be raised. "How then (I may be asked). "do you move for a decree to apply thofe "funds to the military fervice?" By no means! it is my opinion indeed, that an army must be railed; that this money really belongs to the army; and that the fame regulation which entitles our citizens to receive, fhould oblige them also to act. At prefent you expend these sums on entertainments, without regard to your af fairs. It remains then that a general contribution be raised: a great one, if a great one be required: a fmall one, if fuch may be fufficient. Money must be found: without it nothing can be effected: various fchemes are propofed by various perfons: do you make that choice which you think moft advantageous; and, while you have an opportunity, exert yourfeives in the care of your interefts. accomplished. If then he determines firmly and invariably to purfue his conquefts: and if we are obftinately refolved against every vigorous and effectual meafure: think, what confequences may we expect! In the name of Heaven, can any man be fo weak, as not to know, that by neglecting this war, we are transferring it from that country to our own! And fhould this happen, I fear, Athenians, that as they who inconfiderably borrow money upon high intereft, after a fhortlived affluence are deprived of their own fortunes; fo we, by this continued indolence, by confulting only our eafe and pleafure, may be reduced to the grievous neceffity of engaging in affairs the most shocking and difagreeable, and of expofing ourselves in the defence of this our native territory. To cenfure, fome one may tell me, is easy, and in the power of every man: but the true counsellor fhould point out that conduct which the prefent exigence demands. Senfible as I am, Athenians, that when your expectations have in any inftance been difappointed, your refentment frequently falls not on those who merit it, but on him who hath spoken laft; yet I cannot, from a regard to my own fafety, fupprefs what I deem of moment to lay before you. I fay then, this occafion calls for a twofold armament. First, we are to defend the cities of the Olynthians, and for this purpose to detach a body of forces: in the next place, in order to infeft his kingdom, we are to fend out our navy manned with other levies. If you neglect either of thefe, I fear your expedition will be fruitless. For, if you content yourfelves with infefting his dominions, this he will endure, until he is mafter of Olynthus, and then he can with eafe repel the invafion; or, if you only fend fuccours to the Olynthians, when he fees his own kingdom free from danger, he will apply with conftancy and vigilance to the war, and at length weary out the befieged to a fubmiffion. Your levies therefore must be confiderable enough to ferve both purpofes.-These are my fentiments with refpect to our armament. And now, as to the expence of these preparations. You are already provided for the payment of your forces better than any other people. This provifion is diftributed among yourselves in the manner molt agreeable; but if you restore it to the army, the fapplies will be complete without any ad dition; if not, an addition will be necefary or he whole, rather, will remain to It is worthy your attention to confider, how the affairs of Philip are at this time circumstanced. For they are by no means fo well difpofed, fo very flourishing, as an inattentive obferver would pronounce. Nor would he have engaged in this war at all, had he thought he thould have been obliged to maintain it. He hoped that, the moment he appeared, all things would fall be fore him. But thefe hopes were vain. And this difappointment, in the firft place, troubles and difpirits him. Then the Theffalians alarm him; a people remarkable for their perfidy on all occafions, and to all perfons. And just as they have ever proved, even fo he finds them now. For they have refolved in council to demand the reftitution of Pegafæ, and have oppofed his attempt to fortify Magnefia: and I am informed, that for the future he is to be excluded from their ports and markets, as thefe conveniencies belong to the ftates of Theffaly, and are not to be intercepted by Philip. And, fhould he be deprived of fuch a fund of wealth, he must be greatly ftreightened to fupport his foreign troops. Befides this, we mult fuppofe that the Paonian and the Illyrian, and all the others, would prefer freedom and independence to a ftate of flavery. They are not accustomed to lubjection, and the infolence of this man, it is faid, knows no bounds; nor is this improbable: for great and unexpected fuccefs is apt to hurry weak minds into extravagancies. Hence it often proves much more difficult to maintain acquifit cns, than to acquire. It is your part, therefore, to regard the time of his diftrefs as your most favourable opportunity: improve it to the S$ 4 utmoft; utmoft; send out your embaffies; take the field yourselves, and excite a general ardor abroad; ever confidering how readily Philip would attack us, if he were favoured by any incident like this, if a war had broken out on our borders. And would it not be shameful to want the refolution to bring that diftrefs on him, which, had it been equally in his power, he certainly would have made you feel? This too demands your attention, Athenians! that you are now to determine whether it be most expedient to carry the war into his country, or to fight him here. If Olynthus be defended, Macedon will be the feat of war: you may harafs his kingdom, and enjoy your own territories free from apprehenfions. But, fhould that nation be fubdued by Philip, who will oppofe his marching hither? will the Thebans? let it not be thought fevere when I affirm, that they will join readily in the invafion. Will the Phocians? a people fcarcely able to defend their own country, without your affiftance. Will any others? -"But, Sir," cries fome one," he would "make no fuch attempt."