principles referable solely to the constitution of nature, which admit of countless applications. A musician may produce gay, grave, solemn, or ludicrous tunes, all good of their kind, by following the laws of harmony; but he will never produce one good piece by violating them. While the inhabitants west of Edinburgh allowed the stagnant pools to deface their fields, some seasons would be more healthy than others; and, while the cause of the disease was unsuspected, this would confirm them in the notion that health and sickness were dispensed by an overruling Providence, on inscrutable principles, which they could not comprehend: but the moment the cause was known, it would be found that the most healthy seasons were those which were cold and dry, and the most sickly those which were warm and moist ;-they would then discover, that the salubrity of one year, and unwholesomeness of another, were clearly referable to one principle; and after perceiving this truth, they would both be more strongly prompted to apply the remedy, and be rendered morally and intellectually more capable of doing so. If some intelligent friend had merely told them to drain their fields, and remove their dunghills, they would probably not have complied with his recommendation; but whenever their intellects were led to the perception that the evil would continue until they acted in this manner, the improvement would become easy. ing, without a cloak or greatcoat. I was for four months on my back, and did not recover perfectly for more than eighteen months. All these evils were entirely of my own creating, and arose from a foolish violation of laws which every sensible man ought to observe and regulate himself by. Indeed, I have always thought—and your book confirms me more fully in the sentiment-that, by proper attention, crime and disease, and misery of every sort, could, in a much greater measure than is generally believed, be banished from the earth, and that the true method of doing so is to instruct people in the laws which govern their own frame." Captain Murray, R. N., mentioned to Dr A. Combe, that, in his opinion, most of the bad effects of the climate of the West Indies might be avoided by care and attention to clothing; and that so satisfied was he on this point, that he had petitioned to be sent there in preference to the North American station, and had no reason to regret the change. The measures which he adopted, and their effects, are detailed in the following interesting and instructive letter: "MY DEAR SIR, ASSYNT, April 22. 1827. "I should have written to you before this, had I not been anxious to refer to some memorandums, which I could not do before my return home from Coul. I attribute the great good health enjoyed by the crew of his Majesty's ship Valorous, when on the West India station, during the period I had the honour of commanding her, to the following causes: 1st, To the keeping the ship perfectly dry and clean; 2d, To habituating the men to the wearing of flannel next the skin; 3d, To the precaution I adopted, of giving each man a proportion of his allowance of cocoa before he left the ship in the morning, either for the purpose of watering, or any other duty he might be sent upon; and, 4th, To the cheerful The truth of these views may be still farther illustrated by examples. A young gentleman of Glasgow, whom I knew, went out, as a merchant, to North America. Business required him to sail from New York to St Domingo. The weather was hot, and he, being very sick, found the confinement below deck, in bed, as he said, intolerable; that is, this confinement was, for the moment, more painful than the course which he adopted, of laying himself down at full length on the deck, in the open air. He was warned by his fellow-passengers, and the officers of the ship, that he would inevit-ness of the crew. ably induce fever by his proceeding; but he was utterly "The Valorous sailed from Plymouth on the 24th ignorant of the physical and organic laws: his intellect December 1823, having just returned from the coast of had been trained to regard only wealth and present Labrador and Newfoundland, where she had been stapleasure as objects of real importance; it could perceive tioned two years, the crew, including officers, amountno necessary connexion between exposure to the mild ing to 150 men. I had ordered the purser to draw two grateful sea-breeze of a warm climate, and fever; and pairs of flannel drawers and two shirts extra for each he obstinately refused to quit his position. The con- man, as soon as I knew that our destination was the sequence was, that he was soon taken ill, and died the West Indies; and, on our sailing, I issued two of each day after arriving at St Domingo. Knowledge of che- to every man and boy in the ship, making the officers mistry and physiology would have enabled him, in an of each division responsible for the men of their respecinstant, to understand that the sea air, in warm climates, tive divisions wearing these flannels during the day and holds a prodigious quantity of water in solution, and night; and, at the regular morning nine o'clock musthat damp and heat, operating together on the human ters, I inspected the crew personally; for you can hardly organs, tend to derange their healthy action, and ulti-conceive the difficulty I have had in forcing some of the mately to destroy them entirely and if his sentiments men to use flannel