word that he saw a house-martin, on the twentythird of last October, flying in and out of its nest in the Borough and I myself, on the twenty-ninth of last October (as I was travelling through Oxford), saw four or five swallows hovering round and settling on the roof of the county hospital.

Now, is it likely that these poor little birds (which perhaps had not been hatched but a few weeks) should, at that late season of the year, and from so midland a county, attempt a voyage to Goree or Senegal, almost as far as the equator? I acquiesce entirely in your opinion-that, though most of the swallow kind may migrate, yet that some do stay behind, and hide with us during the winter.*

As to the short-winged soft-billed birds, which come trooping in such numbers in the spring, I am at a loss even what to think about them. I watched them narrowly this year, and saw them abound till about Michaelmas, when they appeared no longer. Subsist they cannot openly among us, and yet elude the eyes of the inquisitive: and, as to their hiding, no man pretends to have found any of them in a torpid state in the winter. But with regard to their migration, what difficulties attend that supposition. that such feeble bad fliers (who the summer long never flit but from hedge to hedge) should be able to traverse vast seas and continents, in order to enjoy milder seasons amidst the regions of Africa!

November 4, 1767.

See "Adanson's Voyage to Senegal." These individuals are the waifs and strays of swallow society; the rash, the impetuous, the imprudent, or the unfortunate; which occur in all associations, and who cease to be "known" by more fortunate swallows.-ED.

LETTER XIII.

TO THOMAS PENNANT, ESQ.

in one of your former letters you expressed the more satisfaction from my correspondence on account of my living in the most southerly county; so now I may return the compliment, and expect to have my curiosity gratified by your living much more to the North.

For many years past I have observed that towards Christmas vast flocks of chaffinches have appeared in the fields; many more, I used to think, than could be hatched in any one neighbourhood. But, when I came to observe them more narrowly, I was amazed to find that they seemed to me to be almost all hens. I communicated my suspicions to some intelligent neighbours, who, after taking pains about the matter, declared that they also thought them mostly all females; at least fifty to one. This extraordinary occurrence brought to my mind the remark of Linnæus, that, "before winter all their hen chaffinches migrate through Holland into Italy." Now

I want to know, from some curious person in the North, whether there are any large flocks of these finches with them in the winter, and of which sex they mostly consist? For, from such intelligence, one might be able to judge whether our female flocks migrate from the other end of the Island, or whether they come over to us from the continent.

We have, in the winter, vast flocks of the common linnets; more, I think, than can be bred in any one district. These, I observe, when the spring advances, assemble on some tree in the sunshine, and join all in a gentle sort of chirping, as if they were about to break up their winter quarters and betake themselves to their proper summer homes. It is well known, at least, that this is the signal of departure with the swallows and the fieldfares, which congregate with a gentle twittering before they take their respective departure.

You may depend on it that the bunting, (emberiza miliaria,) does not leave this county in the winter. In January, 1767, I saw several dozen of them, in the midst of a severe frost, among the bushes on

* With Chaffinches temporary separation of the sexes is not unusual, Mr.Selby thinks. In Northumberland and the North the separation takes place in November; and from that period till the return of spring, few females are to be seen, and those few in distinct societies. The males remain in immense flocks, feeding with other granivorous birds in the stubbles, but approach the farm-yards on the appearance of snow. Mr. Yarrell, on the other hand, thinks there may be some confusion in the sexes; the plumage of the old females and young males, before they have assumed the brilliancy of colour which distinguishes the adult, being not very different. M'Gillivray does not notice this peculiarity of the chaffinch, which is a remarkable omission in his painstaking work.-ED.

the downs near Andover: in our woodland enclosed district it is a rare bird.*

Wagtails, both white and yellow, are with us all the winter. Quails crowd to our southern coast, and are often killed in numbers by people that go on purpose.

Mr. Stillingfleet, in his Tracts, says that "if the wheatear (ananthe) does not quit England, it certainly shifts places; for about harvest they are not to be found, where there was before great plenty of them." This well accounts for the vast quantities that are caught about that time on the South downs near Lewes,† where they are esteemed a delicacy. There have been shepherds, I have been credibly informed, that have made many pounds in a season by catching them in traps. And though such multitudes are taken, I never saw (and I am well acquainted with those parts) above two or three at a time for they are never gregarious. They may perhaps migrate in general; and, for that purpose, draw towards the coast of Sussex in autumn: but that they do not all withdraw I am sure; because I see a few stragglers in many counties, at all times of the year, especially about warrens and stone quarries.

The Buntings certainly remain with us all the year. Towards autumn they collect in small flocks and seek their food in the stubble fields. In winter they approach the farm-yards and mingle with the sparrows; but never in large flocks. At this season their song is conspicuous in its hurried repetition of its rather inharmonious chuck, chuck, chit.-ED.

†The shepherds on the South downs, in old times, made a harvest, at the parting season of the Wheatear, and also of the Quail, which suffered from the same cause. They have now become very scarce; for everywhere in their journey the hand of man has been raised for their destruction.-ED.

I have no acquaintance, at present, among the gentlemen of the navy: but have written to a friend, who was a sea-chaplain in the late war, desiring him to look into his minutes, with respect to birds that settled on their rigging during their voyage up or down the channel. What Hasselquist says on that subject is remarkable: there were little shortwinged birds frequently coming on board his ship all the way from our channel quite up to the Levant, especially before squally weather.

What you suggest, with regard to Spain, is highly probable. The winters of Andalusia are so mild, that, in all likelihood, the soft-billed birds that leave us at that season, may find insects sufficient to support them there.

Some young man, possessed of fortune, health, and leisure, should make an autumnal voyage into that kingdom; and should spend a year there, investigating the natural history of that vast country. Mr. Willughby passed through that kingdom on such an errand; but he seems to have skirted along in a superficial manner and an ill humour, being much disgusted at the rude dissolute manners of the people.

I have no friend left now at Sunbury to apply to about the swallows roosting on the aits of the Thames: nor can I hear any more about those birds which I suspected were merula torquatæ.

As to the small mice, I have farther to remark, that though they hang their nests for breeding up amidst the straws of the standing corn, above the ground; yet I find that, in the winter, they burrow deep in the earth, and make warm beds of grass : but their grand rendezvous seems to be in corn