7. When a sentence coming after a transitive verb, begins with 'what,' where,' or 'that,' it is a substantive sentence, object of the verb. EXAMPLES. I received what he sent to me. I heard that he said it. But if the word 'what' be resolved into its equivalent thing which;' or the word 'where' into its equivalent 'the place in which;' then the latter clauses will cease to be substantive sentences, and will become adjective sentences to the former. EXAMPLES. I received the thing which he sent to me. I know the place in which you reside. 8. When the pronoun it' begins a complex sentence, very frequently some following clause could supply its place, and if substituted would make good sense; when this can be done, the clause that can be substituted is a substantive sentence. EXAMPLE. It is amazing that she succeeded. 9. When one of two clauses begins with the word 'when' and the other with the word 'then,' the clause introduced by 'when' is an adverbial sentence to that introduced by then,' which is a principal sentence. EXAMPLE. When ye shall see Jerusalem compassed with armies, 10. When the corresponding conjunctions so,' that' are found in different clauses, the clause in which 'that' occurs, is generally an adverbial sentence to the clause containing 'so.' EXAMPLES. She was so weak, that she fainted away. Central Africa is so hot, that few persons can live there. EXERCISES FOR PUPILS. Analyse the following sentences. 1. The man who builds, and wants wherewith to pay, 2. Sloth makes all things difficult, but industry all easy; and he that riseth late must trot all day, and shall scarce overtake his business at night; while laziness travels so slowly, that poverty soon overtakes him.-Franklin. 3. Who shall dispute what the reviewers say? Their word's sufficient; and to ask a reason, In such a state as theirs, is downright treason.-Churchill. 4. Marriage is a desperate thing; the frogs in Æsop were extremely wise they had a great mind to some water, but they would not leap into the well, because they could not get out again.— Selden. 5. As at his board a farmer sat, And snored the rising fumes away.-Moore's Fables. 6. Doth a man stutter, look asquint, or halt? With personal defects their mirth adorn, And hang misfortune out to public scorn.-Churchill. 7. As a lamp is choked by a superabundance of oil, a fire extinguished by excess of fuel, so is the natural heat of the body destroyed by intemperate diet.—Burton. 8. It is usually said by grammarians, that the use of language is to express our wants and desires; but men who know the world hold, and I think with some show of reason, that he who best knows how to keep his necessities private, is the most likely person to have them redressed; and that the true use of speech is not so much to express our wants as it is to conceal them.-Goldsmith. 9. So cheer'd he his fair spouse, and she was cheer'd, From either eye, and wiped them with her hair; Each in their crystal sluice, he, ere they fell, Kiss'd.-Milton. 10. In common cases the general method I take to bring any gentleman to a patient hearing, is to entertain him with his own commendations: if this simple medicine will not serve, I am forced to dash it with a few drops of slander, which is the best appeaser, I know; for many of my patients will listen to that, when nothing else can silence them.-Cumberland. 11. When winter soaks the fields, and female feet 12. Those who cultivate the memory of our revolution, and those who are attached to the constitution of this kingdom, will take good care how they are involved with persons who, under the pretext of zeal towards the revolution and constitution, too frequently wander from their true principles, and are ready on every occasion to depart from the firm, but cautious, and deliberate spirit which produced the one, and which presides in the other.-Burke. 13. The generous, who is always just, and the just who is always generous, may, unannounced, approach the throne of heaven.-Lavater. 14. The fountain which from Helicon proceeds, -Walter. 15. An Englishman fears contempt more than death: he often flies to death as a refuge from its pressure, and dies when he fancies the world has ceased to esteem him.-Goldsmith. 16. A man that is out of humour when an unexpected guest breaks in upon him, and does not care for sacrificing an afternoon to any chance comer; that will be master of his own time and pursuer of his own inclinations, makes but a very unsociable figure in this life. 17. Those get the least that take the greatest pains, A nat'ral sign of weakness, as an ant Is more laborious than an elephant; And children are more busy at their play Spectator. Than those that wisely'st pass their time away.--Butler. 18. Aim at perfection in everything, though in most things it is unattainable; however, they who aim at it, and persevere, will come much nearer to it than those whose laziness and despondency make them give it up as unattainable.- Chesterfield. 19. A man should not allow himself to hate even his enemies, because, if you indulge this passion in some occasions, it will rise of itself in others; if you hate your enemies, you will contract such a habit of mind, as by degrees will break out upon those who are your friends, or those who are indifferent to you.-Plutarch. 20. He that first started the doctrine, that bravery was the best defence against a knave, was but an ill teacher, advising us to commit wickedness to secure ourselves.-Plutarch. 21. When we are young, we are slavishly employed in procuring something whereby we may live comfortably when we grow old; and when we are old, we perceive it is too late to live as we propose.-Pope. 22. Ye sons of luxury, be wise: And in his joy be blest.-Beattie. 23. Eloquence, when at its highest pitch, leaves little room for reason or reflection: but addresses itself entirely to the fancy or the affections, captivates the willing hearers, and subdues the understanding.-Hume. 24. Death is not sufficient to deter men who make it their glory to despise it; but if every one that fought a duel were to stand in the pillory, it would quickly lessen the number of these imaginary men of honour, and put a stop to so absurd a practice.-Addison. 25. When Babel was confounded, and the great God drave asunder, and asigned their lot Note. Many of the passages in the other parts of the work, form suitable exercises in analysis also. See Grammar of English Grammars.' END OF ANALYSIS. 47 VARIETY OF EXPRESSION. INTRODUCTORY TO PARAPHRASING. Before pupils begin to paraphrase passages, they should know how to express the same sentiment in various ways. The following methods by which the construction of a sentence may be changed, without altering the sense, should be carefully considered. FIRST METHOD. By substituting the relatives, who, which, that, what, for conjunctions where it can be done. 1. The girl thinks she can learn without study, but she labours under a great mistake. 2. He gives himself up wholly to pleasures, and is not worthy of the name of man. SECOND METHOD. By substituting the words 'so that' or 'such that' for the conjunction 'and.' Examples. Changed thus. 1. The man was very negligent, 1. The man was so negligent that and he soon failed. he soon failed. 2. The river has rocks and sand 2. The river has such rocks and near its mouth, and it is not sand near its mouth, that it is not navigable. navigable. Sentences to be changed. 1. He labours diligently, and he will be sure to succeed. 2. She became very ill, and she fainted with weakness. 3. The children have a severe cough, and they cannot attend. 4. The climate is intensely hot, and the country is rendered unhealthy. |