexed or bent inward; curved inward; introcurved. in-tro-gression (sion as shon), s. [Lat. introgressio, from introgressus, pa. par. of introgredior: intro--within, and gradior to go, to walk.] The act of going in or entering; entrance. In-tro-It, in-tro-it-us, s. [Lat. introitus=a going in, from introeo to go in: intro-=within, and eo to go; Fr. introit.] The old English word is office, which corresponds to the Latin officium, by which name the Introit is known in the Mozarabic, Carthusian, Dominican, and Carmelite missals. At High-mass and in a Missa Cantata the Introit is sung by the choir, as the priest commences the Mass. 2. In the Anglican Church: A short anthem, psalm, or hymn, sung while the minister proceeds to the table to commence the Communion service. For merly, in some English cathedrals, the Sanctus was sung as an Introit. This practice arose probably from the fact that the Communion Service soon after the Reformation ceased to be performed chorally, a proof of which is found in the fact that for nearly two centuries-namely, from 1660 to 1840-the Sanctus was never set to music except as an Introit, nor was the Gloria in excelsis set but as an anthem. in-trō-it-us, s. [INTROIT.] In-tro-mis-sion (sion as shon), s. [Lat. intromissio, from intromissus, pa. par. of intromitto: intro- within, and mitto-to send.] *I. Ordinary Language: 1. The act of sending in; the act of admitting; admission. 2. The act of introducing or inserting; insertion. II. Scots Law: The act of intermeddling with the property or effects of others, whether legally or without authority; also the dealing of a factor or agent with the money of his employer. in-tro-mit, v. t. & i. [Lat. intromitto, from intro-=within, and mitto-to send.] *A. Transitive: 1. To send in, to let in, to admit. intrust 2. To turn or direct to one's own heart or thoughts. in-trude', v. i. & t. [Lat. intrudo, from in--in, into, and trudo-to push, to thrust; Ital. intrudere.] A. Intransitive: 1. To thrust or push one's self forward into any place or position; to push in; to force one's way. 2. Specif.: To thrust or push one's self forward into any place or position; to force one's self upon others; to enter or put one's self forward unwelcomely or without invitation; to obtrude. 3. To intervene; to be interposed. "Where half the convex world intrudes between." Goldsmith: Deserted Village. 4. To encroach; to trench. B. Reflex.: To push or thrust one's self forward. C. Transitive: 1. Ord. Lang.: To force or cast in; to push or thrust forward unwarrantably; as, to intrude one's conversation upon people. 2. Geol.: To force in, as a volcanic rock may into sedimentary strata. [INTRUSIVE.] în-trûd'-ěd, a. [Eng. intrud(e); -ed.] Geol.: Intrusive (q. v.). In-trûd -er, s. [Eng. intrud(e); -er.] One who intrudes; one who thrusts himself in or enters where he is not wanted, or where he has no business. "Hence, vain intruger! haste away, A man is an intruder who is an unbidden guest at the table of another; he is an interloper when he joins any society in such manner as to obtain its are always offensive in the domestic circle; interlopers in trade are always regarded with an evil 2. To allow to enter; to be the medium by which privileges without sharing its burdens. Intruders anything enters. B. Intranstive: eye. Scots Law: To intermeddle, to interfere. in-tro-mit-tent, a. [Lat. intromittens, pr. par. *in-tro-près-sión (sion as shồn), s. [Lat. in- in-tro-re-çep-tion, s. [Pref. intro-, and Eng. reception (v.). The act of receiving within; admission within. in-tror se, a. [Lat. introrsum and introrsus, adverb=(1) toward the inside, inward, into, (2) within.] Bot.: Turned toward the axis to which it appertains. (Used specif. of anthers when the line of dehiscence is on their inner side facing the pistil.) In-tro-spěct', v. t. [Lat. introspecto to look within: intro-=within, and specto to look.] To look into or within; to view the inside of. tin-tro-spěc-tion, s. [Lat. introspectio, from introspectus, pa. par. of introspicio to look within: intro- within, and specio-to look.] The act of looking into or within; a view of the inside or interior; examination of one's own thoughts or feelings. fin-tro-spěc ́-tion-ist, s. [Eng. introspection; ist. One given to introspection; one who studies the operations of his own mind. fin -tro-spěc-tive, a. [Eng. introspect: ive.] Looking within; viewing inwardly; examining one's own thoughts or feelings. *In-tro-sume', v. t. [Lat. intro--within, and sumo to take.] To take or receive in; to absorb. in-tro-sus-çep'-tion, s. [Pref. intro-, and Eng. susception (q. v.).1 *1. Ord. Lang.: The act of taking or receiving in or within. 2. Anat.: The same as INTUSSUSCEPTION (q. v.). *In-tro-ve-ni-ent, a. [Lat. intro--within, and veniens, pr. par, of venio to come.] Coming in or between; entering. în-trô-vē -nl-ŭm, s. [Pref. intro- (q. v.), and Lat. vena a vein.] Bot.: The obscuration of the venation by the abnormally developed parenchyma, as in Hoya, &c. In-tro-ver-sion, s. [Lat. intro--within, and versio a turning, from versus, pa. par. of verto=to turn.] The act of introverting; the state of being introverted. In-tra-dress, s. [Eng. intruder; -ess.] A female jin-trunk', v. t. [Prof. in-(1), and Eng. trunk (q.v.).] To encase, to enwrap, to inclose. In-trû -şion, s. [Fr., from Lat. intrusus, pa. par. of intrudo-to intrude (q. v.).] I. Ordinary Language: 1. The act of intruding or thrusting one's self forward unwarrantably and unwelcomely where one is not wanted. 2. The act of encroaching or infringing; an encroachment. II. Technically: 1. Geol.: The operation of forcing through or into sedimentary strata. (Used of volcanic rocks.) [INTRUSIVE-ROCKS.] 2. Law: An unlawful entry into or upon lands and tenements void of a possessor, by one who has no right to the same. 3. Scotch Ch.: The settlement of a minister in a the consent of the congregation. church or congregation against the will or without The term was frequently used during the ten years' ecclesiastical controversy which culminated in the disruption of the Scotch Church in 1843. *In-trû'-şion-al, a. [Eng. intrusion; -al.] Pertaining to intrusion; noting intrusion. In-trû-şion-ist, s. [Eng. intrusion; -ist.] One who favors the intrusion or settlement of a minister in a church or congregation contrary to the will or without the consent of the congregation. In-trû-sive, a. [Lat. intrusus, pa. par. of intrudo to intrude (q. v.).] Tending or apt to intrude; thrusting or entering without invitation or welcome; obtrusive. intrusive-rocks, s. pl. Geol.: Rocks of igneous origin which have forced their way through crevices or rents in sedimentary strata, or have broken them up. Intrusive sheets of eruptive rock may be distinguished from true lava-flows which have been subsequently overlaid conformably by sedimentary strata, by the fact that the rocks, both above and below the intrusive sheets, are altered at the contacts, while in the case of lava-flows the rocks over which they ran have been altered, but the deposits above them show no trace of metamorphism. In-tra-sive-ly, adv. [Eng. intrusive; -ly.] In an intrusive or intruding manner. în-trû -sive-ness, s. [Eng. intrusive; -ness.] The quality or state of being intrusive. In-trust, *ĕn-trust, v. t. [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. trust (q.v.).J 1. (Of things): To give in trust; to commit or confide to the charge of a person; to commit with confidence. (Followed by to before the person charged.) 1. In the Roman Church: Words recited by the tin-tro-vert', v. t. [Latin intro-=within, and verto-to turn.] 1. To turn in or inward. |