at first; although I never yet knew had been deeply imbued with a feeling of the indispen-one who did not, from choice, adhere to it, when once sable duty of yielding obedience to the institutions of the Creator, he would have actually enjoyed not only a greater desire, but a greater power, of supporting the temporary inconvenience of the heated cabin, and might, by possibility, have escaped death. fairly adopted. The only precaution after this was to see that, in bad weather, the watch, when relieved, did not turn in in their wet clothes, which the young hands were apt to do, if not looked after; and their flannels were shifted every Sunday. whenever the men had been fourteen days on ship's provisions; and the crew took all their meals on the main deck, except in very bad weather. The late Dr Robert Macnish, well known to the lite "Whenever fresh beef and vegetables could be prorary world, favoured me with the following particulars, cured at the contract price, they were always issued in suggested by a perusal of the second edition of the pre-preference to salt provisions. Lime juice was issued sent work:-"On four several occasions I have nearly lost my life from infringing the organic laws. When a lad of fifteen, I brought on, by excessive study, a brain fever which nearly killed me; at the age of nineteen I had an attack of peritonitis (inflammation of the lining membrane of the abdomen), occasioned by violent efforts in wrestling and leaping; while in France nine years ago, I was laid up with pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs), brought on by dissecting in the great galleries of La Pitié, with my coat and hat off in the month of December, the windows next to me being constantly open; and in 1829 I had a dreadful fever, occasioned by walking home from a party at which I had been dancing, in an exceedingly cold morn "The quarter and main decks were scrubbed with sand and water, and wet holy-stones, every morning at day-light. The lower deck, cock-pit, and store-rooms were scrubbed every day after breakfast, with dry holystones and hot sand, until quite white, the sand being carefully swept up, and thrown overboard. The pumpwell was also swabbed out dry, and then scrubbed with holy-stones and hot sand; and here, as well as in every part of the ship which was liable to damp, Brodie-stoves were constantly used, until every appearance of humidity vanished. The lower deck and cock-pit were wash ed once every week in dry weather; but Brodie-stoves were constantly kept burning in them, until they were quite dry again. "The hammocks were piped up and in the nettings, from 7 a. M. until dusk, when the men of each watch took down their hammocks alternately; by which means, only one-half of the hammocks being down at a time, the 'tween decks were not so crowded, and the watch relieved were sure of turning into a dry bed on going below. The bedding was aired every week once at least. The men were not permitted to go on shore in the heat of the sun, or where there was a probability of their getting spirituous liquors; but all hands were indulged with a run on shore, when out of reach of such temptation. "I was employed on the coast of Caraccas, the West India Islands, and Gulf of Mexico; and, in course of service, I visited Trinidad, Margarita, Cocha, Cumana, Nueva Barcelona, Laguira, Porto Cabello, and Maracaibo, on the coast of Caraccas; all the West India Islands from Tobago to Cuba, both inclusive; as also Caracoa and Aruba, and several of these places repeatedly; also Vera Cruz and Tompico, in the Gulf of Mexico, which you will admit must have given a trial to the constitutions of my men, after two years among the icebergs of Labrador, without an intervening summer between that icy coast and the coast of Caraccas: yet I arrived in England on June 24th, without having buried a single man or officer belonging to the ship, or indeed having a single man on the sick list; from which I am satisfied that a dry ship will always be a healthy one in any climate. When in command of the Recruit, of 18 guns, in the year 1809, I was sent to Vera Cruz, where I found the 46, the - 42, the 18, and gun-brig; we were joined by the 36, and the - 18. During the period we remained at anchor (from 8 to 10 weeks), the three frigates lost from 30 to 50 men each, the brigs 16 to 18, the most of her crew, with two different commanders; yet the Recruit, although moored in the middle of the squadron, and constant intercourse held with the other ships, did not lose a man, and had none sick. Now, as some of these ships had been as long in the West Indies as the Recruit, we cannot attribute her singularly healthy state to seasoning, nor can I to superior cleanliness, because even the breeches of the carronades, and all the pins, were polished bright in both — and, which was not the case with the Recruit. Perhaps her healthy state may be attributed to cheerfulness in the men; to my never allow ing them to go on shore in the morning on an empty stomach; to the use of dry sand and holy-stone for the ship; to never working them in the sun; perhaps to accident. Were I asked my opinion, I would say that I firmly believe that cheerfulness contributes more to keep a ship's company healthy, than any precaution that can be adopted; and that, with this attainment, combined with the precautions I have mentioned, I should sail for the West Indies with as little anxiety as I would