"To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures."

23. Why was this power given to Congress?

In order that the coin and the standard of weights and measures may be uniform throughout the United States.

24. What is the sixth power?

"To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States." 25. What is the seventh power?

"To establish post offices and post roads."

26. Why was this power given?

In no other way could a harmonious postal system embracing all the states be secured.

27. What is the eighth power?

"To promote the progress of s ence and the useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right their respective writings and discoveries."

28. What laws have been passed under this power? Copyright and patent laws.

29 What is a copyright law?

A law securing for a limited time to authors the exclusive right to publish and sell their works in the United States.

30. For what length of time does the law now in force secure to authors this right?

Twenty-eight years.

31. What is a patent law?

A law securing for a limited time to inventors the exclusive right to manufacture and sell the in vention in the United States.

32. What is the ninth power?

"To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court."

33. What is the tenth power?

"To define and punish piracies and felonies com. mitted on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations."

34. What is the eleventh power?

"To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water."

35. What are letters of marque and reprisal?

Commissions granted by a government to one or more of its citizens to seize the property of an enemy. 36. What are vessels sailing under such commissions called?

Privateers.

CHAPTER XIII.

POWERS OF CONGRESS CONTINUED.

1. What is the twelfth power conferred on Con gress by the Constitution?

"To raise and support armies; but no appropria. tion of money to that use shall be for a longer tern than two years.

2. Why this restriction in regard to time?

That the people, if they do not approve of the war, may put an end to it by electing new representatives who will refuse to vote money for carrying it on,

3. What are the thirteenth and fourteenth powers! "To provide and maintain a navy; to make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces."

4. What is the fifteenth power?

"To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.”

5. What is the sixteenth power?

"To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress."

6. Why should Congress have power to prescribe the rules for training the militia?

That there may be that uniformity of organization and discipline which is necessary to the highest efficiency when called into active service.

7. Why is the right to appoint the officers of the militia reserved to the states?

To prevent jealousy of the general government on the part of the state governments.

8. Wherein does the regular army of the United States differ from the militia?

The regular army consists of men enlisted and officered by the authority of the United States, and are under its exclusive control; while the militia are ander the control of the several states, except when called into the service of the United States.

9. What is the power of Congress over the Dis trict of Columbia?

"To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states n the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings.” — Art. 1. § 8. 17.

10. What can be said in favor of these provisions? Complete control of the seat of government is necessary to the independence of Congress, and the property of the Union should not be subject to the control of any one of the states.

11. What is the eighteenth power mentioned?

"To make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and ail other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.". Art. I. § 8. 18.

12. Has Congress power to charter a national bank or banks?

It has. A national bank was chartered during the first administration of Washington, and another during the administration of Madison.

13. Was the constitutionality of those acts questioned?

It was; but two decisions of the Supreme Court settled the question in the affirmative.

14. When were the national banks now in existence chartered?

They are the result of "An Act to provide a national currency, secured by a pledge of United States stocks, and to provide for the circulation and redemp tion thereof," passed by Congress in 1863.

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.

POWERS OF CONGRESS.

1. What is the power of Congress limited by?

2. What is the power of Congress as to taxation?

3. Can it lay and collect taxes for any object whatever? 4. Could the Congress of the Confederation lay and collect taxes?

5. What are duties and imposts?

6. What are excises?

7. Can Congress impose higher duties at New York than at Boston?

8. Why not?

9. Where are duties collected?

10. Who can borrow money on the credit of the United States?

11. What does the money thus borrowed constitute? Ans The national debt.

12. Who can regulate foreign and domestic commerce? 13. Had the Congress of the Confederation power to regu late commerce?

14. Have the state governments this power?

15. What duties can the state legislatures lay? See Art. 1 10. 2.

16. What is a tariff?

17. What is a revenue tariff?