strata of the, 212. Cooling of its sur- face by evaporation, 216. Suggestion of Franklin as to its conformation, 443. Its magnetic character, 445. Que- ries on the theory of the, 575. Earthquakes, opinion of the learned as to the cause of, VI. 1. That the cause of, is the same with that of thunder and lightning, 3. Dr. Wood- ward's theory of, 4. Mode of making artificial, 8. Various kinds of, 9. Of one in Sicily, 10. In Jamaica, 11. East, mode in which the trade of the, was once carried on, IV. 30.
East India Company, its pecuniary dif- ficulties, VIII. 24, 29. Its distress, 33, 34.
Easton, account of a conference with the Indians at, VII. 125.
Economical Project for employing sun- shine instead of candles, in the city of Paris, II. 227.
Economy in expenditure, importance of, VII. 346.
Economy of Life, Essays on the, II. 1. Ecton, birthplace of Franklin's father, his visit to, VII. 178.
Edict by the King of Prussia, ironical, IV. 399. Again, VIII. 90, 91. Edict of Nantz, effect of the revoca- tion of the, IV. 33.
Edinburgh Courant, passages from the, relating to emigration, examined, IV. 459.
Education, its value in promoting the strength and virtue of a community, VII. 48. Remarks on Dr. Smith's Scheme of, 65.
EDWARDS, DAVID, his death, VII.
EDWARDS, JONATHAN, his Thoughts concerning the Revival of Religion in New England, referred to, VII. 9. Elective Franchises, enjoyed by the small Boroughs in England, referred to, II. 489.
Electrical Battery, Franklin's construc- tion of an, V. 202.
Electrical Jars, on the mode of coating, V. 299.
Electrical Machine, simple and conven- ient form of an, V. 188. On that of Mr. Nairn, and its effect on the eyes of animals killed by it, 479. Electricity, general account of the early discoveries of Franklin in, V. 173. Of its identity with lightning, 174. Of ascending thunder, 178. Explanation of positive and negative, 185. Of the electrical kiss, 187. Of the Leyden bottle, 196. Qualities of glass in reference to, 200. Of the Magical Picture, 203. Explanation of the causes of thunder-gusts, 211. VOL. X.
Mode of firing gunpowder by, 225 Opinions and conjectures concerning the properties of the electrical matter, 227. Pernicious effects of the elec- trical fluid, 228. Suggestions respect- ing the electrical atmosphere, 230. Similarity of its effects and those of lightning, 237. Its power in fusing metals, 238. Accident occurring dur- ing an experiment in, 255. Unlimit- ed nature of the force of, 258. Air a non-conductor of, 261. Experiment to discover more of the qualities of 262. Its effect in producing mag- netic virtue, 263. Its presence in the clouds, 279. Suggestion of a region of electric fire above our atmosphere, 284. Experiment in, at Marly, 289. Direction of the fluid, and utility of rods, 311. Proposed experiment to measure the velocity of, 316. Some experiments in, 330. Turkey killed by, and its effect upon the operator, 346. Points in which it agrees with lightning, 350. Its effect in cases of paralysis, 359. Of the tourmalin, 363. Reason for believing that the air has its portion of the common stock of, 369. How its density at different heights may be ascertained, 370. Long retained by the Leyden bottle, 380. That heat is produced by, 389. Of the fogs in Ireland, 409. Various qualities of, 414. Analogy between magnetism and, 450. Apparent pro- duction of magnetism by, accidental, 451. Of a mode of rendering meat tender by, 456. Mode of killing ani- mals by, 457. Effect of a shock of, on Franklin, 481. Effect of a vacu um on the passage of, VI. 413. Electrics contain the greatest quantity of the fluid, and attract and retain it longest, V. 242. Difference between, and non-electrics, 259. Elements of Criticism, Lord Kames's, noticed, VI. 263. Again, VII. 241. Elephants, conjecture as to whether they are natives of America, VI. 275, Description of some bones of, 276 ELIOT, JARED, notice of, VI. 79. His tracts on husbandry referred to, VI. 113. Again, VII. 51. Franklin's opinion of them, 56. ELIZABETH, Queen, government, II. 283. ing libel, 288. ELPHINSTON, JOHN, his translation of the Latin verse, applied by Turgot to Franklin, VIII. 539.
character of her Act of, respect.