for any other station. My Valorous fellows were as cheerful a set as I ever saw collected together." with him the seeds of rheumatism, consumption, or fever, from permitting perspiration to be instantaneously checked, and the surface of the body to be cooled with an injurious rapidity. The death of the young Duke de Leuchtenberg, husband of Donna Maria, Queen of Portugal, affords a striking example of the operation of these principles. On Monday, the 23d of March 1835, being in perfect health, he went out to shoot. On returning to the palace, he imprudently threw off his coat and waistcoat, while in a state of profuse perspiration. This brought on a cold; slight at first, but which soon began to assume a serious character. On Friday the 27th, inflammation appeared; and, on Saturday the 28th, at twenty minutes past two P. M., he expired. The following case, also illustrative of the points under consideration, is one which I have had too good an opportunity of observing in all its stages. An individual in whom it was my duty as well as pleasure to be greatly interested, resolved on carrying Mr Owen's views into practical effect, and set on foot an establishment on his principles, at Orbiston, in Lanarkshire. The labour and anxiety which he underwent at the commencement of the undertaking, gradually impaired an excellent constitution; and, without perceiving the change, he, by way of setting an example of industry, took to digging with the spade, and actually wrought for fourteen days at this occupation, although previously unaccustomed to labour. This produced hæmoptysis or spitting of blood. Being now unable for such severe exertion, he gave up his whole time to directing and instructing the people, about 250 in number, and for two or three weeks spoke the whole day, the effusion of blood from his lungs continuing. Nature sank rapidly under this irrational treatment, and at last he came to Edinburgh for medical advice. When the structure and uses of his lungs were explained to him, and when it was pointed out that his treatment of them had been equally injudicious as if he had thrown lime or dust into his eyes after inflammation, he was struck with the extent and consequences of his ignorance, and exclaimed, "How greatly should I have been benefited, if one month of the five years which I was forced to spend in a vain attempt to acquire a mastery over the Latin tongue, had been dedicated to conveying to me information concerning the structure of my body, and the causes which preserve and impair its functions!" He had departed too widely from the organic laws to admit of an easy return: he was seized with inflammation of the lungs, and with great difficulty survived that attack; but it impaired his constitution so grievously, that he died after a lingering illness of eleven months. He acknowledged, however, even in his severest pain, that he suffered under a just law. The lungs, he perceived, were of prime importance to life, and a motive to their proper treatment was provided in this tremendous punishment, inflicted for neglecting the conditions requisite to their health. Had he given them rest, and returned to obedience to the organic law, at the first intimation of departure from it, the way to health was open and ready to receive him; but in utter ignorance, he persevered for weeks in direct opposition to that law, till the fearful result ensued. This last case affords a striking illustration of a principle already noticed, namely, the independence of the different natural laws, and of the necessity of obeying all of them, as the only condition of safety and enjoyment. The individual here alluded to, was deeply engaged in a most benevolent and disinterested experiment for promoting the welfare of his fellow-creatures; and superficial observers would say that this was just an example of the inscrutable decrees of Providence, which visited Suppose that two gentlemen were to ascend one of the Scottish mountains, in a hot summer day, and to arrive at the top, bathed in perspiration, and exhausted with fatigue; that one of them knew intimately the physical and organic laws, and that, all hot and wearied as he was, he should button up his coat closer about his body, wrap a handkerchief about his neck, and continue walking, at a quick pace, round the summit, in the full blaze of the sun; but that the other, ignorant of these laws, should eagerly run to the base of a projecting cliff, stretch himself at full length on the turf under its refreshing shade, open his vest to the grateful breeze, and give himself up entirely to the present luxuries of cool-him with sickness, and ultimately with death, in the ness and repose: the former, by warding off the rapid chill of the cold mountain air, would descend with health unimpaired; while the latter would most probably carry very midst of his most virtuous exertions. But the institutions of the Creator are wiser than the imaginations of such men. The first condition on which exist ence on earth and all its advantages depend, is obe- | physiology of the brain was unknown; the occurrences dience to the physical and organic laws. The benevolent Owenite, in his zeal to obey the moral law, neglected these, and suffered the punishment of his omission; if it were possible to dispense with one law by obeying another, the whole field of man's existence would speedily be involved in inextricable disorder. The following case was