British cabinet, 89. Mr. Hartley's
history of the proceedings for promo-
ting a negotiation for, 118. Mr. Liv-
ingston's suggestions respecting the
general terms of, 128. Extent to
which the limits of the United States
should be determined in a treaty of,
129. And to which the fisheries
should be enjoyed by the United
States, 135. Impolicy of making stip-
ulations in favor of the loyalists in a
treaty of, 139. No negotiations to be
opened by the American commission-
ers without the concurrence of France,
141. Messrs. Franklin, Adams, Lau-
rens, and Jay authorized by a special
commission to treat of, 143. Mr.
Hartley's explanation of his proposi-
tion for a separate treaty, that it was
to be made with the consent of the
allies of the United States, 149. His
supposed cases in which the United
States might treat separately, 151.
That the first step towards a, must be
taken by Great Britain, 165. Dispo
sition of the British ministry favor-
able to, 168. Little probability that
negotiations will be soon entered on
for, 177. Mr. Digges's mission in
reference to, 179. Mr. Hartley's in-
quiry as to the authority of the Amer-
ican commissioners to treat, 181. De-
sired in England, 184. Mr. Digges's
interview with Mr. Adams, 186. Ob-
ject of his mission, 191. Dilatory con-
duct of Great Britain in reference to,
193. American commissioners ready
to treat, 195. Reconciliation more
than, 196. Mr. Forth's mission in
reference to, 204. Separate treaty for,
proposed to France by Great Britain,
and declined, 205. Insincerity of
Lord North's ministry in their pro-
ceedings in reference to, 208. Canada
offered to France, to induce her to
treat separately, 210. Proper mode
of seeking, 218. Journal of the ne-
gotiation for, with Great Britain, 238.
Franklin's letter to Lord Shelburne,
239; who sends to him Mr. Os-
wald to institute proceedings for a,
240. Lord Shelburne's ministry so-
licitous for, 242, 243. Count de Ver-
gennes's view as to the place and
mode of treating, 246. Franklin's

notes for conversation with Mr. Os-
wald respecting, 250. Not likely to
be durable without reconciliation,
253. France insists on a general,
not a particular, 255. The idea of
a separate, still cherished by the
British ministry, 257, 258. Mr. Os-
wald commissioned to settle the pre-
liminaries of a general, 265. Mr.

Grenville also commissioned by Mr.
Fox, 267. Mr. Oswald's want of ex-
plicitness, 269, 270. England willing
to treat for a general, 272. Cession
required of France as a condition of
acknowledging American Indepen-
dence, 273. Paris agreed on, as the
place of treating for, 277. Release
of American prisoners a step towards,
283.
Mr. Laurens declines acting
under the commission for, 287. Dif-
ficulty of negotiating a popular, 290.
Mr. Hartley's interview with Lord
Shelburne on the subject of, 294.
Copy of the preliminaries left by him
with Lord Shelburne, 296. Mr. Gren-
ville declares himself fully commis-
sioned to treat for, with France and
her allies, 297. His commission ap-
plicable only to France, 299. Lord
Shelburne's distrust of the professions
of the French cabinet in favor of,
303. Mr. Grenville's explanation of
the deficiency in his commission, 305.
His view as to the resolution of the
American commissioners not to treat
without their allies, 306, 310. Neces-
sary to Great Britain, 311. Lord
Shelburne's declaration of his sincer-
ity in regard to negotiating for, 313.
Act to enable the King to conclude a,
with the United States, 314. The
American commissioners not author-
ized to make stipulations in favor of
the loyalists, 315. Mediation of Rus-
sia declined by Holland, 317. Im-
possibility of the United States treat-
ing separately for, 323. Mr. Grenville
declares himself fully commissioned
to treat with France, and any other
Prince or State, 331. And to declare
the independence of America previ
ous to the treaty for, 332. Count de
Vergennes satisfied with Mr. Gren-
ville's powers, 335. Authority and
character of Mr. Oswald and Mr.
Grenville, 336. Progress of the ne-
gotiation for, 340. Objection to Mr.
Grenville's commission, 345. Of the
attempt to treat for, in the United
States, by General Carleton, 348. Its
danger, 349. Delay in the opening
of the negotiation, 351. Prominent
points of the treaty for, as proposed
and insisted on by Franklin, before
any communication between the Brit-
ish and the other American commis-
sioners, 354. Continued delay in
opening the negotiation, 360.
treaty for, to be made, except on the
basis of independence, 362, 364. Re-
specting an intended reserve in the
grant of independence, 367. Count
de Vergennes's doubt of the sincerity