Emblematical Representation of the state of Great Britain and her colo- nies, IV. 456. Alluded to, VII. 313. EMBSER, Professor, his account of
the Bipontine edition of the classics, IX. 126. Emigration, effect of the facility of, on the rate of wages in Europe, II. 443. To whom it might prove beneficial, 470. Examination of a proposed act of Parliament for preventing, IV. 458. No legislation required in reference to, 461. Nor likely to be effectual, 462. Nor politic, 463. Injustice of such legislation, 464. From Scotland to the United States, IX. 486. it multiplies instead of diminishing a nation, X. 131.
EMMONS, NATHANIEL, his discourse on the present of Franklin to the town which bears his name, X. 159. Enabling Act of Parliament alluded to, IX. 314, 315.
Enemy, on the means of disposing an, to peace, VII. 216.
England, intelligence of the people of, VII. 246. Facility of travelling in, 296. Disposition of the people of, VIII. 177. See Great Britain. English Language, how to render the study of it more general, X. 415. English School, Sketch of an, II. 125. Engraver, Franklin's remarks to a French, on a print commemorating American Independence, VIII. 277. Enthusiasm, advantages of, VII. 453. ENVILLE, Duchess d', her death, X. 295. ENVILLE, LAROCHEFOUCAULD D', in- troduces Mr. Gallatin to Franklin, VIII. 454.
Ephemera, an Emblem of Human Life, II. 177. Circumstances under which it was written, VIII. 473. Episcopal Church, of the ordination in England, of American clergy of the, X. 109. Remarks on the practicabili- ty and expediency of establishing a bishop in America, 202.
Essays on Religious and Moral Subjects, and the Economy of Life, II. 1. ESTAING, Count d', his military char- acter, VIII. 306. And judicious con- duct, 307. His character, 457. Ether, experiment with, to produce cold by evaporation, VI. 213. Europe, opinions in, respecting the American war, VIII. 494. Prevail- ing spirit of liberty in, X. 321. EVANS, CADWALLADER, promotes the culture of silk, VII. 454, 485, 512, 527, 535.
EVANS, JOHN, is appointed deputy-gov. ernor of Pennsylvania, III. 160. At- tempts to unite the territories and the province, and disagrees with the As- sembly, 161. Expresses to the As- sembly the resentiment of the pro- prietary, 179. Refers to the charter
of privileges as the only rule of gov ernment, 181. Protects Logan, the Secretary, against the Assembly, 185. EVANS, LEWIS, his map of the middle colonies referred to, IV. 326. Again, together with his Essays, VI. 110. Mentioned, VIII. 125.
Evaporation, of cooling by, V. 379. Of oil, VI. 129. Production of cold by, 209. Experiment with ether, for producing cold by, 213. Cooling of water by, 214. And of the body, 215. Surface of the earth and vegetation, 216. Same subject, 255. Examination of Dr. Franklin, in the British House of Commons, extracts from its Journals on the subject, IV. 161.
Exchange, true principles of, II. 199. On the par of, 400.
Excise, difference between an, on con- sumption, and a duty on importation, IV. 181.
Executive department of the plan of union in 1754, III. 37. Exercise, comparative view of various kinds of, VIII. 12. Exportation of provisions, difficulties arising from the act of Pennsylvania, relative to the, III. 485. Exports, impolicy of duties on Ameri- can, IX. 38.
Fahrenheit's thermometer, how grad- uated, VI. 568.
Fair Play, respecting the French indem- nity for the brigantine, VIII. 476. Faith, utility of, VII. 75. Remarks on, 184.
Famine, provision made in China against, II. 381.
FARISH, his account of stilling waves by oil, VI. 355.
Farmer's Letters, quoted, relative to the carelessness with which acts of Parliament are passed on the subject of the colonies, IV. 251. Franklin's preface to the, 257. Lord Hillsbor- ough's opinion of the, VII. 391. FAUCITT, WILLIAM, mentioned, IX.
Felons, on the transportation of, to America, II. 495. FENELON, his remark to the Pretender quoted, II. 279. Fermentation, generation of wind by, VI. 196.
Fevers, conjecture respecting the cause of the cold and hot fits of some, VI. 97. FEVRE, Franklin's servant, mentioned, VIII. 173.
FILANGIERI, GAETANO, his work on
the Science of Legislation, X. 233. His death, 359. Filosofia Frankliniana, Toderini's ac- count of, VI. 351.
