It is not a little remarkable that this dissertation was written for the express purpose of serving as an inaugural essay to the degree of doctor in philosophy, at German university!

"Aux Eleves & Aux Amateurs de l'Architecture," &c-An. Address to such Scholars and Amateurs as delight in Architecture, by the ABBE UGGERRI, architect.As some of the hints and observations contained in the address of this celebrated Italian, who was at once a priest and an architect, may prove ser viceable in this country, we shall here subioin a few of them. The Abbé begins by observing, that, if philosophy be the Lambeau that conducts to the art of design, architecture is still more indispensibly indebted to such a light. As this branch of knowledge possesses an equal claim to the two honourable titles of art and science, so ought its productions to have no other guide than reason. If after the restoration of the arts, modern architects had not wandered fron so excellent a guide, they would not have mistaken their own caprice for a rule; and we should not have seen the immense multitude of unreasonable works, which occasion equal surprise to the well informed spectator, both as to the possibility of the invention and the folly of the applau-e bestowed on productions equally vain, wild, and insignificant. Notwithstanding this, the absurd and -capricious style of architecture, here alluded to, had so seduced a great majority of artists, that the philosophical opinious of Laugier and Trogier, in France, and the reiterated and sarcastical e marks of Lodoli and Milizia, in Italy, were in vain exerted, in order to bring them back to the paths of right reason. These mannerists, pleased with their own capricios, refused to hear her, and it was not until towards the conclusion of the last century, that the propriety of their arguments gan to be discovered. Milizia, it is true, was no more than the echo of his predecessors, with this difference however, that he reproduced their ideas, with more order and greater method, and that with these he mingled soube of his own natural causticity and eynicism, which made him be dreaded by other artists. At length, they not only avoided contradicting, but even listened to them with attention. This new manner of writing on architecture, produced a revolution in the art; for it was accompanied with this advantage, that the scholars themselves began to argue on

b

the subject, and at length felt how preferable the lessons of reason were, to those of a master governed by prejudices. It was then that they endeavoured, for the first time, to trace the source of those forms and proportions, so often hitherto copied without being comprehended; denied by ignorance, and violated with out remorse by innovation. It was then that they discovered in the divisions and the mouldings of the different orders, the principles whence they derived their origin; hence they perceived the neces sity of applying these in such a manner, as to proportion the solidity and el gance of their edifices, to their quality and des sign. In short, it was at length fairly avowed, that the Franciscan, Father Lodoli, so justly denominated the Socrates of Architecture, had developed a principle replete with the most happy con sequences in the two following bad Italian

verses:

"Debbonsi unire e fabrica e ragione,
E sia funzione la rapresentazione.”

Since this fortunate return to truth, architects have become the faithful dis ciples of the philosophy of the arts, by not only conforming to these maxims themselves, but also in inspiring them into their disciples.

"And in order the more effectually to fortify the minds of such young men as may devote themselves to architecture," says our author, "the necessity of an elementary book has been intimated to me. It is with this view I have just published the result of my studies, and my toils, relative to the three Greek or ders of architecture, while I have not been inattentive to those remains of Ro man art, which are still to be met with in such profusion in Italy. It was on such monuments as these, that Palladio and Vignoles formed their style and composed their models. The works of these two celebrated authors ought to be constantly in the bands, or rather in the hearts, of young artists, that, out of deference to, and in imitation of, them, they may contemplate and admire the antique, &c, thus perceive the real source of whatever is beautiful. The labours of such great masters, will enable them to select and to apply the principles of the ancients, to the edifices of their own age; and accustom them at the same time, to contemplate every thing with their own eyes, without being blindly led by others, and thus becoming the slaves of example. In fine, as the advancement of the 3

art

and German, contains the remains of the Iberian language. Immediately after the Iberians, appeared the Celts, a nation in all probability more numerous, which occupied the right bank of the Danube, the north of Italy, Gaul, the British Isles, and a portion of Spain. From their language have sprung the two Celtic dialects, still spoken at this very day, the first in Ireland, and the second in the mountains of Scotland. Adelung seizes this opportunity to give a catalogue of the real Celtic words, and dedicates no fewer than thirty-eight pages to his enquiries into the originality of the poems of Ossian, which he pronounces to be very modern. He next treats of the Welch and Cornish tongues, and of the Bas-Breton, which he considers as merely two dialects of the same language. These he does not think, strictly speaking, to have been Celtic; they are, according to him, two remarkable remnants of the Belgic, or Kimri, an idiom which he considers as a mixture of the Celtic and German, surcharged with Latin.

Next after the Celts, come the Germans, more especially in the north of Europe; then, in the south, the Thracians, fathers of the Greeks; finally, in the east and the north, the Slavi; these, together with the Fins, appear to have been the last who arrived in that portion of the world, where France and Russia are now the chief dominant powers. Of the German language, three principal dialects remain:-1. The teutonic, subdivided into the superior, interior, and middle. Out of the mixture of the three, the second of which possesses five different branches, in the time of Luther and his first disciples, arose a common idiom called High German, because the superior or upper dominates; this is doubtless a rich idiom, but not intirely fixed, although very much cultivated in the north of Europe, and greatly perfected during the latter moiety of the last cen tury.

2. The Germanic-Scandinavian, which has four branches, the Danish, the Norwegian, the Icelandic, and the Swedish.

And 3. The English, a prodigious mixture, in which the German predomi

nates.