No

Pre-

of the British ministry in proposing a
negotiation of, 373. Mr. Oswald's
commission to treat for, 376.
Mr.
Jay's view as to the grant of indepen-
dence prior to a, 377; and in regard
to the claims of the loyalists, 378.
Delay in opening the negotiation for,
385. Franklin's view as to the mode
of granting independence, 388. Sin-
cerity of the British ministry in refer-
ence to, 396. Mr. Oswald instructed
to make American independence the
first article in the treaty of, 402. But
not to cede it without a truce or trea-
ty, 403. The fisheries proposed by
Franklin as an essential article in a
treaty of, 404. Agreed, that indepen-
dence shall stand as an article of trea-
ty, 407. Sincerity of both parties in
desiring, 410. Objections to the ne-
gotiation for, removed, 414. Progress
of the negotiation, 417. Of the ex-
tent to which the right to the fisher-
ies should be conceded, 424. Impos-
sibility of admitting an article for in-
demnifying the loyalists, 432.
liminary articles of, between the
United States and Great Britain,
agreed on, 435. History of the ne-
gotiation, 439. Preliminary articles
of, between France and England,
agreed on, 442. Of the treaty of,
with Sweden, 443. Count de Ver-
gennes's complaint, that the prelimi-
naries between the United States and
Great Britain were signed without
communication with the French cab-
inet, 449. Not to be concluded be-
tween England and America without
the concurrence of France, 450.
Count de Vergennes's remarks to
M. de la Luzerne upon the same sub-
ject, 452. Progress of the treaties
with other powers, 455. Refusal of
the French court to conclude a treaty
of, till the American commissioners
were satisfied, 458. Not yet conclud-
ed between France and England, 462.
Nor between England and the United
States, 463. Proposed article in the
treaty of, relative to privateering, 469.
Preliminaries signed between France,
Spain, and England, 473. Terms of
the, not approved in England, 489.
Franklin's remarks on them, 499.
Reason of the delay of the definitive
treaties of, 513. Preliminaries of, be-
tween England and Holland not yet
signed, 525. Delay of the negotia-
tions, 528. Franklin's justification of
the signing of the treaty of, without
communicating it to the French court,
532. Definitive treaty of, ratified, X.
19, 37. Treaty of, ratified by Con-

gress, 56. Remarks on it, 70. Rati-
fications exchanged, 87. Of alleged
defects of form in the ratification, 94,
96, 97. Of the ratification, 100.
PEMBERTON, ISRAEL, his account of
Franklin's energy in promoting Brad-
dock's expedition, VII. 96.
PENET, agent of Virginia, absconds, IX.
448.

PENN, GRENVILLE, allusion to his char-
ter, VII. 273.

PENN, JOHN, his proclamation respect-
ing the massacre of the Conestogo
Indians, IV. 57. His second procla-
mation, 60.

PENN, SPRINGET, Some account of,
VII. 227.

PENN, THOMAS, his subscription to the
academy, VII. 81. His conduct to
his nephew, 227. His account of
Franklin's conduct in England, 243.
See Proprietaries of Pennsylvania.
PENN, WILLIAM, anecdote of, I. 153.
Charter granted to, III. 98. Its ori-
gin, 116. Its provisions, 117. His
first frame of government, 121. His
reservation of quitrents, 123. His sec-
ond frame of government, and mo-
tives which induced its acceptance,
126. Goes to England, leaving the
government in the hands of com-
missioners, 128. Difficulties arising
during his absence. His constitu-
tion of government declared to be at
variance with that of the King and
Queen, 137. Remonstrance of the
Assembly to, 142. Returns to Penn-
sylvania and resumes the government,
147. Establishes a new form of elec
tion, 148. Old Assembly dissolved
and new summoned, 149. Aid granted
to, 150. His speech to the Assembly,
151. Charter of privileges granted
by him to the inhabitants of Pennsyl-
vania and territories, 154. Account
of this charter, 156. Accepted by the
province, but rejected by the territo-
ries, 157. Representation of the As-
sembly to, 168. His resentment, 179.
Remonstrance of the Assembly, 182.
His death, 188. His relation to the
province, 197. Consequence of his
being the sole purchaser of Indian
lands, 197. His treaty with the Con-
estogo Indians, IV. 54. His charac-
ter, 93. His contract for the sale of
his proprietary right to the crown,
125. Of the various portraits of, VH.
190. His family referred to, 273.
PENNINGTON, EDWARD, VII. 226.
Pennsylvania, abstract of a law of, re-
lative to paper money, II. 277. Effect
of that money on her prosperity, 343.
Her legislation respecting debts of