Finances, American, their condition in 1780, VIII. 460. Remarks on, 507. Their disordered state in 1781, IX.
97. FINLEY, President, his experiment, showing the inflammability of the sur- face of certain rivers in New Jersey,
Fire, a cause of earthquakes, VI. 2. Some of its properties, 37. Certain phenomena of, 239. On securing houses from, 332. Construction of the French houses in this respect, 333. Suggestion that it exists in a subtile fluid, 454.
Fireplaces, account of the Pennsylva- nia, invented by Franklin, VI. 35. Old fashioned, 38. Those designed to warm the air as it enters the room, described, 39. Description of the Pennsylvanian, 44. Manner of using it, 50.
Fisheries, condition of the, at the close of the revolutionary war, II. 465. Mr. Livingston's vindication of the claim of the United States to the, on the Banks of Newfoundland, IX. 135. Of indispensable importance in a treaty with Great Britain, 381. Dis- position of Great Britain to cede them to the United States, 405, 408, 425.
FITCH, JOHN, his steamboat, X. 232. Certificate of Rittenhouse respecting it, 233. Again mentioned, 363. Five Nations, History of the, referred to, VII. 18.
Fixed Air. See Air.
Flanders, Franklin's tour in, VII. 229. Flemish Ships, of the capture of, by American privateers, IX. 368. FLETCHER, BENJAMIN, is appointed governor of New York and Pennsyl- vania, by the same commission, III. 136. His controversy with the As- sembly of Pennsylvania, 137. Threat- ens to annex the province to New York, 139. Admits the principle of the Quakers upon the subject of bear- ing arms, 143.
Flies, their tenacity of life, VI. 382. Flora, representation of Franklin to the Admiralty court at Cherbourg re- specting the prize, VIII. 453. Florida, difficulty of finding settlers for, IV. 355. Parliamentary grants for, 369. Government of East and West, as erected by royal proclama- tion, 375.
FLORIDA BLANCA, Count de, gives
Mr. Jay a copy of Sir J. Dalrymple's Memoir, VIII. 547.
Fluid, thoughts on a universal, and its character, VI. 458. Application of this idea to the explanation of some phenomena of heat and cold, 459. Fogs, electricity of, in Ireland, V. 209. Suggestion as to their connexion with cold seasons, VI. 456. FOLGER, PETER, his writings, I. 8, 9. Food, proper quantity of, II. 86. Foreign ministers, salaries of, IX. 401. FORTH, his secret mission, IX. 205. Fort Pitt, conference with the Indians at, IV. 345.
Forts, erection of, in the back settle- ments, an inadequate protection against the French and Indians, IV. 11.
A few likely to be useful, 15. Proposal to prevent the erection of, in the colonies, 21.
FOTHERGILL, JOHN, his conversation with Franklin on the restoration of harmony between Great Britain and the colonies, V. 10. Communicates to Franklin the result of conferen- ces upon the Hints for accommoda- tion, 55. Attends Franklin during his illness, VII. 150. His account of Franklin's examination before the House of Commons, 312. His death and character, VIII. 529. His ef- forts to prevent the war with the Uni- ted States, 532. His character, IX. 493. Dr. Lettsom's Memoirs of, X. 267.
Foundlings, their number in Paris, X. 133. Of hospitals for, 148, 174. Fox, CHARLES JAMES, Secretary of State, sends Mr. Grenville to Paris to arrange the preliminaries of a treaty of peace, IX. 267. Claims for his department the power to treat, 336. Resigns, 360, 365. His coalition with Lord North, 490. Franklin's esteem for, X. 1.
Fragment of Polybius, Sir W. Jones's supposed, VIII. 543.