communicated to me by an actual observer. A gentleman far advanced in years fell into a state of bodily weakness, which rendered necessary the constant presence of an attendant. A daughter, in whom the organs of Adhesiveness, Benevolence, and Veneration were largely developed, devoted herself to this service with ceaseless assiduity. She was his companion for month after month, and year after year-happy in cheering the last days of her respected parent, and knowing no pleasure equal to that of solaeing and comforting him. For months in succession she never went abroad from the house; her duty became dearer to her the longer she discharged it, till at length her father became the sole object on earth of her feelings and her thoughts. The superficial observer would say that this conduct was admirable, and that she would receive from Heaven a rich reward for such becoming and virtuous devotion. But Providence rules on other principles. Her enjoyment of mental happiness and vigour depended on the condition of her brain, and her brain was subject to the organic laws. These laws demand, as an indispensable condition of health, exercise in the open air, and variety of employment, suited to maintain all the faculties in activity. She neglected the first in her constant attendance in her father's chamber; and she overlooked the second in establishing him as the exclusive object of her regard. The result was, that she fell into bad health, accompanied by weakness of the brain, extreme irritability and susceptibility of mind, excessive anxiety and hysteria, bordering on symptoms even of insanity. At last, some judicious friends interfered, and by forcing her (for it was much against her inclination) to leave for a time the object of her solicitude, they rescued her from death, or confirmed mental derangement. If this case had been allowed to proceed uninterruptedly to its natural termination, many pious persons would have marvelled at the mysterious dispensations of Providence in afflicting so dutiful a daughter; whereas, when the principle of the divine government is understood, the result appears neither wonderful nor perplexing. which he describes had a real existence; and he had been taught to attribute them to the agency of the Divine Spirit, or the devil, according to their different characters. He is, therefore, not deserving of censure for the errors into which he unavoidably fell; but now when the facts which he describes, and analogous occurrences in our own day, can be traced to diseased action of the organs of the mind, we are authorized to view the providence of God in a different light. While it would be subversive of all religion to throw any doubt whatever on the reality and importance of religious feelings, sound in their character and directed to proper objects, it is nearly equally injurious to the sacred cause, to mistake the excitement and depression of disease for the influence of the Holy Spirit, or the agency of the enemy of mankind. It is farther mentioned in the Life of Mr Erskine, that his wife bore several children to him while in precarious health, and that the situation" of the manse, or parsonage-house, was unwholesome." We are told, also, that in the year 1713, three of his children died; that one died in 1720; and that, in 1723, a fifth was on the brink of death, but recovered. He treats of all these events as "severe trials," and "sore afflictions," without having the least glimpse of their true causes, or their relation to the natural laws. Another illustration may be added. Hannah More, in a letter to the Rev. John Newton, dated Cowslip Green, 23d July 1788, says, "When I am in the great world, I consider myself as in an enemy's country, and as beset with snares, and this puts me upon my guard." "Fears and snares seem necessary to excite my circumspection; for it is certain that my mind has more languor, and my faith less energy here, where I have no temptations from without, and where I live in the full and constant perusal of the most beautiful objects of inanimate nature, the lovely wonders of the munificence and bounty of God. Yet, in the midst of his blessings, I should be still more tempted to forget him, were it not for frequent nervous headachs and low fevers, which I find to be wonderfully wholesome for my moral health."t This passage contains several propositions that merit attention. First, in all well constituted and rightly instructed minds, "the most beautiful objects of inanimate nature," and "the lovely wonders of the munificence and bounty of God," are calculated, according to In the works of religious authors may be found many the natural laws, to invigorate the moral, religious, and erroneous views of divine dispensations, traceable to intellectual faculties; yet Hannah More's mind “had ignorance of the natural laws. The Reverend Ebenezer more languor, and her faith less energy," amidst such Erskine, speaking of the state of his wife's mind, says, objects, than "when beset with snares:" Secondly, ac"For a month or two the arrows of the Almighty were cording both to the natural laws and scripture, "evil within her, the poison whereof did drink up her spirits; communications corrupt good manners;" but "when and the terrors of God did set themselves in array in the great world," and "in an enemy's country," her against her." He called in the assistance of some neigh-faith was improved: And, thirdly, "nervous