foreigners, 506. Serious considera-
tions on the present state of the prov-
ince of, III. 1. Necessity of some
provision for the defence of, 5. Dan-
ger from the Indians, 8. Probable ef-
fect of an invasion of, 13. Spirit of
the rich in respect to defence, 16.
Her effective military strength, 18.
Historical Review of the Constitution
and Government of, 106. Union with
the territory of the three Lower Coun.
ties, 116. Assumption of the gov-
ernment of, by the King and Queen
in 1693, 135. Administration of the
government by Colonel Fletcher,
governor of New York, 136; who
declares the constitution of the King
and Queen's government, and that
of Penn, hostile to each other, 137.
Threatens to annex the province to
New York, 138. New act of settle-
ment of the government, under the
administration of William Markham,

145.

The government resumed by
Penn, 147. Assembly chosen accord-
ing to a new model, 148. Dissolved,
and a new one convened, 149. Con-
firmation of property and aids to the
governor granted, 150. Another As-
sembly convened, 150. Penn's char-
ter of privileges to the inhabitants of,
and those of the territories, 154. Ac-
cepted by the province, but rejected
by the territories, 157.

Evans ap-
pointed governor of, 160. Vain at-
tempt to reunite the province and ter-
ritories, 161. Penn's interest in the
province left at his death in the hands
of trustees, 189. Easily governed, if
well governed, 193. First issue of
paper money in, 201. Grant made
by the Assembly of, for the expedi-
tion against Carthagena, 210. And
to forward the project against Louis-
burg and against Canada, 212. Act
for the issue of bills of credit passed
by the Assembly of, 279. Arrival of
Governor Morris in, and his first
speech to the Assembly, 281. The
Assembly called on by the governor
to take measures for the security of
the back inhabitants of, 386. Propo-
sition of certain gentlemen of Phila-
delphia to subscribe a sum in lieu of
the proprietary portion of the tax,
389. Appropriation by the Assembly
to arm the back inhabitants, 393.
Controversy between the Assembly
and the governor concerning the roads
opened by the province for the King's
forces, 400. Reconvocation of the
Assembly, in consequence of an ap
prehended invasion of the French and
Indians, 415. A sum granted for the

King's use, to be struck in bills of
credit, 421. Indian trade bill passed,
431. Resolutions of the Assembly,
respecting their power of granting
supplies to the crown, 454. Indian
trade bill rejected by the governor,
456. Sir W. Johnson's treaty with
the Six Nations laid before the As-
sembly, 471. Attempt of the gover-
nor, to involve the province in war
with the Indians, 471. Bill for sup-
ply by the emission of bills of credit,
489. Another, 490. Message of the
governor to the Assembly, respecting
Indian affairs, 493. Governor Morris
superseded by Governor Denny, 506.
Controversy between the governor
and Assembly, respecting a bill for a
supply for the King's use, to be sunk
by an excise, 518. Representation of
the Assembly to the Proprietaries, re-
specting Indian expenses, 535. Wil-
liam Franklin's refutation of anony-
mous abuse of the inhabitants of, 564.
Account of sundry sums paid by, for
the King's service, 571. List of the
governors, deputy governors, and pres-
idents of, 576. Table exhibiting the
extent of the commerce of, IV. 39.
Argument in favor of changing the
proprietary government of, into a roy-
al one, 78. Petition to the King for
that purpose, 93. Report in the As-
sembly relative to taxing the estate
of the Proprietaries, 117. Resolution
of the Assembly in favor of a royal
government, 121. Number of peti-
tioners in favor of the measure, 123.
Remarks on a late Protest against the
Appointment of Mr. Franklin as Agent
of, 143. Of taxation in, 162. Of the
population of, 165. Of the commerce
of, 166. Rates of exchange in. 167.
Address of the Assembly of, to Frank-
lin, on his return from France, V 137.
Queries and remarks concerning al-
terations in the constitution of, 163.
Origin of the association for the de-
fence of, VII. 20. Character and hab-
its of the Germans in, 71. Their
influx into the country, 73. Preju-
dices existing in England against,
175. Amount of parliamentary grants
to, 204. Of party violence in, 268.
Alarm in, at the news of the rejection
of the petition of the Assembly, 284.
Of paper money in, 368. Franklin
elected President of, X. 245, 303, 337.
See Pennsylvania, Assembly of
Pennsylvania, Assembly of, act of,
drawn by Franklin, relative to a vol
untary militia, III. 78. Report of the
committee of aggrievances of the, 97.
Their controversies with the proprie