-This would be the greatest of abfurdities; not to execute thofe threats, when he hath full power, which, now when they appear fo idle and extravagant, he yet dares to utter. And I think you are not yet to learn how great would be the difference between our engaging him here and there. Were we to be only thirty days abroad, and to draw all the neceffaries of the camp from our own lands, even were there no enemy to ravage them, the damage would, in my opinion, amount to more than the whole expence of the late war. Add then the presence of an enemy, and how greatly must the calamity be increased: but, further, add the infamy; and to those who judge rightly, no diftrefs can be more grievous than the fcandal of mifconduct. It is incumbent therefore, upon us all, (juftly influenced by thefe confiderations) to unite vigorously in the common cause, and repel the danger that threatens this territory. Let the rich exert themselves on this occafion; that, by contributing a small portion of their affluence, they may secure the peaceful poffeffion of the rest. Let thofe who are of the age for military duty; that, by learning the art of war in Philip's dominions, they may become formidable defenders of their native land. Let our orators, that they may fafely submit their conduct to the public infpection. For your judgment of their administrations will ever be determined by the event of things. And may we all contribute to render that favourable! Leland. L. Sergius Cataline was of Patrician extraction, and had fided with Sylla, during the civil wars between him and Marius. Upon the expiration of his prætorfhip, he was fent to the government of Africa; and after his return, was accused of mal-administration by P. Clodius, under the confulfhip of M. Emilius Lepidus, and L. Volcatius Tullus. It is commonly believed, that the defign of the confpiracy was formed about this time, three years before the oration Cicero here pronounces against it. Cataline, after his return from Africa, had fued for the confulfhip, but was rejected. The two following years he likewife ftood candidate, but ftill met with the fame fate. It appears that he made a fourth attempt under the confulfhip of Cicero, who made use of all his credit and authority to exclude him, in which he fucceeded to his wish. After the picture Salluft has drawn of Cataline, it were needless to attempt his character here; befides that the four following orations will make the reader fufficiently acquainted with it. This first fpeech was pronounced in the fenate, convened in the temple of Jupiter Stator, on the eighth of November, in the fix hundred and ninth year of the city, and forty-fourth of Cicero's age. The occafion of it was as follows: Cataline, and the other confpirators, had met together in the houfe of one Marcus Lecca; where it was refolved, that a general insurrection should be raised through Italy, the different parts of which were affigned to different leaders; that Cataline fhould put himself at the head of the troops in Etruria; that Rome fhould be fired in many places at once, and a maffacre begun at the fame time of the whole fenate and all their enemies, of whom none were to be fpared except the fons of Pompey, who were to be kept as hoftages of their peace and reconciliation with their father; that in the confternation of of the fire and maffacre, Cataline fhould be ready with his Tufcan army to take the benefit of the public confufion, and make himself mafter of the city; where Lentulus in the mean while, as first in dignity, was to prefide in their general councils; Caffius to manage the affair of firing it; Cethegus to direct the maffacre. But the vigilance of Cicero being the chief obstacle to all their hopes, Cataline was very defirous to fee him taken off before he left Rome; upon which two knights of the company undertook to kill him the next morning in his bed, in an early vifit on pretence of bufinefs. They were both of his acquaintance, and ufed to frequent his houfe; and knowing his cultom of giving free accefs to all, made no doubt of being readily admitted, as C. Cornelius, one of the two, afterwards confeffed. The meeting was no fooner over, than Cicero had information of all that paffed in it: for by the intrigues of a woman named Fulvia, he had gained over Curius her gallant, one of the confpirators of fenatorian rank, to fend him a punctual account of all their deliberations. He prefently imparted his intelligence to fome of the chiefs of the city, who were affembled that evening, as ufual, at his house, informing them not only of the defign, but naming the men who were to execute it, and the very hour when they would be at his gate: all which fell out exactly as he foretold; for the two knights came before break of day, but had the mortification to find the houfe well guarded, and all admittance refused to them. Next day Cicero fummoned the fenate to the temple of Jupiter in the capitol, where it was not ufually held but in times of public alarm. There had been feveral debates before this on the fame fubject of Cataline's treasons, and his defign of killing the conful; and a decree had paffed at the motion of Cicero, to offer a public reward to the first discoverer of the plot; if a flave, his liberty, and eight hundred pounds; if a citizen, his pardon, and fixteen hundred. Yet Cataline, by a profound diffimulation, and the conftant profeffions of his innocence, ftill deceived many of all ranks; repre fenting the whole as the fiction of his enemy Cicero, and offering to give fecurity for his behaviour, and to deliver himself