France, efforts to engage the Indians in the cause of, III. 8. Conduct of the Indians in her interest, IV. 7. Respecting cessions of territory by, 8. Facilities enjoyed by, for harassing our frontier, 14. Evils which would result from leaving her in possession of Canada, 16. Of the aid given by, for the purpose of producing disaffec- tion in the colonies, 44. Check upon their growth, which would be the re- sult of her continued possession of Canada, 46. Invalidity of her claim to lands of the Six Nations on the Ohio, 329. Compliment paid to Franklin in, for his electrical writ
ings, VI. 162. Of travelling, and women in, VII. 359. Interest taken in American affairs in, 470. Com- missioners to, appointed by Congress, VIII. 190. Supplies of military stores furnished by, 191. Her conduct in regard to the United States, 235. Remarks on the treaty of commerce with, 239. War of England with, would be fatal to the reconciliation of the former with America, 253. Her good faith commended, 251. War between England and, 293. Mr. Ad- ams's view of her faith, 324. Alli- ance of the United States with, an obstacle to peace with Great Britain, 312. Objections to quitting the al- liance with, 316. Character of the people of, 327. That a truce between Great Britain and the United States would be for her interest, 332. Of a projected invasion of England by, 379. Of the aid given to the United States by, 423. Importance of the alliance with, 439. American feeling towards, 479. Of the aid furnished by, to meet the drafts of Congress, 499. In- structions to Franklin to procure a further loan in, 526. Further loan made by, to the United States, IX. 1. Declines the mediation of Russia and Austria, 4. Of supplies to the United States by, 32. Advantage to, of em- ploying a large naval force in this country, 100. Feeling in America towards, 104. Her concurrence ne- cessary in the negotiations for peace, 141. Relations of the United States with, 174. The United States not to treat without, 203. Great Britain proposes a separate treaty with, 204. Canada offered to, to induce her to treat, 210. Answer of the court of, to the offer, 210, 213. Her aid to the United States for 1782, 260. No aid given to the United States by, till their independence was declared, 274. Of the obligations of gratitude for her aid, 281. Debt of the United States to, 383. Substance of the pre- liminary articles of peace between Great Britain and, 442. Application of Robert Morris to, for a loan, 445. Preliminary articles of peace signed between Great Britain, Spain, and, 473. Her good faith in reference to the treaty, 533. Her financial diffi- culties, X. 28. Placed by the United States on the most favorable footing in regard to commerce, 138.
of affairs in, in 1787, 318. In 1788, 355. Revolutionary proceedings and distracted state of affairs in, in 1789, 387, 409.
FRANCIS, JOHN W., his Life of Colden cited, VI. 18, 19. FRANKLIN, ABIAH, mother of Benjamin, 1. 7, 13. Her death, VII. 58. FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN.
His Life. Good fortune which ac- companied him through life, I. 2. Res- idence of his ancestors, 3. His resem- blance in character to one of his un- cles, 5. His second cousin Samuel Franklin, 6. Marriage of his father, 7. His birth, 8. His occupations in child- hood, 10. Account of his father, 11. Death of his parents, and their monu- ment, 14. His early reading, 15. His ballads, 16. Intimacy with John Col. lins, 17. Reads the Spectator, 18. Re- sorts to a system of vegetable diet, 19. Becomes fond of argument, 21. Writes for his brother's newspaper, 23. amined before the Council for a pub- lication offensive to the Assembly, 24. Determines to leave his brother, 27 Goes to New York, 28. Accident on his journey to Philadelphia, 30. Ar- rives in that city, 33. Visits Andrew Bradford, the printer, 35. Lodges with Mr. Read, 37. Is advised by Sir W. Keith to set up in Philadel phia, 38. Returns to Boston, 39. Sir W. Keith's proposal declined by his father, 40. Who consents to his re- turn to Philadelphia, 41. Visits Gov- ernor Burnet of New York, 43. Is promised assistance by Sir W. Keith, 45. Abandons the use of animal food, 47. Of his associates, Osborne, Wat- son, Ralph, 48. Their exercises in composition, 49. Determines, by the advice of Keith, to visit England, 52. Sails for London, 53. Discovers that he has been deceived by Keith, 55. Being without money engages to work for Palmer, a printer, 56. Prints a tract upon Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain, 57. Frequents a club, consisting of Dr. Mandeville and others, 57. Disagrees with, and separates from Ralph, and removes to Watts's printing office, 59. His tem- perate habits, 59. Mode of living, 61. His skill in swimming, 63. Engages in mercantile business with Mr. Den- ham, 65. Returns to Philadelphia, 67. His plans of business broken off by the death of Mr. Denham, 68. En- gages to superintend Keimer's print- ing establishment, 69. Is ill treated by Keimer, 71. And separates from him, 72. Engraves the plates for New Jersey paper money, and prints the bills, 73. His moral and reli- gious views, 74. His new version of the Lord's Prayer, 77. Enters into
