PREMIUM TRUNK MAKER, No. 42 North Second Street, [Westside,] between Chesnut and Pine sts., St. Louis, Mo. Constantly on hand, at wholesale and retail, and made to order at the shortest notice, Hard Leather Trunks, Solid Leather Steel Spring Trunks, Valises, Carpet Bags, Packing Trunks, Ladies' Dress Boxes, &c., &c. Trunks repaired in the best manner. Call and examine for yourselves before buying elsewhere, as I am determined to sell as low as any house in the trade, at all risks. May, 1851. Benj. Smith, SURVEYOR AND ENGINEER. Office-N. W. Corner Third and Chesnut Sts., St. Louis. Surveys made with accuracy and despatch in any part of the city or country; also, Maps constructed, and Plans and Estimates made for Rail, Plank and other Roads. Orders respectfully solicited. May, 1851. Flora Garden. This Establishment contains a collection of Plants and Flowers not excelled perhaps by any in the United States. Of ROSES alone there are 230 varieties: and the proprietor has devoted ten years to storing his HOT-HOUSES, 420 feet in length, with specimens of rare and beautiful plants, and flowers from almost every part of the globe. The Garden is pleasantly situated on South Seventh street and affords a delightful retreat from the noise and dust of the city. A commodious SALOON has been fitted up and will be supplied with confectionary, ice creams, and other refreshments suitable to the season and the place. Spirituous liquors are excluded from the premises. BOQUETS of the richest flowers and most tasteful combination furnished throughout every season of the year. April, 1851. G. GOEBEL. A. B. LATHROP. J. W. MITCHELL. A. B. Lathrop & Co., L. G. JEFFERS. MANUFACTURERS abrellas, Ladies Satchels, Dealers in The M5S, Vau ces, Carpet Bags, Umbrellas, Ladies' Satchels, Dress and Bor.net Boxes, &c. Constantly on hand, at Eastern Prices (for CASH,) the largest assortment of Packing Trunks, Canvas or Leather, Suitable for packing Prints, Clothing or Fancy Articles, Boots and Shoes, &c. Also-Manufacturers of all kinds of Packing Boxes for the city trade. Depot and Office No. 60 Third Street, at the "Trunk Emporium" opposite Old Theatre, Saint Louis, Mo. April, 1851. STERN JOURNAL. 1.-EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE TO AMERICA.-Causes con- spiring to promote emigration. Effects of emigration on the con- II. PARASITIC FUNGI.-Natural history of parasitic plants-Fungi, mould, &c., their effects on wheat, corn and other plants-Sugges- tions touching their origin and the means of preventing their appear- III.—MINERAL WEALTH OF MISSOURI.—Increase in the produc- tion of lead in Mo. New mines in South West Mo. Operations IV. NORTH MISSOURI RAILROAD.-Argument in favor of an early V.—THE PRESENT CONDITION OF GREAT BRITAIN.—Imports and exports and shipping tonnage inwards at different periods since 1820. Poor rates-Churches, Education, criminal records-Tabu- lar statement of emigration from the United Kingdom since the year 1825. Tabular statement of commitments for serious crimes from 1822 to 1849. Table of poor rates and paupers during same period -number of indoor and outdoor paupers. Price of estates, of la- COMMERCE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. ...... ...... .... ...... ........ ...... ...... -Tabular statement of Exports and Imports.• • • • • COMMERCE OF NEW YORK.-Exports from New York in June in COMMERCE AND COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS OF NEW OR- 252 254 254 REMARKS ON THE HUMAN MIND. By EDWARD STAGG, of St. ........................ ...... ...... ............. Louis, Mo. RANDOM THOUGHTS BY AN OCCASIONAL WRITER The principal causes which modify and limit the increase of population, seem not to have been appreciated by the political economists or statesmen of any period in the history of man. In every state of society, from the hunter to the highest condition attained by civilized nations, the multiplication of the race demands a continual augmentation of the means of subsistence. This is a condition imposed on man by a law of his nature compelling him by the penalties of famine, war, and expatriation to investigate and develop the boundless resources provided by the Creator for his subsistence and happiness. Under the operations of this law, even wandering tribes of savages, numbering, it may be, not more than one individual to five square miles of the country which they claim, suffer all the evils of a redundant population. Relying alone upon the game and natural products of the earth for subsistence, their numbers are necessarily limited by the extent of these resources; whilst the horrors of famine are only mitigated by exterminating wars, waged for the occupation of more extensive and less exhausted hunting grounds. And thus the increase of savage nations is cut off and limited by the operations of natural laws, the penalties whereof can only be avoided by adopting the arts of civilization. Civilization is to be regarded as a state of continual progression; and after emerging from a state of barbarism the causes affecting the increase of population become still more numerous and complicated than before. For whatever may be the physical properties or condition of any certain part of the globe, the increase of its inhabitants will now depend upon their intellectual, moral and social condition. Habits of industry, improvements in the useful arts, and discoveries in physical science, are the obvious means of changing the normal condition of the elements placed under the control of man, and of giving them such combination and form as render them available as sources of subsistence and comfort. But a people may be industrious; may advance rapidly in improvements of the useful arts; make valuable discoveries in physical science, and yet, radical defects in their civil institutions will retard and limit the increase of their numbers and finally cause a decline of population, even while the physical resources of the country remain abundant and comparatively unexplored. When from any cause, whether physical, moral, or political, the productions which minister to the primary wants of a people cease to increase for a series of years in succession, famine must ensue as a necessary consequence, unless the redundant population be destroyed by war or emigrate to other lands. Famine is a natural consequence of a redundant population: war and emigration are human expedients, calculated to avert the immediate danger of impending evils, but do not remove the cause; therefore, when peace shall have been restored or emigration shall have ceased, the danger recurs with an aspect not less threatening than before. But it has rarely occurred in the history of civilized man, that the relations subsisting between different nations were such as to admit of peaceable emigration to an extent sufficient to relieve a country, possessing a redundant population, from the horrors of famine. And hence the population of civilized as well as of savage nations has been kept down chiefly by the combined effects of war and famine. Peaceable and unrestricted emigration from one country to another, of numbers sufficient to affect materially the condition of both, has so rarely occurred that there is no instance on record from which we can infer the consequences of such a movement. But, it would seem that, unless the causes which tend to limit the increase be removed, the current of emigration, when once set in motion, would continue to be supplied from its original source; at least, until the country to which it flowed could no longer furnish emigrants with the means of subsistence. And, provided the productions of the over populous country should not decline, the ratio of increase would be augmented, and the number of emigrants enlarged from year to year. We conclude, however, that emigration, so extensive as here supposed, would tend to check improvements in the useful arts, and diminish the production of commodities necessary to sustain those who should remain in their own country; because, by removing the redundant population, the necessities which continually urge mankind to investigate the properties of nature, and invent new methods of educing thence the means of subsistence, would be removed also. So, too, the popular influences which tend to liberalize the political institutions of densely populated countries, would be weakened; while those principles which have heretofore retarded |