headachs bouring clergymen to join in prayers on her behalf, and and low fevers" are the consequences of departures from she was induced to pray with them; but "she still con- the organic laws, and are intended to reclaim the suftinued to charge herself with the unpardonable sin, and ferer to obedience that the pain may cease; yet she to conclude that she was a cast-away." Such feelings" found them wonderfully wholesome for her moral occurring in a woman of blameless life, clearly indicated diseased action in the organs of Cautiousness. "Before Only disease, or errors in education, could have inshe fell into these depths," he continues," she told me duced a woman so talented, so pious, and so excellent, that the Lord gave her such a discovery of the glory of as Hannah More, to present to the world such a series Christ as darkened the whole creation, and made all of absurd propositions. Can we wonder that the profane things appear as dung and dross in comparison of him." should sneer, and that practical religion should advance These expressions indicate morbid excitement of the slowly, when piety exhibits itself in such lamentable organs of Wonder and Veneration. She subsequently contradiction to the divine institutions? And still more recovered her mental serenity; and her husband treats so, when, from proceeding on a false theory, it contraof the whole phenomena as purely mental and religious.dicts itself? Hannah More, in her Journal in 1794, He, however, afterwards incidentally mentions that she was subject to bad health, and that "melancholy was a great ingredient in her disease." We now know that melancholy is a diseased affection of the organs of Cautiousness. At the time when Mr Erskine lived and wrote, the health," and they prevented her from "forgetting God!" says, "Confined this week with four days' headach-an ↑ Memoirs of H. More, vol. ii. p. 110, 111. Edin of sickness is seldom the season for religious improvement. This great work should be done in health, or it will seldom be done well." Vol. ii. p. 418. This passage is full of sound sense; but it contradicts her previous assertion, that "nervous headachs and low fevers are wonderfully wholesome for moral health." These examples, to which many more might be added, may serve as illustrations of the proposition, That without a philosophy of human nature, even religious authors, when treating of sublunary events, cannot always preserve consistency either with reason or with themselves; and that hence religion can never become thoroughly practical, or put forth its full energies for human improvement, until it be wedded to philosophy. In proportion as men shall become acquainted with the natural laws, and apply them as tests to theological writings relative to this world, they will become convinced of the truth of this observation. FIG. 2.-WILLIAMS. In the head of the celebrated Richard Brinsley SheHaving traced bodily suffering, in the case of indi-ridan (of which a cast was taken after death) we find viduals, to neglect of, or opposition to, the organic an example of the three regions of the brain in queslaws, by their progenitors or by themselves, I next ad- tion, existing nearly in a state of equilibrium. The vert to another order of calamities, which may be call-natural tendencies of such an individual are equally ed SOCIAL MISERIES, and which obviously spring from strong towards vice and virtue; and his actual conduct the same causes. And first, in regard to evils of a do- is generally determined by the influence of external cir mestic nature: One fertile source of unhappiness arises from persons uniting in marriage, whose tempers, talents, and dispositions do not harmonize. If it be true that natural talents and dispositions are connected by the Creator with particular configurations of the brain, then it is obviously one of His institutions, that, in forming a compact for life, these configurations should be attended to. The following facts I regard to be fully established by competent evidence. The portion of the brain before the line AB, Fig. 1, manifests the intellect, that above BC manifests the moral sentiments, and all the rest the animal sentiments and propensities; and each part acts, cæteris paribus, with a degree of energy corresponding to its size. The following figures exhibit these regions of the head existing in different proportions in different individuals; and the lives of the persons represented bear testimony to their possessing the corresponding dispositions. The first is a view of the head of William Hare, the associate of Burke, who, acting in concert with him, strangled sixteen individuals in Edinburgh for the purpose of selling their bodies for dissection.. In this head the organs of the animal propensities decidedly preponderate over those of the moral sentiments and intellect. Another example of the same kind is afforded by the head of Williams, who was executed along with the notorious Bishop, in London, for the same crime as that of Hare.