partnership with Hugh Meredith, 77. Forms the Junto, 81. Writes the Busy Body, 84. Anecdote showing his independence as an editor, 85. His separation from Meredith, 89. Writes a pamphlet on paper curren- cy, 91. Opens a stationer's shop, 92. His attention to business, 93. Mar- ries Miss Read, 96. His agency in establishing the Philadelphia Library, 99. Mode of obtaining subscriptions for it, 101. Anecdote of the silver spoon and China bowl, 102. His re- ligious sentiments, 103. Proposes to arrive at moral perfection, 105. His list of the virtues, 106. Resolves to give attention to them in succession, 109. His difficulty in practising that of order, 113. His project of a work to be entitled, The Art of Virtue, 115. Proposes to raise a united party for virtue, 119. Publishes Poor Richard's Almanac, 121. His mode of conduct- ing his newspaper, 123. Engages in a controversy respecting Hemphill, a preacher, 125. Studies the French and Italian languages, 126; and the Spanish, 127. Visits Boston, 128. Extension of the Junto, 129. Is ap- pointed postmaster of Philadelphia, 131. Proposes an improvement in the city watch, and establishes a fire company, 133. Becomes intimate with Whitefield, 136. Forms part- nerships in the printing business, 142. Proposes a Philosophical Society, 144. His agency in providing means of de- fence in the Spanish war, 144. Forms an association for that purpose, 145. His invention of a fireplace, 156. His Proposal relating to the Education of Youth, 158. Establishes an Academy, 159. Becomes one of the trustees, 160. Forms a partnership with David Hall, 161. His electrical experiments, 162. Is chosen a member of the As- sembly, 162. Is appointed a cominis- sioner for making a treaty with the Indians, 163. His agency in estab- lishing the Pennsylvania Hospital, 164. His advice to Gilbert Tennent, 167. Suggests plans for cleaning, pav- ing, and lighting the streets of Phila- delphia, 165, 169; and for cleaning those of London, 170. Is appointed postmaster-general for America, 175. Attends the general convention at Albany, as a delegate, 176. Proposes a plan of union of the colonies, 177. Has an interview with Governor Shir- ley, 178. Assists Mr. Quincy in pro- curing aids for New England, 181. Visits General Braddock's army, 183. Procures horses and wagons for the
184. His services commended by Braddock, but ill rewarded, 193. Engages in forming a society for the
relief and instruction of Germans in
Pennsylvania, 195. Is appointed a commissioner for appropriating the public money for military defence, 197. Is commissioned to take charge of the frontier, and erect a line of forts, 197. Marches with troops to fulfil this commission, 198. His op- erations at Gnadenhutten, 199. Be- comes acquainted with the Moravians at Bethlehem, 203. Returns to Phila- Idelphia, and is chosen colonel of a regiment, 204. Declines accepting the Governor's proposal to conduct an expedition against Fort Duquesne, 207. Account of his electrical exper- iments, 208. Is elected a member of the Royal Society, 212. Receives the Copley medal, 213. His conver- sations with Governor Denny, 214. Is deputed by the Assembly to present a petition to the King, and to act in England as the agent of Pennsylva- nia, 216. His interview with Lord Loudoun, 216. Sails from New York, 222. His account of the voyage, 223. Arrives in England, 226. Object of his agency in England, 232. Peter Collinson and Mrs. Stevenson, 233. Mr. Strahan and Governor Shirley, 234. Begins the business of his mis- sion, 235. Refutes charges that had been made against Pennsylvania, 237. Becomes acquainted with Basker- ville, 242. Advises the conquest of Canada, 248. Visits Scotland, and receives the degree of Doctor of Laws, 249. Gives to Lord Kames a copy of the Parable against Persecution, 250. Remarks on the authorship of that piece, 251. Business of his agen- cy brought to a successful issue, 253. Receives public money for Pennsyl vania, 258. Tour through Holland and Flanders, 259. Experiments on the tourmalin, 259; on evaporation, 260. His observations and theory of northeast storms, 262. Invents the Armonica, 263. The degree of Doc- tor of Laws conferred upon him at Oxford, 267. Sails from England and arrives at Philadelphia, 269. Travels through the northern colonies, 271. Disputes between the Assembly and governor, 280. Franklin writes on the subject, 282. Chosen speaker of the Assembly, 283. Appointed agent to go to England, and solicit a change of government, 285. Arrives in Eng- land, 289. Opposes the Stamp Act, 294. Examined before Parliament on
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