"Like the Celtic language, the Thracian is also lost but the remains of it are found in its illustrious daughters, the Greek and Latin; these are classical tongues, idioms of literal ideas, dialects of literature and Christianity, languages which have civilized nations, and which

will continue to be cultivated so long as the human race shall be preserved from barbarity and destruction.'

Adelung shows that the Thracian language prevailed both in Asia-Minor and Europe, in the east and the south. He makes the ancient Greek and its various dialects, to spring from it, and finally the modern Greek of our own times. From the Greek and a Celtic dialect, but chiefly from the Greek alone, proceeded the Latin; and from the Latin, whether pure or corrupted, proceeded the Italian, the Spanish, and the Portuguese. The French, according to him, is a mixture of the Celtic, German, &c. " but has hecome, by its elegance and clearness, by its celebrated works in eloquence and poetry, as well as by its original books in all sciences, still more than, by the mi litary prowess, and superior policy of the nation, the universal language of modern Europe."

The eastern Sclavonic produced the Russian, the Illyrian, the Croatian, &c. The Western Sclavonic has four branches, the Polish, Bohemian, Servian, and Northern Windic. The Walachian also comes from the Sclavonic, but is greatly mixed with bad Latin; next comes the Finnick language, which is mother of the Findlandish, the Laponic, the Esthonian, and the Livonian. ‹ These, with the Hungarian and the Albaneses, are the idioms treated of in the second volume of Mith. ridates, and the whole will be rendered complete by means of a third, which is now in the press. This is to contain researches into the languages of Africa as well as of America, and M. de Murr, of Wirtemburgh, and M. de Humboldt, have both furnished the continuator with their assistance upon this occasion.

MISCELLANEOUS.

"Europe en Petit."-Europe in Miniature: being a collection of medals of the middle ages, and appertaining to all parts of Europe; by the proprietor JEAN JEOFFERY LIPSIUS, inspector of the Gallery of Antiquities appertaining to his majesty the king of Saxony.

The editor has declined to follow the system of Medai, and those who take him for their model, but adopted that followed by Eckhel, in his Catalogue of the Cabinet of Medals at Vienna, as well as in his Doctrina Nummorum Veterum; that is to say, the geographical order. Lipsius bas doubtless encountered a va riety of difficulties in the classification of modern medals, in conformity to a

system

system which his precursor applied to the ancient ones alone, but he has been repaid with complete success.

"Lydie, ou les Marriages Manqués, Conte Moral."-Lydia, or Marriage Disappointments, a moral tale, by Madame J. SIMONS CONDEILLE, author of Catherine, ou la Belle Fermiere. Paris, 2 vols. 12mo.

Lydia de St. Hilaire, was young and charming, and a mother who idolised her, bad, of course, completely spoiled her. On her first leaving the domestic asylum where a fond parent resided, she repaired to the Castle of Mordeck, inha bited by her aunt. This lady had assembled around her a select society, and the young Alphonso de Bellegarde became amorous of our heroine, at the very first sight of her! The relations charmed with the prospect of a match so suitable for both parties, in every point of view, already began to arrange every thing for the intended marriage, when Adhemar de Mulsam, took offence at what was about to be done. This personage, we are told, was not in love with Lydia; no, he loved himself too well for this, and, as the fair author observes with some humour, such an event would have been considered by him as an infidelity! But he was incited by the glory of achieving so great a conquest, and interest perhaps, in addition to this, made him resolve to recur to all the seductive arts in his power.

An absence of eight days, on the part of Alphonso, left sufficient time for Adhemar, to make some progress in the affections of Lydia; billets, sighs, feigned absence of mind, were all employed by turns. He thus, at length, found means

to draw her into a solitary place, on purpose to give to their interview, all the appearance of an assignation: he, in short, seized this opportunity to ruin her reputation, and accident was not a little favourable to his projects, by sending old Bellegarde and his son thither, in consequence of her screams, after which they immediately took their departure.

But an unhappy event unmasked Adhemar in the midst of his triumphs, for a fire having consumed the castle of Mordyk, and together with it a large portion of the fortune of Lydia, he fled from the scene of ruin like a coward, and a paltroon. The life of Lydia was on this occasion saved by Valmont, the friend of her father, a man at once amia ble, virtuous, and rich; and who cultivated painting from his love of the art. Gratitude attached her to him, who had consecrated his fortune to repair the losses of her parent; but her character, which was both imperious and irregular, soon invited new misfortunes. She thought that the eagerness of her new lover to obtain her hand, was nothing more than an anticipated air of authority, and soon broke off the negociation for a marriage. Soon after this, M. de Préval, a gentleman whom she believed to love her, and in favour of whom she deigned to pronounce, declined the connexion, and Lydia now ready to die in conse quence of an illness occasioned by chag rin, lost all her beauty. On this in her turn, she adores Valmont, who, on the other hand, refuses to espouse her, and tells her that he will content himself with remaining the most zealous of her friends.

, on the heat of

158

Bees, cure for the sting of

529

observations on luminous

Apeleutherus, on the author of
Aphorisms on public credit

Antiquities, discovery of 42, 195, 292, 299,
381, 486, 498, 586
Apollonian museum, account of the 460
Apoplexy, remedy for

Apple trees, on the cultivation of
Apprentices, on the binding of poor
Aractris hypogæa, oil from the
Arbitration, proposal for a national court
of

Arches, on the theory of

Architecture, specimens of antient

...., improvements for durable 401
Archway, account of the Highgate 553
Arcot, in the East Indies, described
Armies, on standing

256

310

331

359

512

.12

360

526

225, 426