to the cuftody of any whom the fenate would name; of M. Lepidus, of the prætor Metellus, or of Cicero himfelf: but none of them would receive him; and Cicero plainly told him, that he should never think himself fafe in the fame houfe, when he was in danger by living in the fame city with him. Yet he ftill kept on the mask, and had the confidence to come to this very meeting in the capitol; which fo fhocked the whole affembly, that none even of his acquaintance durft venture to falute him; and the confular fenators quitted that part of the house in which he fat, and left the whole bench clear to him. Cicero was fo provoked by his impudence, that inftead of entering upon any bufinefs, as he defigned, addreffing himself directly to Cataline, he broke out into the prefent moft fevere invective against him; and with all the fire and force of an incenfed eloquence, laid open the whole course of his villainies, and the notoriety of his treasons.. HOW far, O Cataline, wilt thou abuse our patience? How long fhall thy frantic rage baffle the efforts of juftice? To what height meanest thou to carry thy daring infolence? Art thou nothing daunted by the nocturnal watch posted to fecure the Palatium? nothing by the city guards? nothing by the confternation of the people? nothing by the union of all the wife and worthy citizens? nothing by the fenate's afiembling in this place of ftrength? nothing by the looks and countenances of all here prefent? Seeft thou not that all thy defigns are brought to light? that the fenators are thoroughly apprized of thy confpiracy? that they are acquainted with thy laft night's practices; with the practices of the night before; with the place of meeting, the company fummoned together, and the measures concerted? Alas for our degeneracy! alas for the depravity of the times! the fenate is apprized of all this, the conful beholds it; yet the traitor lives. Lives! did I fay, he even comes into the fenate; he shares in the public deliberations; he marks us out with his eye for destruction. While we, bold in our country's caufe, think we have fufficiently fufficiently difcharged our duty to the ftate, if we can but escape his rage and deadly darts. Long fince, O Cataline, ought the conful to have ordered thee for execution; and pointed upon thy own head that ruin thou hast been long meditating against us all. Could that illuftrious citizen Publius Scipio, fovereign pontiff, but invefted with no public magistracy, kill Tiberius Grac chus for railing fome flight commotions in the commonwealth; and fhall we confuls fuffer Cataline to live, who aims at laying wafte the world with fire and fword? I omit, as too remote, the example of Q. Servilius Ahala, who with his own hand flew Spurius Melius, for plotting a revolution in the state. Such, fuch was the virtue of this republic in former times, that her brave fons punished more feverely a factious citizen, than the most inveterate public enemy. We have a weighty and vigorous decree of the fenate against you, Cataline: the commonwealth wants not wisdom, nor this house authority: but we, the confuls, I speak it openly, are wanting in our duty. A decree once paffed in the fenate, enjoining the conful L. Opimius to take care that the commonwealth received no detriment. The very fame day Caius Gracchus was killed for fome flight fufpicions of treason, though defcended of a father, grandfather, and ancestors, all eminent for their fervices to the ftate. Marcus Fulvius too, a man of confular dignity, with his children, underwent the fame fate. By a like decree of the senate, the care of the commonwealth was committed to the confuls C. Marius and L. Valerius. Was a fingle day permitted to pafs, before L. Saturninus, tribune of the people, and C. Servilius the prætor, fatisfied by their death the juftice of their country. But we, for these twenty days, have fuffered the authority of the fenate to languish in our hands. For we too have a like decree, but it refts among our records like a fword in the fcabbard; a decree, O Cataline, by which you ought to have suffered immediate death. Yet ftill you live; nay more, you live, not to lay afide, but to harden yourself in your audacious guilt. I could with, confcript fathers, to be merciful; [ could with too not to appear remifs when my country is threatened with danger; but I now begin to reproach myfelf with negligence and want of courage. A camp is formed in Italy, upon the very borders of Etsuria, against the commonwealth. The 2 enemy increase daily in number. fame time we behold their general and leader within our walls; nay, in the fenatehouse itself, plotting daily fome intestine mifchief against the state. Should I order you, Cataline, to be inftantly feized and put to death: I have reafon to believe, good men would rather reproach me with flownefs than cruelty. But at prefent certain reasons retrain me from this step, which indeed ought to have been taken long ago. Thou shalt then fuffer death, when not a man is to be found, fo wicked, fo defperate, fo like thyfelf, as not to own it was done juftly. As long as there is one who dares to defend thee, thou fhalt live; and live fo as thou now dost, surrounded by the numerous and powerful guards which I have placed about thee, fo as not to fuffer thee to ftir a foot against the republic; whilft the eyes and ears of many fhall watch thee, as they have hitherto done, when thou little thoughteft of it. But what is it, Cataline, thou canst now have in view, if neither the obfcurity of night can conceal thy traitorous affemblies, nor the walls of a private house prevent the voice of thy treafon from reaching our ears? If all thy projects are difcovered, and burft into public view? Quit then your deteftable purpose, and think