tary governors, 124. Their firmness,
129. Their reply to governor Black-
well, 132. Their protest on the sub-
ject of passing bills, 140. Insist on
their right to appropriate as well as
raise money, 143. Elected according
to a new model, 148. Dissolved, and
a new one convened, 149. Confirma-
tion of property and aids granted to
the governor by, 150. Another con-
vened, 150. Penn's speech to the,
151. Their controversy with gover
nor Evans, 161. Heads of complaint
entered in their minutes, as the ground
of a representation to the Proprietary,
164. Governor Evans communicates
to them Penn's resentment, in conse
quence of the representation, 179.
Their reply, 180. Charter of privi-
leges referred to by the governor, as
the only rule of government, and their
reply, 181. Their remonstrances to
the Proprietary, 182 New controver-
sies with Governor Gookin, 185.
Their grant for the expedition against
Carthagena, 210. Their proceeding
in consequence of the enlistment of
servants, 211. Their grant for the
project against Louisburg and against
Canada, 212. Their difficulty with the
Proprietaries respecting the charges
for Indian affairs, 214. Their bill
extending the issue of paper nega-
tived by Governor Hamilton, 217.
Reply of the Proprietaries to, respect-
ing the changes of Indian affairs, 219.
Currency bill again sent by the, to
the governor, 226; and accepted by
him with a suspending clause, 231;
which is rejected by them, 232.
Their resolution respecting the re-
emission of the paper currency, 250.
Called on by the governor, for sup
plies for the French war, 255. They
admit the necessity of supplies, and
ask his assent to the currency bill,
257. New message of the governor
to the, relative to the paper money
instructions, 259. Proposes an ad-
journment, to which the governor ob-
jects, 263. Adjourn, and are again
convened by him, 264. Adjourn
again, 265; and reassemble, 266.
Their bill for an aid to the King
returned, with amendments, by the
governor, 267. Their proceeding in
consequence, 267. Reply of the gov-
ernor, 270. Their resolutions in re-
gard to the extent of their powers,
272. Adjourn, 276; and are re-con-
vened by special summons, 277. Pro-
ceedings of the commissioners at Al-
bany laid before them by the gover-
nor, 278. Act passed by, for the is-

sue of bills of credit, 279. Not as-
sented to by the governor, 280. Gov-
ernor Morris's first speech to the, 2-1.
His message to the, relative to the
proceedings of the French, 285. Cur-
rency bill sent to him by the, 287.
His reply, 288. Refuses his assent in
consequence of instructions given to
a preceding governor, and the attor
ney-general's opinion, 291. Their re-
ply, denying the force of his reason-
ing, and asking to see his instructions,
293. They also ask his assent to the
money bill, 297. He declines assent-
ing to the bill, 297; and evades their
request as to the instructions, 300.
Their right to make the demand de-
nied by the governor, 302. Their re-
ply, denying that the proprietary in-
structions were binding on the gov-
ernor, 307; and attributing to them
the failure of the bill, 308. His reply,
317. Their appeal to the crown, 322.
He asks a copy of their minutes, 320.
Reassembled in consequence of the
arrival of General Braddock, 326. His
message complaining that the minutes
are not sent, 328. Their reply, 329.
Vote money, to be raised by emitting
paper, 334. The governor refuses his
assent, 334. But asks an appropria-
tion to defray the expense of an In-
dian treaty, 335. Mr. Quincy's me-
morial to, relative to the supplies, 336.
A sum voted by the, and his acknowl-
edgment, 338. Their bill rejected by
the governor, 338; who revives the
old controversy by another message,
341. Their reply, 341. Their pres-
ents to British officers acknowledged,
357. Governor's message, requiring
them to furnish Braddock with pro-
visions, 357. They ask for Brad
dock's letter, 358. They send up two
money bills, 360. The governor re-
fuses to communicate the letter, 361;
and rejects the money bills, 365.
Adjourn, and are reconvened in con-
sequence of Braddock's defeat, 366.
They vote an aid of 50,000 pounds,
368. The governor returns the bill
with amendments, exempting the pro-
prietary estate from taxation, 371.
His reasons, 372. Their rejoinder,
374. He adheres to his amendinents,
385. He calls on them, to provide
for the security of the back inhabi-
tants, 386. Their bill again rejected,
393. They make an appropriation
for arming the back inhabitants, 393.
The old controversy renewed by the
governor, 399; who begins a new
one, concerning the roads opened by
the province for the King's forces, 400.