* See Phrenological Journal, vol. vii. p. 446. The following description of Melancthon's head and character is given in Dr Spurzheim's work on Phrenology in Connexion with Physiognomy. "It is the brain of an extraordinary man. The organs of the moral and religious feelings predominate greatly, and will disapprove of all violence, irreverence, and injustice. The forehead betokens a vast and comprehensive understanding; and the ensemble a mind the noblest, the most amiable, and the most intellectual that can be conceived." "Never was any man more civil and obliging, and more free from jealousy, dissimulation, and envy, than Melancthon: he was humble, modest, disinterested in the extreme; in a word, he possessed wonderful talents, and most noble dispositions. His great est enemies have been forced to acknowledge that the annals of antiquity exhibit very few worthies who may be compared with him, whether extent of knowledge in things human and divine, or quickness of comprehension and fertility of genius, be regarded. The cause of true Christianity derived more signal advantages, and more effectual support, from Melancthon, than it received from any of the other doctors of the age. His mildness and charity, perhaps, carried him too far at times, and led him occasionally to make concessions that might be styled imprudent. He was the sincere worshipper of truth, but he was diffident of himself, and sometimes timorous without any sufficient reason. On the other hand, his fortitude in defending the right was great. His opinions were so universally respected, that scarcely any one among the Lutheran doctors ventured to oppose them. He was inferior to Luther in courage and intrepidity, but his equal in piety, and much his superior in learning, judgment, meekness, and humanity. He latterly grew tired of his life, and was particularly disgusted with the rage for religious controversies, which prevailed universally."* With the head of Melancthon may be contrasted that of Pope Alexander VI. FIG. 5.-POPE ALEXANDER VI. ceptive faculties are pretty large; but the sincipital (or coronal) region is exceedingly low, particularly at the organs of Benevolence, Veneration, and Conscientiousness. Such a head is unfit for any employment of a superior kind, and never gives birth to sentiments of humanity. The sphere of its activity does not extend beyond those enjoyments which minister to the animal portion of human nature. "Alexander VI. was, in truth, a scandal to the papal chair: from the earliest age he was disorderly and artful, and his life to the last was infamous. He is said to have bought the tiara by bribing a certain number of cardinals, or rather by making large promises, which he never fulfilled. It is well known that, when he became pope, he had a family of five children, four boys and one daughter. He made a regular practice of selling bishoprics and other ecclesiastical benefices, to enrich himself and his family. Though profane and various religious writers do not all agree in their judgment concerning the disorderly conduct of this man, many atrocities committed by him are well-ascertained facts. History will always accuse him of the crimes of poisoning, simony, and false-swearing, of reckless debauchery, nay, of incest with his own daughter. In political matters, he formed alliances with all the princes of his time, but his ambition and perfidy never failed to find him a pretext for breaking his word, and disturbing the peace." "As a singular example of Alexander's arrogance, his bull may be mentioned, by which he took upon him to divide the new world between the kings of Spain and Portugal, granting to the former all the territory on the west of an imaginary line passing from north to south, at one hundred leagues distance from the Cape de Verd Islands. Alexander possessed eloquence and address; but a total lack of noble sentiments rendered him altogether unfit for his sacred station. Poisoned wine, which had been prepared for certain cardinals whose riches tempted the cupidity of his holiness, was given him by mistake, and ended his profligate career. Some writers have questioned the truth of this account of Alexander's death, but there is nothing in the relation inconsistent with the acknowledged character of this pontiff. Lowness of feelings and lowness of brain are seen together."* As an additional illustration of this concluding remark, I subjoin a representation of the head of Vitellius, one of the most cruel and depraved of the Roman emperors. (See next page.) This head is very broad in proportion to its height; indicating a very great development of the base of the brain, with deficiency of the organs of the moral sentiments. The demarcations in Fig. 1. are not arbitrary. The space before A B corresponds to the anterior lobe of the brain; and the space above B C includes all the convolutions that lie on the upper surface of the brain, and rise higher than the organs of Cautiousness, corresponding to nearly the middle of the parietal bones, and of Causality, situated in the upper part of the forehead. It is generally not difficult to distinguish these regions; and a comparison of their relative proportions with the talents and dispositions of individuals, will convince any intelligent, honest, and accurate observer, of the truth of the foregoing statements. I have examined the heads or skulls, and casts of the heads or skulls, of several hundred criminals of various countries, and found them all to belong to the classes represented by the figures of the heads of Hare or of Sheridan; and I never saw one of them with a brain like that of Melancthon. Neither have I ever seen a man distinguished by moral and intellectual qualities like those of Melancthon, present. ing a brain like that of Hare. The figures represent nature-not a casual appearance, but forms which Op. cit. p. 71. |