no more of maffacres and conflagrations. You are befet on all hands; your most fecret councils are clear as noon-day; as you may eafily gather, from the detail I am now to give you. You may remember that on the nineteenth of October last, I faid publicly in the fenate, that before the twenty-fifth of the fame month, C. Manlius, the confederate and creature of your guilt, would appear in arms. Was I deceived, Cataline, I fay not as to this enormous, this deteftable, this improbable attempt; but, which is ftill more furpriz ing, as to the very day on which it happened? I faid likewife, in the fenate, that you had fixed the twenty-fixth of the fame month for the maffacre of our nobles, which induced many citizens of the first rank to retire from Rome, not fo much on account of their own preservation, as with a view to baffle your defigns. Can you deny, that on that very fame day you was fo befet by my vigilance, and the guards I placed about you, that you found it impoffible to attempt any thing against the tate; though you had given out, after the departure of the reit, that you would never nevertheless content yourself with the blood of those who remained? Nay, when on the firft of November, you confidently hoped to furprize Prænefte by night; did you not find that colony fecured by my order, and the guards, officers, and garrifon I had appointed? There is nothing you either think, contrive, or attempt, but what I both hear, fee, and plainly underftand. Since then, Cataline, fuch is the state of your affairs, finish what you have begun; quit the city; the gates are open; nobody oppofes your retreat. The troops in Manlius's camp long to put themselves under your command. Carry with you all your confederates; if not all, at least as many as poffible. Purge the city. It will take greatly from my fears, to be divided from you by a wall. You cannot pretend to itay any longer with us: I will not bear, will not fuffer, will not allow of it. Great thanks are due to the immortal gods, and chiefly to thee Jupiter Stator, the ancient protector of this city, for having already fo often preferved us from this dangerous, this deftructive, this peftilent fcourge of his country. The fupreme fafety of the commonwealth ought not to be again and again exposed to danger for the fake of a fingle man. While I was only conful elect, Cataline, I contented myself with guarding against your many, plots, not by a public guard, but by my private vigilance. When at the laft election of confuls, you had refolved to affaffinate me, and your competitors in the field of Mars, I defeated your wicked purpose by the aid of my friends, without disturbing the public peace. In a word, as often as you attempted my life, I fingly oppofed your fury; though I well faw, that my death would neceffarily be attended with many fignal calamities to the ftate. But now you openly strike at the very being of the republic. The temples of the immortal gods, the manfions of Rome, the lives of her citizens, and all the provinces of Italy, are doomed to flaughter and devastation. Since therefore I dare not purfue that courfe, which is molt agreeable to ancient difcipline, and the genius of the commonwealth, I will follow another, lefs fevere indeed as to the criminal, but more ufeful in its confequences to the public. For fhould I order you to be immediately put to death, the commonwealth would still harbour in its bofom the other confpirators; but by driving you from the city, I fhall clear Rome at once of the whole baneful tribe of thy accomplices. How, Cataline! Do you hefitate to do at my command, what you was fo lately about to do of your own accord? The conful orders a public ene-. my to depart the city. You ask whether this be a real banishment? I fay not exprefsly fo: but was I to advise in the cafe, it is the beft courfe you can take. Call to mind only in conjunction with me, the tranfactions of last night. You will foon perceive, that I am much more active in watching over the prefervation, than you in plotting the deftruction of the ftate. I fay then, and fay it openly, that last night you went to the heule of M. Lecca, in the street called the Gladiators: that you was met there by numbers of your affociates in guilt and madness. Dare you deny this? Why are you filent? If you difown the charge, I will prove it: for I fee fome in this very affembly, who were of your confederacy. immortal gods! what country do we inhabit? what city do we belong to? what government do we live under? Here, here, confcript fathers, within theie walls, and in this affembly, the most awful and venerable upon earth, there are men who meditate my ruin and yours, the deftruction of this city, and confequently of the world itfelf. Mylelf, your conful, behold thefe men, and afk their opinions on public affairs; and instead of dooming them to immediate execution, do not fo much as wound them with my tongue. You went then that night, Cataline, to the houfe of Lecca; you cantoned out all Italy; you appointed the place to which every one was to repair; you fingled out those who were to be left at Rome, and those who were to accompany you in perfon; you marked out the parts of the city deftined to conflagration; you declared your purpose of leaving it foon, and faid you only waited a little to fee me taken off. Two Roman knights undertook to ease you of that care, and affaffinate me the fame night in bed before day-break. Scarce was your affembly difmiffed, when I was informed of all this: I ordered an additional guard to attend, to fecure my house from affault; I refufed admittance to thofe whom you fent to compliment me in the morning; and declared to many worthy perfons beforehand who they were, and at what time I expected them. For |