'Swounds, I should take it: for it cannot be But I am pigeon-liver'd and lack gall

To make oppression bitter, or ere this

I should have fatted all the region kites

With this slave's offal. Bloody, bawdy villain! Remorseless, treacherous, lecherous, kindless villain! O, vengeance!

This is most brave,

That I, the son of a dear father murder'd,
Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell,
Must, like a trull, unpack my heart with words,
And fall a-cursing, like a very drab,

A scullion!

Fie upon't! foh! About, my brain! I have heard
That guilty creatures sitting at a play

Have by the very cunning of the scene
Been struck so to the soul that presently

They have proclaim'd their malefactions;

For murder, though it have no tongue, will speak
With most miraculous organ. I'll have these players
Play something like the murder of my father
Before mine uncle: I'll observe his looks;

I'll tent him to the quick: if he but blench,

I know my course. The spirit that I have seen
May be the devil: and the devil hath power
To assume a pleasing shape; yea, and perhaps
Out of my weakness and my melancholy,
As he is very potent with such spirits,
Abuses me to damn me: I'll have grounds
More relative than this: the play's the thing
Wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king.

PART III

THE SPEECH

Having studied the speaker as to his Triune Nature, his Vocal Organism, Pronunciation and Emphasis of language, and his delivery by means of the elements of vocal and actional expression, it now becomes necessary to study the speech in which he brings his message to the audience. True, he may gain much power in the use of his voice, much grace and freedom in gesture, and a clear knowledge of the philosophy of expression, and he may instruct, entertain, and even inspire his hearers by a faithful interpretation of the various illustrative selections contained in Parts I, II, and III. But the larger use of the power gained by a mastery of the foregoing principles lies in their application to that form of public speaking in which the speaker conveys his own ideas to the audience with a view to instruction, conviction, and persuasion.

We shall treat this subject under three divisions as follows: (1) the occasion of the speech and the audience who hear it, (2) the kind of speech to make and the subject or proposition to be discussed, and (3) the plan of the speech and its essential qualities.

CHAPTER I

THE OCCASION AND THE AUDIENCE

An intending speaker should first consider the occasion and object of his speech and the audience he is to address. His

object may be to entertain, to instruct, to inspire; to convince, or to persuade the audience to accept his ideas, beliefs, and propositions. If the occasion is a debate before a deliberative body or a political meeting, the object would be to secure votes; if the occasion is educational, religious, or patriotic, the object would be the improvement of methods or the elevation of ideals and standards of living.

SECTION I. VARIETY OF OCCASIONS AND AUDIENCES

As a rule, audiences are assembled by their own free will and are friendly to the speaker through acquaintance with him or by the reputation he brings, in which case they are open-minded, sympathetic, and receptive to his message. But a speaker is sometimes called upon to meet a group of people called together by the voice of authority, such as a school, college, or other institutional command, which may be cordial or indifferent to the speaker; or he may even have to face a wholly unfriendly crowd, such as a mob of strikers, anarchists, or lynchers under the sway of passion, seeking redress for alleged wrong. Furthermore, a friendly audience may manifest its varying moods, due to environment or physical conditions over which they have no control, and it is the task and test of the speaker's ability to change indifference into interest and bring about conviction and persuasion.

It is plain that the speech should be the outgrowth of the occasion, of which there are many, such as educational associations, social institutions, religious meetings, judicial bodies, legislative assemblies, political gatherings, and commemorative occasions, which require different kinds of speeches. For example, a political harangue would not be appropriate on a purely religious occasion, nor should a religious homily be imposed upon an audience gathered for the consideration of economic or social problems.

A full discussion of occasions and audiences would take us far beyond the limits proposed for this chapter, but we here subjoin an outline for the guidance of student and instructor.

NOTE. The following outline of seven main headings, and as many subdivisions each, is suggestive rather than inclusive, and each group is arranged in climactic order as to the formality of the occasion. The instructor may add to it according to conditions to be met, and submit the list to the students, allowing each to choose a different occasion and a different audience before whom he must speak after preparation. At the appointed time the whole class, under certain restrictions, may represent the audience selected and assume the conditions of the occasion. Then the speaker who has chosen his own subject delivers his own message and is thrown upon his own resources in controlling even the confusion which may arise out of the impersonative enthusiasm of his class audience. A suitable time limit may be set for the further discipline of the speaker, and to meet the requirements of classroom work. The exercises may be further varied by having a half dozen or more students speak to the same kind of an audience during the recitation hour, using many subdivisions of one general subject; and in other ways the tact and judgment of a successful teacher may be employed. The plan suggested is one of the most interesting and effective methods of encouraging young speakers.

SECTION II. LIST OF OCCASIONS AND AUDIENCES 1. Educational Associations.

(1) A Topical speech before a high-school class.
(2) Chapel Address before the whole student body.
(3) Inaugural Address in a literary society.
(4) Salutatory or Valedictory at commencement.

(5) Essay before a public-school teachers' association.

(6) Lecture before a Chautauqua assembly.

(7) Address before the National Speech-Arts Association or the National Educational Association.

2. Social Institutions.

(1) A Talk before a business men's club.

(2) Speech before a municipal law and order league.

(3) A Toast on an assigned subject at a social banquet.
(4) An After-dinner speech in honor of a great poet,
statesman, hero, philanthropist, or explorer.

(5) Speech of Welcome to a victorious or defeated inter-
collegiate ball team, debate team, or oratorical

contestant.

(6) Anti-saloon or temperance speech before a popular or an unfriendly audience.

(7) Address to an art league, a city sorosis club, or the Daughters of the American Revolution.

3. Religious Meetings.

(1) Sunday evening service of a young people's league. (2) A review of the lesson at Sunday school.

(3) Topical speech in a Young Men's Christian Associ

ation.

(4) Address before a state or national Y.M.C.A. con-
vention.

(5) A Sunday morning Address to children or to old folks.
(6) A popular and appropriate Sunday evening Lecture.
(7) A church dedicatory, Thanksgiving, Christmas, or
Easter Address.

4. Judicial Bodies.

(1) A case of discipline before a student senate.

(2) Trial before a school, college, or church official board. (3) Speech in a city council for or against some municipal expenditure.

(4) Plea in a property suit or criminal trial before a jury.
(5) Prosecution and Defense in a murder trial before an
appellate court.

(6) Pleading in a civil suit or criminal case in the supreme
court of any state or of the United States.
(7) Address on an international question before the Hague
conference.