A new, convened, 413. They adjourn
because the governor declines to com-
municate information, 414. And are
reconvened, in consequence of an ap-
prehended invasion of the French
and Indians, 415. Aid granted by,
to be struck in bills of credit, 421.
They pass an Indian trade bill, 431.
Aid bill rejected by the governor, 435.
They prepare a militia bill, 439. Gov-
ernor's message on the topics of con-
troversy, 440. Their reply, 446. And
resolutions respecting their power to
grant supplies, 454. Indian trade bill
rejected by the governor, 456. Their
resolution thereon, 460. Their mes-
sage, on the enlistment of servants,
465. Adhere to the Indian trade bill,
and bill continuing the excise, 469.
Treaty with the Six Nations laid be-
fore them, 471. The governor asks
for further supplies, 473. Adjourn
and are reassembled, 476. Urge the
passage of the Indian trade bill, 481.
Six members resign their seats, 482.
New election ordered, 483. The gov-
ernor continues to reject the Indian
trade and excise bills, 487. Their
bill for a supply, by emitting bills of
credit, 489. Another, 490. And for
the exportation of provisions for the
King's service, 492. Governor Den-
ny communicates to them a portion
of the proprietary instructions, 510.
Their bill for a supply, 518. His ob-
jections, 519. Their reply, 520. Their
bill rejected by him, 524. Their res-
olutions relative to the proprietary in-
structions, 525. Pass a new supply
bill, with a protest against the in-
struction, 527. Commodore Spry's
testimony in their belief, 530. Their
representation to the Proprietaries, re-
lative to Indian expenses, 535. Their
resolution in favor of a royal govern-
ment, IV. 121. Their address to
Franklin, on his return from France,
V. 137. Difficulty between them and
the Proprietors, 250.
Pennsylvania Fireplace, account of the,
VI. 34. Described, 44. Manner of
using it, 50. Its advantages, 52.
Saving of fuel by, 54. Other advan-
tages, 55. Difference between it and
the Dutch, 56. How to be set up, 60.
Pennsylvania Hospital, Franklin's agen-
cy in founding, I. 164-167. Its suc-
cess referred to, VII. 314.

Pennsylvania Society for Abolishing Sla-
very, its Address to the Public, II. 515.
Again mentioned, X. 320.
Penobscot River, plan of accommoda-
tion inentioned, relative to towns set-
tled east of the, VII. 544.

People, of their voice in choosing the
rulers by whom taxes are imposed,
III. 57.

PERCIVAL, THOMAS, VI. 402. His
Moral and Literary Dissertations, X.
107. His tract on the Perceptive Pow-
er of Vegetables, 180.
PERCY, Lord, his canvass for West-
minster alluded to, VIII. 139.
PERKINS, JOHN, his inquiries address-
ed to Franklin relative to protection
from the smallpox, VI. 118. His
remarks on waterspouts, 136. And
on Stuart's portraits of waterspouts,
139.

Persecution, its prevalence among Chris-
tian sects, II. 113. Parable against,
121.

Perspiration, remarks on, VI. 65.
Whether it proceeds at the same time
with absorption, 66.

PETERS, RICHARD, his correspondence
with the Proprietaries mentioned,
VII. 20.

Petition of the Left Hand, II. 183.
Petition of the Letter Z, VI. 304.
Petition to the King, to change the pro-
prietary government of Pennsylvan-
ia into a royal one, IV. 93. For the
removal of the governors, IV. 430.
VIII. 22.

PETTY, SIR WILLIAM, his construction
of a double vessel, VI. 474.
Philadelphia, serious considerations on
the present state of, III. 1. Stated as
the place of meeting of the colonial
legislature under the plan of union,
41. Facility of access to, from the
several colonies, 42. Proposition of
gentlemen of, for a subscription in
lieu of the proprietary portion of a
tax, 389. Remonstrances of the May-
or of, to the Assembly, 445. Of yel-
low fever in, VII. 41. Of a memo-
rial from, to the merchants and man-
ufacturers of Great Britain, 302. Com-
pliment paid to Franklin in, for his
agency in the repeal of the Stamp
Act, 319.

Philadelphia Academy, observations re-
lative to the real intentions of the
founders of the, II. 133. Subscrip-
tions for the, VII. 108.
Philocles, Dialogue between Horatio
and, concerning Virtue and Pleasure,
II. 46. Second Dialogue upon the
same subject, 51.

Philosopher's Stone, suggestion respect-
ing the, VIII 198.
Philosophical Society, in Philadelphia,
account of the, I. 319. VI. 28. See
American Philosophical Society.
Philosophical Treatise, Colden's, re-
ferred to, VI. 94. Mode of its pub-