Soon after we came on board, a Sphinx was taken, which proved to be quite new, and a small bird, Tanagra Jacarini, Linn.; it seemed, however, from Linnæus's description, as well as Edwards' and Brisson's, that neither of them had seen the bird, which was in reality a Loxia nitens.

The fish brought on board proved to be Scomber amia, S. falcatus, Coryphaena, Hippurus?, Sparus pagrus and Sciana rubens; the second and last not being before described, we called them by these names.

10th. Species of seaweed now came floating by the ship. It proved to be Sargasso, Fucus natans, which is generally supposed to increase upon the surface of the sea in the same manner as duckweed (Lemna) does on fresh-water, without having any root; this, however, plainly showed that it had been rooted in the coral rock on the bottom, as two specimens particularly had large lumps of the coral still adhering to them. Among the weed were some few animals, but scarcely worth mentioning: one Balistes, but quite a fry, so young that it was impossible to refer it to its species; also a worm, which proved to be Nereis pelagica.

12th. This morning we were abreast of the land, which proved, as we thought last night, to be the island just within Cape Frio, called in some maps the Isle of Frio. About noon we saw the hill called the Sugar Loaf, which is just by the harbour's mouth, but it was a long way off yet, so we had no hopes of reaching it this night.

The shore from Cape Frio to this place has been one uninterrupted beach of the whitest colour I ever saw, which they tell me is a white sand.

In the course of this evening we approached very near the land, and found it very cold, to our feelings at least: the thermometer at ten o'clock stood at 681°, which gave us hopes that the country would be cooler than we should expect from the accounts of travellers, especially M. Biron, who says that no business is done here from ten to two on account of the intense heat.

13th. This morning the harbour of Rio Janeiro was right ahead, about two leagues off, but it being quite calm

NOV. 1768

OFF RIO DE JANEIRO

25

we made our approach very slowly. The sea was inconceivably full of small vermes, which we took without the least difficulty: they were almost all new, except Beroe labiata, Medusa radiata, fimbriata, crystallina, and a Dagysa. Soon after a fishing-boat came aboard and sold us three scombers, which proved to be new, and were called S salmoneus. His bait was Clupea chinensis, of which we also procured specimens.

CHAPTER II

RIO DE JANEIRO

Nov. 13-DEC. 7, 1768

Obstacles to landing-Viceroy memorialised Boat's crew imprisoned Vegetation, etc.—Ship fired at- Leave Rio harbour— Description of Rio-Churches-Government-Hindrances to travellers-PopulationMilitary-Assassinations-Vegetables-Fruits-Manufactures - Mines

Jewels-Coins-Fortifications-Climate.

13th November.1 As soon as we were well in the river, the captain sent his first lieutenant, Mr. Hicks, with a midshipman, to get a pilot: the boat returned, however, without the officers, but with a Portuguese subaltern. The coxswain informed us that the lieutenant was detained until the captain should go off. A ten-oared boat, containing about a dozen soldiers, then came off and rowed round the ship, no one in it appearing to take the slightest notice of us. A quarter of an hour later another boat came off, on board which was a Disembargador and a colonel of a Portuguese regiment. The latter asked many questions, and at first seemed to discourage our stay, but ended by being extremely civil, and assuring us that the Governor would give us every assistance in his power. The lieutenant, he said, was not detained, but had not been allowed on shore on account of the practica, but that he would be sent on board immediately.

14th. Captain Cook went on shore this morning. He returned with a Portuguese officer with him in the boat,

1 This account, from the 13th to the 24th November inclusive, of the treatment of Captain Cook at Rio, has been much condensed from the original "Journal.”

NOV. 1768

OBSTACLES TO LANDING

27

also an Englishman, Mr. Forster, a lieutenant in the Portuguese service. We were informed that we could not have a house nor sleep on shore, and that no person except the captain and such common sailors as were required on duty would be permitted to land; we, the passengers, were particularly objected to. In spite of this we attempted to go on shore in the evening, under excuse of a visit to the Viceroy, but were stopped by the guard-boat. The captain went ashore to remonstrate with the Viceroy, but the latter said that he was acting under the King of Portugal's orders.

15th and 16th. The captain vainly remonstrated with the Viceroy against our being forbidden to land, and particularly against the sentinel placed in his boat, which was done, he was told, as an honour.

17th. The captain and I drew up written memorials complaining of his Excellency's behaviour, which to us, as a King's ship, was almost a breach of duty.

18th. Answers to our memorials were received: the captain is told that he had no reason to complain, as he had only received the usual treatment customary in all the ports of Brazil; as for me, I am informed that as I have not brought proper credentials from the court at Lisbon, it is impossible that I can be permitted to land.

19th. We sent answers to his Excellency's memorials. The lieutenant who took them had orders not to suffer a guard to be put into his boat; the guard-boat let him pass, but the Viceroy, on hearing of it, ordered sentinels to be put on the boat. The lieutenant refused to go on board unless they were taken out, whereupon he was sent on board in a guard-boat and his crew arrested. He reported

that the men in our pinnace had not made the least resistance, but that they had notwithstanding been treated very roughly, being struck by the soldiers several times. The guard brought back the letters unopened.

This evening, by some mismanagement, our long-boat broke adrift, carrying with her my small boat. The yawl was sent after her, and managed to take her in tow, but in

spite of all the efforts of the crew, the boats soon drifted out of sight. The yawl came back at two in the morning with the news that the other two boats were lost. We were, however, glad to find the men safe, for they had been. in considerable danger.

20th. The yawl was sent ashore to seek assistance in recovering our long-boat: it returned with our pinnace and its crew, and a boat of the Viceroy, which had orders to assist us in searching for our boats.

The crew of the pinnace declared that they had been confined in a loathsome dungeon, where their company was chiefly blacks who were chained. The coxswain purchased a better apartment for seven petacks (about as many English shillings). At dark the pinnace returned with both the boats and all their contents.

21st. Letters arrived from the Viceroy; in mine he told me very politely that it was not in his power to permit me to go ashore. In the captain's he raises some doubts about our ship being a King's ship.1

23rd. An answer to the captain's last memorial accuses him of smuggling.

24th. Dr. Solander went into the town as surgeon of the ship to visit a friar who had desired that the surgeon might be sent to him: he received civilities from the people.

26th. I myself went ashore this morning before daybreak, and stayed until dark night. While I was ashore I met several of the inhabitants, who were very civil to me, taking me to their houses, where I bought of them stock for the ship tolerably cheap: a middlingly fat porker for eleven. shillings, a Muscovy duck for something under two shillings, etc.

The country, where I saw it, abounded with vast variety of plants and animals, mostly such as had not been described by our naturalists, as so few have had an opportunity of coming here; indeed, no one even tolerably curious that I

1 "The build and general appearance of the Endeavour not being that of a man-of-war, the Portuguese authorities entertained suspicions regarding her true character, which is not altogether surprising, considering the times."Wharton's Cook, p. 22, footnote.